Emotional Development Exam Questions Chapter 11

Student name:__________

1) Maxine Hong Kingston likes to guide people to find meaning in their lives, especially by exploring their cultural backgrounds. Her first book, entitled The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts, is about

A) an incident of violence against a woman.
B) marital and relationship taboos in traditional Chinese society.
C) a member of her family that suffered because of what was considered an illegitimate pregnancy.
D) All answer choices are correct.

2) “All of the characteristics of a person” is a description of

A) self.
B) self-understanding.
C) self-evaluation.
D) self-esteem.

3) A person’s cognitive representation of self is referred to as the individual’s

A) self-esteem.
B) self-orientation
C) self-recognition.
D) self-understanding.

4) When Fran says that she is a young adult, a New Yorker, a member of the pep squad, and a vegetarian, she is describing her

A) self-esteem.
B) self-reflection.
C) self-recognition.
D) self-understanding.

5) During eighth grade, Matt joins the debate team, the football team, and the Young Republicans, and he is named a hall monitor. These activities will expand his

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-recognition.
D) self-understanding.

6) George understands that he is a student, a brother, a hockey player, and a baseball player. This representation of his self reflects

A) self-esteem.
B) self-awareness.
C) self-recognition.
D) self-understanding.

7) One afternoon while finger painting, 2-year-old Chelsey scratches an itch. Later in the day while passing a mirror she sees herself, stops, and wipes a colorful smudge mark off her nose. In doing so, Chelsey has demonstrated visual

A) connectedness.
B) self-recognition.
C) diffusion.
D) ethnocentrism.

8) A mother puts a dot of lipstick on her infant’s nose. Observers watch to see how often the infant touches his nose. Next, the infant is placed in front of a mirror, and observers detect whether nose touching increases. They are studying the infant’s

A) self-awareness.
B) visual self-recognition.
C) representation of the self.
D) theory of the self.

9) The mirror technique is used to test infants’

A) self-awareness.
B) perspective taking.
C) visual self-recognition.
D) self-esteem.

10) If Bill and Kate’s son has just acquired the ability to recognize his own physical features, he is likely how old?

A) 3 months old
B) 8 months old
C) 10 months old
D) 18 months old

11) In early childhood, children often distinguish themselves from others in ________ terms.

A) physical
B) psychological
C) passive
D) negative

12) ________ is a central component of the self in early childhood. An example of this is when children describe themselves in terms of activities.

A) Self-development
B) The active dimension
C) Active development
D) Self-awareness

13) Social comparisons

A) are common in preschoolers.
B) alter self-understanding by forcing a child to consider his or her abilities in relation to others.
C) lead to a decrease in self-esteem.
D) typically result in identity diffusion.

14) Concerning self-understanding, early childhood is to middle childhood as

A) internal is to external.
B) physical is to psychological.
C) inactive is to active.
D) abstract is to concrete.

15) Seven-year-old Abbey’s reference to herself as Jewish and a Brownie scout provides an example of the ________ aspect of self, which emerges in middle and late childhood.

A) cognitive
B) personal
C) social
D) recognition

16) When describing the basic characteristics of a typical 14-year-old’s self, which term would a psychologist be LEAST likely to use?

A) fluctuating
B) concrete
C) ideal
D) contradictory

17) When adolescents are asked to describe themselves, they are more likely than children to

A) give short answers.
B) use abstract labels.
C) use idealistic labels.
D) use both abstract and idealistic labels.

18) Adolescents are more likely than children to describe themselves with

A) concrete examples.
B) nonidealistic examples.
C) abstract and idealistic labels.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

19) In early adolescence, an individual’s self-understanding is limited by the fact that the self at this age is characterized by

A) instability.
B) a lack of a unified theory of self.
C) both instability and a lack of a unified theory of self.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

20) Given the contradictory nature of the self in adolescence, it is not surprising that the self fluctuates across

A) situations.
B) times.
C) situations and times.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

21) What individuals might become, what they would like to become, and what they are afraid of becoming is referred to as the ________ self.

A) possible
B) integration
C) barometric
D) fluctuating

22) Which is NOT a type of “possible self”?

