Test Bank Docx Heart, Stroke, Cancer, HIV/AIDS Chapter.14

CHAPTER 14: LIFE-THREATENING CONDITIONS: HEART DISEASE, STROKE, CANCER, AND HIV/AIDS

True or False Statements

1. Cognitive adjustments patients make to high-mortality illnesses include developing positive reappraisals of their life situations, gaining a sense of control, and restoring their self-esteem.

Section Reference: Adapting While the Prospects Seem Good

2. Women are more likely to have heart attacks, but less likely to die from them than men.

Section Reference: Who is at Risk of Heart Disease, and Why?

3. 50% of patients who begin an exercise program as part of their cardiac rehabilitation discontinue within the first six months.

Section Reference: Medical Treatments and Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

4. The vast majority of those smokers who suffer a myocardial infarction quit smoking.

Section Reference: Medical Treatments and Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

5. Ischemic strokes are caused when blood supply to the brain is cut off by a blood clot or a plaque.

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

6. Aphasias are language disorders that can be caused by a stroke in the left hemisphere of the brain.

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

7. Cancer is the most frequent cause of death in Canada.

Section Reference: The Prevalence and Types of Cancer

8. The highest rate of cancer deaths today is from neoplasms in the breast.

Section Reference: The Prevalence and Types of Cancer

9. The criteria for diagnosis of AIDS has been changed to include low T-cell counts.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

10. Psychosocial efforts for HIV/AIDS need to begin when patients are treated for the disease.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Interventions for HIV/AIDS

Matching

Match the following disorders with their descriptions in 11-15.

a. angina pectoris

b. myocardial infarction

c. carcinoma

d. stroke

e. AIDS

11. The destruction of heart muscle due to lack of blood.

Section Reference: Heart Disease

12. May be associated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and eventual encephalopathy.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

13. Caused by a brief or incomplete blockage of oxygenated blood to the heart.

Section Reference: Heart Disease

14. Results in motor or cognitive deficits and possible emotional lability.

Section Reference: Stroke

15. Characterized by an unrestrained proliferation of cell growth.

Section Reference: The Prevalence and Types of Cancer

Match the following treatments with their description in 16-20.

a. balloon angioplasty

b. external beam therapy

c. chemotherapy

d. lumpectomy

e. HAART

16. May prolong survival, but is not a cure for HIV/AIDS

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

17. Is used to treat blockages in coronary arteries.

Section Reference: Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

18. A treatment for a limited breast cancer

Section Reference: Diagnosing and Treating Cancer

19. Results in anticipatory nausea in 25-50% of those treated.

Section Reference: Diagnosing and Treating Cancer

20. A radiation treatment for cancer.

Section Reference: Diagnosing and Treating Cancer

Multiple Choice

21. Which of the following is NOT considered a high-mortality chronic illness?

a) cancer

b) heart disease

c) stroke

d) asthma

Section Reference: Adapting While the Prospects Seem Good

22. When a person has been diagnosed with a high-mortality disease such as

cancer, they

a) probably have only a matter of months to live.

b) seldom make it to the 5-year survival window.

c) may be totally cured.

d) are no more likely of dying than a healthy person.

Section Reference: Adapting While the Prospects Seem Good

23. During the first few months after diagnosis of a life‑threatening illness,

a) patients usually plan for the future with assurance.

b) patients are usually pessimistic.

c) more active approaches in coping begin to be utilized.

d) the use of avoidance coping grows stronger.

Section Reference: Adapting While the Prospects Seem Good

24. The helplessness that a person with a high-mortality illness experiences, coupled with nurturance from his or her family, can lead to ____ on the part of the patient.

a) high self esteem

b) dependence

c) self-efficacy

d) hardiness

Section Reference: Adapting While the Prospects Seem Good

25. May has dealt with her breast cancer by focusing on the good things in life and living each day to the fullest. This approach best fits what Taylor would categorize as

a) finding meaning.

b) avoidance.

c) restoring self‑esteem.

d) gaining control.

Section Reference: Adapting While the Prospects Seem good

26. Which of the following statements best captures the experience of relapse in high-mortality diseases?

a) Relapse is a low occurrence event.

b) Patients respond better to relapses than they did to the original diagnosis.

c) Relapse is often viewed as a bad sign and that the prognosis is worse.

d) Patients use the same coping strategies and continue to experience just as much hope as at the time of the original diagnosis.

