Test Bank Docx Motivation Ch.13 Schermerhorn

Exploring Management, 7e (Schermerhorn)

Chapter 13 Motivation

1) Which of the following term describes the forces within a person that account for the level, direction, and persistence of effort expended at work?

A) Need

B) Power

C) Motivation

D) Job design

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

2) A ________ is an unfulfilled physiological or psychological desire.

A) motivator

B) satisfier

C) hygiene factor

D) need

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

3) In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following states that a satisfied need is not a motivator of behavior?

A) Progression principle

B) Existence principle

C) Frustration-regression principle

D) Deficit principle

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

4) In Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, the ________ principle states that people try to satisfy lower-level needs first and then move step-by-step up the hierarchy.

A) progression

B) existence

C) frustration-regression

D) deficit

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

5) Maslow's progression principle states that people try to satisfy lower-level needs first and then move step by step up the hierarchy until the level of ________ is reached.

A) esteem

B) safety

C) self-actualization

D) social

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

6) Which of the following is the highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Esteem needs

B) Self-actualization needs

C) Social needs

D) Safety needs

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

7) Which of the following is the lowest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

A) Esteem needs

B) Physiological needs

C) Social needs

D) Safety needs

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

8) The lower-order needs of Maslow's hierarchy of needs include physiological, safety, and ________ needs.

A) esteem

B) self-actualization

C) psychological

D) social

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

9) The higher-order needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs include self-actualization and ________ needs.

A) esteem

B) physiological

C) shelter

D) social

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

10) According to Alderfer's ERG theory, ________ needs are desires for physiological and material well-being.

A) growth

B) existence

C) psychological

D) self-actualization

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Alderfer's ERG theory deals with existence, relatedness, and growth needs.

AACSB: Analytic

11) According to Alderfer's ERG theory, ________ needs are desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships.

A) social

B) existence

C) relatedness

D) self-actualization

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Alderfer's ERG theory deals with existence, relatedness, and growth needs.

AACSB: Analytic

12) According to the ________ principle of Alderfer's ERG theory, an already satisfied lower-level need can become reactivated when a higher-level need cannot be satisfied.

A) deficit

B) frustration-regression

C) progression

D) existence

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Alderfer's ERG theory deals with existence, relatedness, and growth needs.

AACSB: Analytic

13) Which of the following are in Herzberg's two-factor theory?

A) Satisfier and achievement

B) Achievement and hygiene

C) Hygiene and satisfier

D) Recognition and satisfier

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.

AACSB: Analytic

14) According to Herzberg, ________ factors are found in job context such as working conditions, interpersonal relations, organizational policies, and salary.

A) satisfier

B) intrinsic

C) physiological

D) hygiene

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.

AACSB: Analytic

15) According to Herzberg, ________ factors are found in job content such as sense of achievement, recognition, responsibility, advancement, or personal growth.

A) extrinsic

B) satisfier

C) physiological

D) hygiene

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.

AACSB: Analytic

16) According to Herzberg, ________ factors influence job dissatisfaction while ________ factors influence job satisfaction.

A) motivating; intrinsic

B) intrinsic; motivating

C) satisfier; hygiene

D) hygiene; satisfier

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.

AACSB: Analytic

17) All of the following are satisfier factors EXCEPT ________.

A) recognition

B) salary

C) personal growth

D) achievement

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.

AACSB: Analytic

18) Job ________ is the practice of designing jobs rich in content that offers opportunities for higher-order need satisfaction.

A) hunting

B) design

C) manipulation

D) enrichment

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

19) People with a high need for power tend to ________.

A) behave in ways that have a clear impact on other people and events

B) enjoy satisfying interpersonal relationships

C) suffer when they are in control

D) prefer jobs offering companionship

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

20) Bharat likes putting his ability to quickly problem-solve to work, but he prefers working alone. He does not require praise to know he has done a good job. He has a need for ________.