A) what you might become
B) what you would like to become
C) what you are afraid of becoming
D) what you used to be

23) Indira is looking to join an athletic group during her freshman year of high school. She is particularly interested in lacrosse, but she notes that many of the senior members of the squad are aggressive and exclusionary with respect to athletic talent. She wonders if she can meet them in other settings and find out their interests, so as to better understand how to befriend them. What process is Indira engaged in?

A) formulating a self-concept
B) idealistic thinking
C) perspective taking
D) social cognitive monitoring

24) Adolescents believe that it is socially undesirable if they acknowledge engaging in

A) social comparison.
B) using their false selves.
C) using their ideal selves.
D) discussing their possible selves.

25) Which of the following is true of perspective taking?

A) Low perspective taking is linked to increased relational aggression.
B) Engaging in more empathic distress is linked to greater levels of depression.
C) Perspective taking begins with letting go of an egocentric viewpoint in childhood.
D) Greater perspective taking is linked to lower appreciation of the social justice viewpoint.

26) Christa reads a story in which some children make fun of another child because that child is physically handicapped. The children are then reprimanded by their teacher for their behavior. Later, some of these same children meet a teenager with an intellectual disability. After reading the story, Christa is asked, “How do you think the children will react?” Given this description, you would expect that the person studying this situation is interested in

A) self-concept.
B) perspective taking.
C) self-esteem.
D) possible selves.

27) Growth in perspective taking is especially important if a child is to develop

A) low regard for peers.
B) strong executive function.
C) high self-esteem.
D) prosocial behavior.

28) The global evaluative dimension of the self is called

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-awareness.
D) self-understanding.

29) Domain-specific evaluations of the self are referred to as

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-awareness.
D) self-understanding.

30) Which represents a statement of self-esteem?

A) “I’m a good person.”
B) “I’m fabulous-looking.”
C) “I’m intellectually gifted.”
D) “I may be the greatest hockey player in the world.”

31) Self-concept is to self-esteem as

A) concrete is to abstract.
B) specific is to global.
C) positive affectivity is to negative affectivity.
D) understanding is to evaluation.

32) Harter’s (1985) Self-Perception Profile for Children is used to evaluate

A) self-understanding.
B) possible selves.
C) perspective taking.
D) self-concept.

33) The Self-Perception Profile for Children is designed to be used with

A) preschoolers.
B) kindergartners.
C) third-grade through sixth-grade children.
D) seventh-grade through twelfth-grade children.

34) The Self-Perception Profile for Children taps all of the following domains, EXCEPT

A) emotional well-being.
B) social acceptance.
C) physical appearance.
D) scholastic competence.

35) How is the Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents different from the Self-Perception Profile for Children?

A) The adolescent profile includes sections on job competence, romantic appeal, and close friendships.
B) The adolescent profile does not generate a global self-worth score.
C) The child profile has fewer mathematical and logical items.
D) The child profile does not assess different domains of self.

36) Children with high self-esteem

A) show greater initiative.
B) are more likely to defend victims against bullies.
C) are more likely to be bullies.
D) All answer choices are correct.

37) Which of the following is true of the major studies of developmental changes in self-esteem?

A) Self-esteem declines in early adulthood.
B) Self-esteem rises slightly in adolescence.
C) Self-esteem declines in childhood.
D) Self-esteem declines or remains stable in adolescence.

38) According to cross-cultural research, self-esteem is most closely tied to achievement in activities that

A) increase security.
B) are valued by one’s cultural group.
C) are valued by the individual.
D) bring material rewards.

39) If a child receives empty praise, the child will likely have

A) appropriate self-esteem.
B) inflated self-esteem.
C) deflated self-esteem.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

40) Which of the following is NOT one of the four ways that children’s self-esteem can be improved?

A) identifying domains of competence important to the child
B) emotional support and social approval
C) achievement reduction
D) coping with problems

41) Gina encourages her daughter to identify and value areas in which she is competent, such as playing the piano and swimming, because Gina knows that this will enhance her daughter’s

A) self-esteem.
B) self-concept.
C) self-awareness.
D) perspective taking.

42) A short definition of ________ is “who the person is.”

A) internalization
B) identity
C) identification
D) isolation

43) Which of the following is/are associated with identity?