Section Reference: Adapting in a Recurrence or Relapse

27. The pain associated with a brief blockage of oxygenated blood to the heart is called

a) myocardial infarction.

b) angina pectoris.

c) transient ischemic attacks.

d) atherosclerosis.

Section Reference: Heart Disease

28. Another term for "heart attack" is

a) myocardial infarction.

b) angina pectoris.

c) transient ischemic attacks.

d) cerebral infarction.

Section Reference: Heart Disease

29. Dan's cardiologist discovers he has an enlarged heart with poor pumping capability which contributes to his shortness of breath when he walks up his apartment stairs. Dan is likely to be diagnosed with

a) myocardial infarction.

b) angina pectoris.

c) transient ischemic attacks.

d) congestive heart failure.

Section Reference: Heart Disease

30. Which of the following contributes to a greater likelihood of heart damage following a heart attack?

a) Getting to the hospital as quickly as possible following onset of symptom.

b) Getting to the hospital within an hour of symptom onset.

c) Getting to the hospital within 3 hours of symptom onset.

d) The greatest amount of damage occurs immediately – delay seldom affects levels of heart damage.

Section Reference: Heart Disease

31. Compared to European Canadians, heart attacks are more common

a) among men.

b) in the morning.

c) in Indigenous Canadians.

d) all of the above.

Section Reference: Who is at Risk of Heart Disease, and Why?

32. Which is not a biological risk factor for heart disease?

a) Family history of the disease.

b) Contact with an infected person.

c) Hypertension.

d) High LDL and total cholesterol levels.

Section Reference: Who is at Risk of Heart Disease, and Why?

33. Which sociocultural group has the lowest death rates from heart disease?

a) African.

b) Hispanic.

c) First Nations.

d) Japanese.

Section Reference: Who is at Risk of Heart Disease, and Why?

34. Following her recent heart attack Jamie's surgeon placed a balloon in one of her blocked blood vessels and inflated it. This procedure is called

a) angioplasty.

b) bypass surgery.

c) cardiac resuscitation.

d) angina pectoris.

Section Reference: Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

35. Which of the following describes the course of anxiety that occurs following a heart attack?

a) Anxiety remains high through hospitalization and continues to be higher than non-cardiac patients for years after the event.

b) Anxiety is best eliminated through the use of denial.

c) Anxiety is natural and rarely affects recovery from heart attack.

d) Anxiety levels are high initially but then generally start to decline.

Section Reference: Who is at Risk of Heart Disease, and Why?

36. Recurrent chest pain following a heart attack

a) is uncommon.

b) indicates a greater risk of heart attack in the near future.

c) all of the above

d) none of the above

Section Reference: Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

37. Which of the following is least likely to be advised by a physician to a heart attack victim?

a) Stop smoking.

b) Increase alcohol consumption.

c) Lose weight.

d) Exercise.

Section Reference: Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

38. Within the first six months of beginning an exercise program about 50% of heart attack victims

a) have substantial weight gain.

b) have another heart attack

c) are re-hospitalized.

d) discontinue the program.

Section Reference: Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

39. Which of the following describes the role of work following a heart attack?

a) It is often viewed as a sign of recovery by patients.

b) Most cardiac patients return to work but in a diminished job capacity.

c) Returning to work has been linked to long-term well-being.

d) all of the above.

Section Reference: Medical Treatment and Rehabilitation of Cardiac Patients

40. Following a heart attack, prior family problems

a) tend to be viewed as trivial.

b) often are worked through more realistically.

c) often become worse.

d) have no impact on adherence to cardiac rehabilitation regimen.

Section Reference: The Psychosocial Impact of Heart Disease

41. Studies of wives' evaluations of the post‑heart attack physical abilities of their husbands indicate that wives develop more accurate evaluations by

a) having heart attack patients tell them about their capabilities.

b) simply observing the physical activity of patients.

c) personally participating in patients' activities.

d) having physicians tell them what their husbands were capable of doing.

Section Reference: The Psychosocial Impact of Heart Disease

42. Which of the following outcomes is NOT produced by cardiac rehabilitation

programs that include both psychosocial counseling and health/regimen education?

a) Reduced mortality.

b) Reduced anxiety and depression.

c) Lower recurrence of heart problems.

d) Reduced risk factors.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Interventions for Heart Disease

43. Sal had a stroke that occurred very suddenly. His daughter found him unconscious on the living room floor. His stroke was probably caused by

a) hemorrhage.

b) blood clot.

c) a piece of plaque lodged in a cerebral artery.

d) shock.

