Test Bank Chapter 15 Psychosocial Factors In Aging And Dying

CHAPTER 15: PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS IN AGING AND DYING

True or False Statements

1. Biological factors underlying the aging experience are referred to as secondary aging.

Section Reference: The Aging Process

2. In Canada, adults over the age of 65 are less likely to describe their health as either “very good” or “excellent” compared to the general population.

Section Reference: The Aging Process

3. On average, men and women tend to experience aging similarly.

Section Reference: Gender Differences in Aging

4. Programs focused on physical activity in old age should aim to incorporate cognitive tasks in order to boost the positive effects on cognitive health.

Section Reference: Cognitive Activity

5. Discrimination and social oppression on the basis of a person’s age is referred to as oldism.

Section Reference: Cognitive Activity

6. The three factors in Rowe and Kahn’s (1997) model of successful aging include (1) avoiding disease and disability, (2) high cognitive and physical functioning, and (3) engagement with life.

Section Reference: Models of Successful Aging

7. Most children at early ages have no experience with dying.

Section Reference: A Terminally Ill Child

8. Kubler-Ross’ stages of adjustment to dying occur in the following order: (1) Denial, (2) Bargaining, (3) Anger, (4) Depression, and (5) Acceptance.

Section Reference: Does Adapting To Dying Happen In “Stages”?

9. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that adults could choose to die with medical assistance in 2015.

Section Reference: Medically Assisted Dying in Canada

10. People who express little negative emotion during bereavement experience more grief over time compared to those who express a lot of negative emotion.

Section Reference: Physical and Psychosocial Impact of Grief

Matching

Match the following disorders with their descriptions in 11-15.

a. primary aging

b. secondary aging

c. telomere length

d. frailty

e. neuroplasticity

11. Involves a significant decline in the ability to respond and adapt to stress.

Section Age-Related Diseases

12. Involves biological factors underlying the aging experience.

Section Reference: The Aging Process

13. Caused by a brief or incomplete blockage of oxygenated blood to the heart.

Section Reference: The Aging Process

14. Refers to the ability to form and reorganize synaptic connections across the lifespan.

Section Reference: Cognitive Activity

15. Involves controllable factors underlying aging.

Section Reference: The Aging Process

Match the following treatments with their description in 16-20.

a. bargaining

b. acceptance

c. depression

d. denial

e. anger

16. Helpful because it results in detachment, which facilitates movement to the next stage.

Section Reference: Does Adapting To Dying Happen In “Stages”?

17. The first stage in Kubler-Ross’ model of adjustment to dying.

Section Reference: Does Adapting To Dying Happen In “Stages”?

18. Characterized by a quiet calm.

Section Reference: Does Adapting To Dying Happen In “Stages”?

19. Involves resentment towards others.

Section Reference: Does Adapting To Dying Happen In “Stages”?

20. Often characterized by inner dialogue with ‘God.’

Section Reference: Does Adapting To Dying Happen In “Stages”?Multiple Choice

21. The study of aging is called

a) geriatrics.

b) gerontology.

c) ageology.

d) gerology.

Section Reference: Perspectives on Aging

22. Health care provided to older adults is referred to as

a) gerontology.

b) gerology.

c) palliative care.

d) geriatric care.

Section Reference: Perspectives on Aging

23. Lack of physical exercise and poor diet are examples of

a) primary aging.

b) secondary aging.

c) tertiary aging.

d) None of the above.

Section Reference: The Aging Process

24. Cellular senescence is an example of

a) primary aging.

b) secondary aging.

c) tertiary aging.

d) None of the above.

Section Reference: The Aging Process

25. One biological mechanism through which exercise can contribute to decelerated aging is

a) cellular senescence.

b) secondary aging.

c) lengthening of telomeres.

d) shortening of telomeres.

Section Reference: The Aging Process

26. In Canada, adults over the age of 65 are less likely to describe their health as either ________ or _________ compared to the general population.

a) good; satisfactory

b) very good; excellent

c) satisfactory; poor

d) good; bad

Section Reference: The Aging Process

27. What is the predominant risk factor for most diseases and illnesses that significantly compromise health and/or reduce life expectancy?

a) genetics

b) behaviour

c) aging

d) stress

Section Reference: Age-Related Diseases

28. Which disease takes over as the leading cause of death for Canadians 85 years and older?

a) stroke

b) heart disease

c) cancer

d) Alzheimer’s disease

Section Reference: Age-Related Diseases

29. Frailty is characterized mainly by

a) a significant decline in the ability to respond and adapt to stress, accompanied by what appears to be a loss in physical reserves.

b) a significant decline in the ability to respond and adapt to stress, accompanied by a loss in cognitive functioning.

c) a significant decline in the ability to respond and adapt to stress, accompanied by compromised immune functioning and slowed healing time.

d) None of the above.