A) career and work path
B) conservative, liberal, or middle-of-the-road stance
C) spiritual beliefs
D) All answer choices are correct.

44) Among adolescents, in which one dimension does self-esteem appear to have an especially strong tie with self-perception?

A) achievement
B) physical
C) empathy
D) material wealth or comfort

45) The most comprehensive and provocative theory of identity belongs to

A) Jerome Kagan.
B) Jean Piaget.
C) Erik Erikson.
D) B. F. Skinner.

46) What is Erikson’s fifth developmental stage?

A) trust versus mistrust
B) industry versus inferiority
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt
D) identity versus identity confusion

47) Erik Erikson argued that the central issue in adolescence is

A) competence.
B) identity.
C) gender-role development.
D) self-efficacy.

48) The adolescent search for identity is important because of

A) their huge number of choices.
B) an increasing sense of responsibility.
C) the search for what they will do.
D) All answer choices are correct.

49) In Erikson’s theory, the gap between the secure roles of childhood and the full independence of adulthood is known as

A) self-efficacy.
B) psychosocial moratorium.
C) the barometric self.
D) ethnocentrism.

50) Eighteen-year-old Heidi resides in a highly technical society. According to Erikson, the central component of Heidi’s identity would be linked to her current

A) family roles.
B) public roles.
C) vocational roles.
D) interpersonal relationship roles.

51) What is one broad concern about the trend of many societies extending adolescence into the twenties?

A) too little identity diffusion
B) reduced time in psychosocial moratorium
C) reduction in perspective-taking
D) lack of identity resolution

52) Who proposed four statuses of identity, or ways of resolving the identity crisis?

A) Susan Harter
B) James Marcia
C) Henry Tajfel
D) Carl Rogers

53) Marcia’s identity statuses are based on

A) Tajfel’s social identity theory.
B) Selman’s theory of perspective taking.
C) Erikson’s theory of identity development.
D) Harter’s Self-Perception Profile for Children.

54) According to James Marcia, ________ is defined as a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring meaningful alternatives.

A) moratorium
B) self-perception
C) crisis
D) exploration

55) College sophomore Brandi has made several appointments with her advisor to discuss whether she should continue to major in psychology or switch to art. When talking with her advisor she says, “I like the interpersonal aspect of psychology, but I also enjoy the creativity of art.” According to James Marcia, Brandi is

A) in crisis.
B) demonstrating connectedness.
C) exhibiting trust versus mistrust.
D) being psychologically abstract.

56) When 17-year-old Joey is asked what he wants to do after graduating from high school, what reply would indicate that he is in the status of identity diffusion?

A) “I haven’t really thought about a career that much.”
B) “An engineer, since I’m good at math.”
C) “A doctor, just like my mother.”
D) “I have several options that I am currently exploring.”

57) Vicki is a senior who has been drifting through high school. Her grades are mediocre, and she has no plans for after graduation. In addition, she has no interest in world events or political issues. James Marcia would describe Vicki as being in identity

A) foreclosure.
B) diffusion.
C) moratorium.
D) achievement.

58) Lena’s father tells her, “Your grandmother was a minister, your mother was a minister, and you should be a minister.” Without giving thought to her options, Lena agrees to be a minister. Concerning her career, Lena is in identity

A) diffusion.
B) foreclosure.
C) achievement.
D) moratorium.

59) In which of Marcia’s identity statuses has a firm commitment been made?

A) foreclosure and diffusion
B) foreclosure and achievement
C) moratorium and diffusion
D) moratorium and achievement

60) Frances told her parents that she was going to take time off from college and take some time to find herself. What identity status is she in?

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) achievement

61) Identity moratorium is characterized by a(n) ________ of crisis and a(n) ________ of commitment.

A) presence; presence
B) presence; absence
C) absence; presence
D) absence; absence

62) Even though David has had an achieved identity for some time now, he reflects that throughout his life he has fluctuated between identity achievement and another identity status. What is this other status likely to be?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) confusion

63) Of the following, who is most likely to have reached identity achievement?

A) a high-school freshman
B) a high-school senior
C) a freshman in college
D) a senior in college

64) The part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in what they are going to do is called

A) crisis.
B) commitment.
C) deliberation.
D) moratorium.