A) power

B) achievement

C) recognition

D) affiliation

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

21) Saadat likes to know his co-workers and socialize with them outside of work. He needs other people to approve of his work and to like him. He has a need for ________.

A) power

B) achievement

C) recognition

D) affiliation

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

22) According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, the need for ________ power is exploitative and focused on self-gratification.

A) position

B) personal

C) social

D) ethical

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

23) According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, the need for ________ power is fair and focused on achieving group objectives.

A) position

B) personal

C) social

D) ethical

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

24) Job ________ is the allocation of specific work tasks to individuals and groups.

A) content

B) design

C) enrichment

D) enlargement

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

25) Job ________ is the process of increasing job content by adding work planning and evaluating duties normally performed by a supervisor.

A) content

B) design

C) enrichment

D) identity

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

26) Task ________ is the degree to which a job has substantial impact on the lives or work of other people elsewhere in an organization or in the external environment.

A) autonomy

B) significance

C) identity

D) variety

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

27) Task ________ is the degree to which a job requires completion of a "whole" and identifiable piece of work, one that involves doing a job from beginning to end with a visible outcome.

A) autonomy

B) significance

C) identity

D) variety

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

28) Which of the following job characteristics is the degree to which a job gives individual freedom, independence, and discretion in scheduling work and in choosing procedures for carrying it out?

A) Autonomy

B) Task significance

C) Task identity

D) Skill variety

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

29) In the context of the core characteristics model, ________ is the degree to which work activities required by a job result in the individual obtaining direct and clear information on his or her performance.

A) autonomy

B) job feedback

C) job satisfaction

D) skill variety

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

30) Vroom offers an approach to understand motivation with the following equation:

Motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × ________.

A) Outcome

B) Results

C) Valence

D) Goals

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

31) In Vroom's expectancy equation, the term expectancy represents ________.

A) the value a person assigns to work-related outcomes

B) a person's belief that working hard will result in high task performance

C) the amount of monetary gain a person expects out of specific task performance

D) a person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

32) In Vroom's expectancy theory, ________ is a person's belief that various outcomes will occur as a result of task performance.

A) expectancy

B) valence

C) instrumentality

D) achievement

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

33) In Vroom's expectancy equation, which of the following terms represents the value a person assigns to work-related outcomes?

A) Expectancy

B) Valence

C) Instrumentality

D) Achievement

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

34) According to Vroom's expectancy theory, in order to maximize expectancy, a manager should do all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) assume that people will work hard to get promoted

B) select people with the right abilities for the jobs to be done

C) provide workers with the best training and development

D) support workers with resources

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

35) ________ is a person's belief that they are capable of performing a task.

A) Self-esteem

B) Self-efficacy

C) Self-realization

D) Self-acceptance

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

36) According to Vroom's expectancy theory, in order to have high and positive valences, people must ________.

A) believe in their abilities

B) value the outcomes associated with high performance

C) perceive rewards as being equitable

D) perceive that their performance accomplishments will be followed by desired work outcomes

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

37) Locke's goal-setting theory suggests that ________ goals can be motivating if they are the right goals and they are set in the right way.

A) easy

B) equity

C) valence

D) task

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Goal-setting theory shows that the right goals can be motivating.

AACSB: Analytic

38) Research shows that goal-setting has downsides when ________.

A) managers and leaders set unrealistically high goals

B) managers reward every goal accomplishment

C) individuals are given feedback with respect to goal accomplishment

D) individuals are expected to meet realistic goals over and over again

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Goal-setting theory shows that the right goals can be motivating.

AACSB: Analytic

39) Thorndike's ________ states that behavior followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated, while behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is not.

A) law of effect

B) law of equity

C) goal-setting theory

D) expectancy theory

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

40) B.F. Skinner's concept of ________ is the control of behavior by manipulating its consequences.