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

44. Which of the following statements regarding strokes is TRUE?

a) Strokes caused by hemorrhages produce the most extensive damage.

b) Strokes caused by infarction tend to produce unconsciousness.

c) Strokes due to infarctions are less common than strokes due to hemorrhage.

d) Infarctions cause more death than due hemorrhages.

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

45. Which sociocultural group has the highest death rates due to stroke?

a) Indigenous Canadians.

b) African Canadians.

c) South Asian Canadians.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

46. Alain experienced a sudden, severe headache, followed by blindness in one eye and dizziness. These are symptoms of

a) a myocardial infarction.

b) diabetes.

c) AIDS.

d) a stroke.

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

47. Mini-strokes, which may occur one or more times before a full stroke, are called

a) myocardial infarctions.

b) angina pectoris.

c) transient ischemic attacks.

d) atherosclerosis.

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

48. The most common deficits experienced by stroke patients involve

a) speech.

b) motor action.

c) cognitive dysfunction.

d) memory loss.

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

49. Which of the following deficits would be most characteristic of right hemisphere damage from stroke?

a) Receptive aphasia.

b) Expressive aphasia.

c) Visual and emotional disorders.

d) Paralysis of the right side of the body.

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

50. The phenomenon of visual neglect occurs when there is damage in the _____ hemisphere and is characterized by the failure to process information from the _____ visual field.

a) right; right

b) left; left

c) right; left

d. left; right

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

51. The use of denial is most common in which of the following disorders?

a) Stroke.

b) Heart disease.

c) Cancer.

d) Diabetes.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Aspects of Stroke

52. Common forms of effective rehabilitation treatments for victims of stroke

include:

a) speech therapy.

b) physical therapy.

c) biofeedback.

d) all of the above.

Section Reference: Causes, Effects, and Rehabilitation of Stroke

53. Another common name for a tumour is

a) protoplasm.

b) neoplasm.

c) cytoplasm.

d) plasma.

Section Reference: The Prevalence and Types of Cancer

54. Cancers of the blood‑forming organs are called

a) sarcomas.

b) lymphomas.

c) leukemias.

d) carcinomas.

Section Reference: The Prevalence and Types of Cancer

55. The majority of human cancers are

a) carcinomas.

b) sarcomas.

c) lymphomas.

d) leukemias.

Section Reference: The Prevalence and Types of Cancer

56. Cancers of the muscle, bone, or connective tissue are called

a) carcinomas.

b) sarcomas.

c) lymphomas.

d) leukemias.

Section Reference: The Prevalence and Types of Cancer

57. The spread of cancers to other parts of the body from the primary site through the blood or lymphatic system is called

a) osmosis

b) leukocytosis

c) metastasis

d) metamorphosis

Section Reference: The Prevalence and Types of Cancer

58. The increase in cancer death rate since 1970 is attributable to cancer of the

a) lung

b) liver

c) breast

d) pancreas

Section Reference: The Sites, Effects, and Causes of Cancer

59. _____ is a direct cause of death due to cancer whereas _____ is an indirect cause of death due to cancer.

a) Organ failure; painful pressure on organs.

b) Organ failure; impaired appetite

c) Impaired appetite; organ failure.

d) Impaired appetite; reduced immune function.

Section Reference: The Prevalence and Types of Cancer

60. Which of the following is true regarding the demographic characteristics of cancer?

a) Incidence rates remain roughly the same across the life span.

b) Women and men in Canada now have equal incidence rates.

c) Indigenous Canadians have very high levels of cancer compared to persons from other racial-ethnic groups.

d) Cancer prevalence varies greatly between countries.

Section Reference: The Sites, Effects, and Causes of Cancer

61. The organ most commonly afflicted with cancer in Canada is the

a) lung.

b) skin.

c) prostate.

d) breast.

Section Reference: The Sites, Effects, and Causes of Cancer

62. The surgical removal and analysis of tissue to detect cancer is called

a) radiology.

b) anesthetic.

c) biopsy.

d) imaging.

Section Reference: The Sites, Effects, and Causes of Cancer

63. Anticipatory nausea in chemotherapy patients

a) is probably learned by classical conditioning.

b) occurs in about 25-50% of long‑time recipients of the treatment.

c) contributes to some people stopping treatment and, thus, shortening their lives.

d) all of the above

Section Reference: Diagnosing and Treating Cancer

64. What is one way to prevent the learned food aversions associated with chemotherapy?

a) Use imaging therapy.

b) Provide a scapegoat food prior to chemotherapy.

c) Use progressive relaxation techniques.

d) Use less powerful chemicals.