65) Eighteen-year-old Sylvia had a difficult time selecting a college but finally settled on a private school in Washington State. During her first year at school, she struggled with selecting a major but finally decided on psychology. This pattern of crisis and resolution is called

A) temperament.
B) connectedness.
C) the “MAMA” cycle.
D) psychosocial moratorium.

66) Concerning identity formation during one’s lifetime, “MAMA” cycles refers to

A) moratorium-achievement-moratorium-achievement.
B) making-another-monumental-adjustment.
C) more-acceptance-more-acrimony.
D) minor-anger-major-attitude.

67) What is a common pattern for individuals who develop positive identities?

A) “MAMA” cycles of moratorium-achievement-moratorium-achievement
B) “DADA” cycles of diffusion-achievement-diffusion-achievement
C) “FAFA” cycles of foreclosure-achievement-foreclosure-achievement
D) “MADA” cycles of moratorium-achievement-diffusion-achievement

68) Catherine Cooper has proposed that optimal identity development occurs in a family atmosphere that promotes

A) individuality and connectedness.
B) self-esteem and efficacy.
C) crisis and commitment.
D) moratorium and foreclosure.

69) Individuality consists of which two dimensions?

A) crisis and commitment
B) mutuality and permeability
C) personality and role experimentation
D) self-assertion and separateness

70) Individuality, according to Catherine Cooper, consists of which two dimensions?

A) self-assertion and separateness
B) separateness and mutuality
C) mutuality and permeability
D) self-assertion and development

71) Connectedness consists of which two dimensions?

A) self-assertion and separateness
B) separateness and mutuality
C) mutuality and permeability
D) self-assertion and development

72) With regard to family influences on identity, when connectedness is strong and individuation is weak, adolescents often have which identity status?

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) moratorium
D) achievement

73) What would Jean Phinney (2006) expect for an emerging adult that is also an ethnic minority who must forgo college to take on family responsibilities?

A) a near total lack of identity achievement
B) a more delayed identity formation
C) a longer identity moratorium
D) earlier identity formation

74) Which of the following affect(s) ethnic identity?

A) minority status
B) whether one is a first-generation, second-generation, or later immigrant
C) both minority status and whether one is a first-generation, second-generation, or later immigrant
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

75) When individuals connect with their own ethnic culture and with the majority culture, they have

A) an ethnic identity.
B) experienced culturalization.
C) a bicultural identity.
D) an ethnic culture.

76) The indicators of identity often differ for each succeeding generation of immigrants. First-generation immigrants are

A) likely to be secure in their identities.
B) unlikely to change.
C) unlikely to learn English.
D) likely to be secure in their identities and unlikely to change.

77) Ethnic ________ is an enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group along with the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

A) foreclosure
B) diffusion
C) identity
D) confusion

78) The degree to which first-generation immigrants begin to feel “American” appears to be associated with all of the following EXCEPT whether or not they

A) learn English.
B) develop social networks.
C) live in the same immediate neighborhood as those speaking their language.
D) become competent in their new country.

79) Second-generation immigrants are more likely to

A) think of themselves as “American” because citizenship is granted at birth.
B) resist learning English.
C) join social networks.
D) resist learning English, but join social networks.

80) ________ may force people to see themselves as cut off from the majority group and may encourage them to seek the support of their own ethnic culture.

A) Discrimination
B) Nondiscrimination
C) Church affiliation
D) None of the answer choices are correct.

81) Describe the changes in self-understanding from infancy through adolescence. Explain how perspective taking and the answer you give are connected.

82) Identify the five main characteristics of self-understanding in young children.

83) Describe and give one example of social cognition.

84) Compare and contrast self-esteem and self-concept.

85) List the five aspects of self-image used in the Offer Self-Image Questionnaire to study the self-image of adolescents.

86) There are variations in self-esteem. These variations are linked to aspects of children’s development. List some of these variations and explain what they mean.

87) Identity is a self-portrait composed of many pieces. Name five of those identified in the text.

88) Explain the concept of a psychosocial moratorium, which occurs during the period of adolescence.

89) How does the development of peer and romantic relationships affect identity development among adolescents and early adults?