A) expectancy

B) equity

C) acquired needs

D) operant conditioning

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

41) According to Skinner, ________ strengthens a behavior by making a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A) negative reinforcement

B) punishment

C) positive reinforcement

D) extinction

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

42) According to Skinner, ________ strengthens a behavior by making the avoidance of an undesirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A) negative reinforcement

B) punishment

C) positive reinforcement

D) extinction

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

43) According to Skinner, ________ discourages a behavior by making an unpleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A) negative reinforcement

B) punishment

C) positive reinforcement

D) extinction

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

44) According to Skinner, ________ discourages a behavior by making the removal of a desirable consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A) negative reinforcement

B) punishment

C) positive reinforcement

D) extinction

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

45) If a company decides to stop giving bonuses at the end of the year to top performers, this is an example of ________.

A) negative reinforcement

B) punishment

C) positive reinforcement

D) extinction

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

46) To have ________, people must believe in their abilities; they must also believe that if they try hard to do something, they can perform it well.

A) high expectancies

B) high instrumentalities

C) positive valences

D) high valences

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

47) Adelia gets a bonus for getting a customer to spend $1 million on the company's products This is an example of ________.

A) negative reinforcement

B) punishment

C) positive reinforcement

D) extinction

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

48) ________ decreases the frequency of or eliminates an undesirable behavior by making the removal of a pleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.

A) Punishment

B) Reinforcement

C) Conditioning

D) Extinction

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

49) The law of ________ reinforcement ties reinforcement directly to behavior.

A) immediate

B) contingent

C) positive

D) negative

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Positive reinforcement connects desirable behavior with pleasant consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

50) Alderfer's growth needs correspond to the lower-order needs in Maslow's hierarchy.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Alderfer's ERG theory deals with existence, relatedness, and growth needs.

AACSB: Analytic

51) The hygiene factors in the Herzberg model seem most associated with Maslow's lower-order needs and Alderfer's existence and relatedness needs.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.

AACSB: Analytic

52) According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, salary is a satisfier factor.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.

AACSB: Analytic

53) The core characteristics model approaches job design with a focus on eight "core" job characteristics.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

54) According to McClelland, the need for social power involves the use of power in a fair and socially responsible way.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

55) Job design increases job content by adding work planning and evaluating duties normally performed by a supervisor.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

56) Vroom's expectancy theory offers an approach to understand motivation with an equation: Motivation = Expectancy × Instrumentality × Valence.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

57) To maximize valence, managers should use insights from the content theories to best match important individual needs with the rewards and outcomes that can be earned through high performance.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

58) Skinner based his operant conditioning on manipulating the consequences of individual behavior.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

59) Stretch goals are unethical because they ask people to go beyond their capabilities.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Goal-setting theory shows that the right goals can be motivating.

AACSB: Analytic

60) The law of effect states that people will repeat behaviors that have pleasant outcomes and will avoid behaviors that have unpleasant outcomes.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

61) ________ accounts for the direction, level, and persistence of effort expended at work.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

62) ________ are unfulfilled physiological or psychological desires that stimulate people to behave in ways that will satisfy them.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

63) Alderfer's ERG theory collapses Maslow's ________ needs into ________.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Alderfer's ERG theory deals with existence, relatedness, and growth needs.

AACSB: Analytic

64) The need for ________, as described by McClelland, is the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

65) Herzberg suggests that one way to increase job content is to offer opportunities for higher-order need satisfaction. This is job ________.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

66) The degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities to carry out the work and involves the use of a number of different skills and talents of the individual is referred to as ________.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

67) According to the equity theory of motivation, it is the perceived ________ that motivate our behaviors.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Equity theory explains how social comparisons motivate individual behavior.

AACSB: Analytic

68) According to the expectancy theory of motivation, the value that an individual assigns to work-related outcomes or possible rewards is called ________.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

69) Locke's basic premise in goal-setting theory is that ________ goals are motivational only if the right goals are set in the right ways.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Goal-setting theory shows that the right goals can be motivating.