Section Reference: Diagnosing and Treating Cancer

65. Which of the following statements about adapting to cancer is TRUE?

a) Psychosocial functioning following cancer is often the same, if not better, than before the disease occurred.

b) The amount of physical disability is only weakly linked to level of depression.

c) Having cancer can significantly interfere with social relationships.

d) Some cancers increase sexual functioning.

Section Reference: The Psychosocial Impact of Cancer)

66. Carmela is experiencing a great deal of pain due to her advanced cancer. According to research, she is likely to experience the greatest benefits from which of the following?

a) Only narcotic drugs will provide her with relief.

b) Using systematic desensitization procedures.

c) Participation in a tailored cognitive-behavioural program.

d) Using guided imagery.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Interventions for Cancer

67. During the treatment of childhood leukemia, the inpatient treatment phase is known as the _____ phase whereas the outpatient treatment phase is known as the _____ phase.

a) induction; maintenance

b) maintenance; induction

c) chemotherapy; psychosocial therapy

d) psychosocial therapy; chemotherapy

Section Reference: Childhood Cancer

68. In North America, the number of new HIV diagnoses annually is highest among

a) 20- to 49-year-old adults.

b) men.

c) women.

d) both a and b.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

69. New HIV infections remain concentrated in

a) men who have sex with men.

b) intravenous drug users.

c) Indigenous and Black Canadians.

d) all of the above.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

70. Among Canadian men, AIDS mortality rates are

a) higher for Blacks and Indigenous people than Whites.

b) higher for Whites than Blacks or Indigenous people.

c) higher for Indigenous people than both Blacks and Whites

d) none of the above.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

71. Among Canadian women, HIV/AIDS mortality rates are

a) higher for Blacks and Indigenous people than Whites.

b) higher for Whites than Blacks or Indigenous people.

c) higher for Indigenous people than both Blacks and Whites

d) none of the above.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

72. An AIDS diagnosis is made based on which of the following symptoms?

a) Presence of an "opportunistic" disease.

b) Low T-cell count.

c) Behavioural history that confirms the person is at risk.

d) both a and b.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

73. In regards to HIV/AIDS, the number of viral particles in a blood sample is called

a) opportunistic infection

b) T-cell count.

c) viral load.

d) HIV count.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

74. The brain disorder often associated with AIDS is called

a) Kaposi's sarcoma.

b) nephritis.

c) encephalopathy.

d) stroke.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

75. HIV/AIDS may be cured by

a) psychotherapy.

b) HAART.

c) chemotherapy.

d) no curative treatment is available at this time.

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

76. In order to be effective, a compliance rate of at least _______ is optimal for the HIV/AIDS HAART regimen.

a) 95%

b) 90%

c) 75%

d) 60%

Section Reference: Risk Factors, Effects, and Treatment of HIV/AIDS

77. According to the Sarafino text, the stigma associated with HIV/AIDS affects health in three ways. Which of the following is NOT one of the three ways mentioned in the text?

a) Refusal of societies to acknowledge the disease, therefore allowing its spread.

b) It causes some people to believe that if they aren't gay or use drugs, they can't get the disease.

c) It causes some people to delay getting tested and, if HIV-positive, get treatment.

d) Progression of HIV disease slows down once serostatus is disclosed to others.

Section Reference: The Psychosocial Impact of HIV/AIDS

78. Studies on the effects of psychosocial interventions with people who have HIV/AIDS have found

a) different intervention needs for those patients with access to antiretroviral regimen than for those without access to these medications.

b) stress management is the most important aspect of treatment.

c) immune functioning is not affected by psychosocial intervention.

d) psychosocial interventions are not as effective as the strict use of antiretroviral regimen.

Answer; a

Section Reference: Psychosocial Interventions for HIV/AIDS

Short Answer Questions

81. Briefly discuss the significance of disease recurrence or relapse in patients’ experience with chronic and life-threatening health problems.

82. How is the rehabilitation of cardiac patients influenced by the psychosocial impact of the disease?

83. Discuss the importance of knowing the warning signs of disease in treatment for these diseases.

Essay Questions

85. Discuss differences in adapting to high-mortality illness before and after a relapse.

86. Compare and contrast the intervention needs for high-mortality illnesses discussed in this chapter with the chronic illnesses discussed in the previous chapter.

87. Compare and contrast the HIV/AIDS experience with the other high-mortality illnesses presented in this chapter.

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