AACSB: Analytic

70) In order for workers to accept and commit to accomplishing goals, Locke recommends worker ________ in setting the goals.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Goal-setting theory shows that the right goals can be motivating.

AACSB: Analytic

71) ________ is the control of behavior by manipulating its consequences.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

72) ________ is positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the desired behavior.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Positive reinforcement connects desirable behavior with pleasant consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

73) How might the tactics of operant conditioning be considered unethical?

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Punishment connects undesirable behavior with unpleasant consequences.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

74) Explain Alderfer's ERG theory.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Alderfer's ERG theory deals with existence, relatedness, and growth needs.

AACSB: Analytic

75) Explain the core characteristics model.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: The core characteristics model integrates motivation and job design.

AACSB: Analytic

76) What is Vroom's expectancy equation? Explain the importance of the multiplication signs in the equation.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

77) Distinguish between perceived negative inequity and perceived positive inequity.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Equity theory explains how social comparisons motivate individual behavior.

AACSB: Analytic

78) Sharika has always received praise and recognition from all her bosses as she has worked her way up in the company. Her job is satisfying her ________ needs.

A) esteem

B) physiological

C) safety

D) self-actualization

E) social

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

79) Carlos has a pleasant supervisor and friendly co-workers. His job is satisfying his ________ needs.

A) esteem

B) physiological

C) safety

D) self-actualization

E) social

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

80) Olga takes comfort in knowing she will have a job tomorrow because she works in the healthcare industry. Her job is satisfying her ________ needs.

A) esteem

B) physiological

C) safety

D) self-actualization

E) social

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

81) Jaipal works at a company that gives him three rest and refreshment breaks each day. His job is satisfying his ________ needs.

A) esteem

B) physiological

C) safety

D) self-actualization

E) social

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

82) The ________ needs of the Alderfer's ERG theory are essentially the higher-order needs in Maslow's hierarchy.

A) growth

B) existence

C) relationship

D) physiological

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Alderfer's ERG theory deals with existence, relatedness, and growth needs.

AACSB: Analytic

83) The three needs in McClelland's acquired needs theory are the need for achievement, ________, and affiliation.

A) esteem

B) safety

C) motivation

D) power

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

84) According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, the need for ________ is the desire to do something better, to solve problems, or to master complex tasks.

A) power

B) achievement

C) recognition

D) affiliation

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

85) According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, the need for ________ is the desire to control, influence, or be responsible for other people.

A) power

B) achievement

C) recognition

D) affiliation

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

86) According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, the need for ________ is the desire to establish and maintain good relations with people.

A) power

B) achievement

C) recognition

D) affiliation

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

87) Perceived ________ is discomfort felt over being harmed by unfair treatment.

A) negative equity

B) negative inequity

C) positive equity

D) positive inequity

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Equity theory explains how social comparisons motivate individual behavior.

AACSB: Analytic

88) You feel that your professor is extra hard on you because you are an athlete. This is perceived ________.

A) negative equity

B) negative inequity

C) positive equity

D) positive inequity

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Equity theory explains how social comparisons motivate individual behavior.

AACSB: Analytic

89) Perceived ________ is discomfort felt over benefitting from unfair treatment.

A) negative equity

B) negative inequity

C) positive equity

D) positive inequity

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Equity theory explains how social comparisons motivate individual behavior.

AACSB: Analytic

90) You think your professor takes it easy on you because you are an athlete. This is an example of perceived ________.

A) negative equity

B) negative inequity

C) positive equity

D) positive inequity

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Equity theory explains how social comparisons motivate individual behavior.

AACSB: Analytic

91) To have ________, people must perceive that their performance accomplishments will be followed by desired work outcomes.

A) low instrumentalities

B) high instrumentalities

C) positive valences

D) low valences

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Expectancy theory focuses on willingness to work hard.

AACSB: Analytic

92) ________ is positive reinforcement of successive approximations to the new behavior.

A) Controlling

B) Encouragement

C) Shaping

D) Sculpting

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Positive reinforcement connects desirable behavior with pleasant consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

93) One of the managers found Johan, an employee at Petro Refining Center, smoking in the refinery. His manager imposed a wage cut on him for violating major safety rules. The wage cut in this scenario best exemplifies ________.

A) valence

B) extinction

C) a punishment

D) a reward

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Punishment connects undesirable behavior with unpleasant consequences.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

94) Highly motivated people work hard at a job.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

95) A manager who leads through power creates conditions that consistently inspire others to work hard.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

96) Physiological needs are the highest-order needs in Maslow's hierarchy.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Maslow described a hierarchy of human needs with self-actualization at the top.

AACSB: Analytic

97) McClelland identified acquired needs as the need for power, achievement, and self-actualization.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

98) According to McClelland, the need for personal power is the positive face of power.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

99) We continually check our rewards for work accomplished against those of others. This is equity theory.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Equity theory explains how social comparisons motivate individual behavior.

AACSB: Analytic

100) Paka thinks she should get an A in her management class because Lahmi got an A in the class doing the same amount of work. This is an example of expectancy theory.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Equity theory explains how social comparisons motivate individual behavior.

AACSB: Analytic

101) When someone believes they should "get what they deserve" because they put in just as much work as the boss, this is an example of perceived positive inequity.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Equity theory explains how social comparisons motivate individual behavior.

AACSB: Analytic

102) Participation in goal-setting increases the understanding of task goals, increases acceptance and commitment to goals, and creates more readiness to receive feedback related to goal accomplishment.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Goal-setting theory shows that the right goals can be motivating.

AACSB: Analytic

103) According to Locke's goal-setting theory, employees will accept feedback related to goal accomplishment more readily if they participate in goal setting.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Goal-setting theory shows that the right goals can be motivating.

AACSB: Analytic

104) When upper management provides hard to reach goals, micro-management creates motivation in employees who have to pursue those goals.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Identify How Thoughts and Decisions Affect Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Goal-setting theory shows that the right goals can be motivating.

AACSB: Analytic

105) Negative reinforcement eliminates an undesirable behavior by making the removal of a pleasant consequence contingent on its occurrence.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning influences behavior by controlling its consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

106) Shaping is the creation of new behavior by positive reinforcement of successive approximations to it.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Positive reinforcement connects desirable behavior with pleasant consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

107) The law of contingent reinforcement states that the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurrence of a desirable behavior, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Positive reinforcement connects desirable behavior with pleasant consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

108) Managers should punish in public to ensure transparency and to have the greatest influence over people's behavior.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Punishment connects undesirable behavior with unpleasant consequences.

AACSB: Analytic

109) Alderfer's________ needs are desires for satisfying interpersonal relationships.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Alderfer's ERG theory deals with existence, relatedness, and growth needs.

AACSB: Analytic

110) The need for ________ power, as described by McClelland, is exploitative and focused on self-gratification.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: McClelland identified acquired needs for achievement, power, and affiliation.

AACSB: Analytic

111) ________ factors are also called motivator factors and are part of job content.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.

AACSB: Analytic

112) ________ are the two factors in Herzberg's theory.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Describe How Human Needs Influence Motivation to Work.

Section Reference: Herzberg's two-factor theory focuses on higher-order need satisfaction.

AACSB: Analytic

113) Positive reinforcement ________ a behavior by making a(n) ________ consequence contingent on its occurrence.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning uses four reinforcement strategies.

AACSB: Analytic

114) Negative reinforcement ________ a behavior by making the avoidance of a(n) ________ consequence contingent on its occurrence.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain How Reinforcement Influences Motivation to Work

Section Reference: Operant conditioning uses four reinforcement strategies.

AACSB: Analytic

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