Section Reference: Age-Related Diseases

30. Cognitive decline may include

a) reduced capacity for working memory.

b) memory failure.

c) reduced attention span.

d) All of the above.

Section Reference: Age-Related Diseases

31. The observation that despite living longer than men, women experience higher rates of disability and poor health is referred to as

a) the well-being paradox.

b) the health-wellness paradox.

c) the male-female-survival paradox.

d) the male-female health-survival paradox.

Section Reference: Gender Differences in Aging

32. Which of the following is NOT one of the explanations cited for the observation that despite living longer than men, women experience higher rates of disability and poor health?

a) Men are more likely to drink, smoke, and engage in risky behaviour.

b) Women are more likely to eat fruits and vegetables in their diet.

c) Women report higher social activity and more social connections across the lifespan.

d) Different changes in immune functioning and inflammation due to sex hormones.

Section Reference: Gender Differences in Aging

33. Which of the following is NOT a factor that has been associated with physical decline in old age?

a) low income and education

b) depression, loneliness, and low feelings of hope

c) living without spouse or partner in the household

d) lower hippocampal volume

Section Reference: Preventing Physical and Cognitive Decline

34. Which of the following is NOT a factor that has been associated with cognitive decline in old age?

a) retirement

b) consumption of alcohol and glucose

c) falls, days spent in hospital, and number of doctor visits

d) lower hippocampal volume

Section Reference: Preventing Physical and Cognitive Decline

35. Research has shown that _______________ decreases the chances of older adults experiencing a fall that results in injury.

a) regular exercise

b) occasional exercise

c) anaerobic exercise

d) minimal physical activity

Section Reference: Physical Activity and Exercise

36. There appear to be greater cognitive benefits associated with physical activity in old age when it is combined with

a) a healthy diet.

b) cognitive training.

c) higher education.

d) higher intelligence (IQ).

Section Reference: Physical Activity and Exercise

37. Activities that are both __________ and ___________ appear to have a more reliable effect on cognitive health.

a) physically challenging; stress-relieving

b) mentally challenging; stress-relieving

c) physically challenging; mood-inducing

d) physically challenging; mentally challenging

Section Reference: Cognitive Activity

38. Neuroplasticity refers to

a) the brain’s ability to manage stress in old age.

b) the brain’s ability to form and reorganize synaptic connections in response to experiences.

c) the brain’s ability to adapt to adversity.

d) None of the above.

Section Reference: Cognitive Activity

39. Research has found that retirement is associated with

a) loss of identity.

b) higher spousal stress.

c) expectations of freedom and leisure

d) All of the above.

Section Reference: Stress, Coping, and Social Support in Later Life

40. Daily hassles appear to occur _________ as people get older.

a) more frequently

b) less frequently

c) at the same frequency

d) more frequently than major stressors

Section Reference: Stress, Coping, and Social Support in Later Life

41. Suppose for a moment that "George" was one of the older adults in the Langer & Rodin (1976) study on nursing homes and was assigned to the experimental group (i.e., he had a plant he cared for). On the basis of the research findings, a year and a half later, he was more likely to be _____ than control condition participants.

a) deceased.

b) a member of the gardening team.

c) alive and healthier than control condition participants.

d) alive but no healthier than control condition participants.

Section Reference: Stress, Coping, and Social Support in Later Life

42. There is evidence that older adults are more likely to reappraise the outcomes of situations in such a way that

a) redefines them positively.

b) strikes balance between the costs and gains.

c) makes them no longer threatening.

d) redefines the situations as challenges.

Section Reference: Coping, Personality, and Health in Old Age

43. In line with research on young and middle-aged adults, high ________ and low ________ have both been correlated with lower ratings of perceived health in old age.

a) extraversion; neuroticism

b) conscientiousness; neuroticism

c) neuroticism; extraversion

d) neuroticism; conscientiousness

Section Reference: Coping, Personality, and Health in Old Age

44. The objective chronic experience of physical separation from other people, as in living alone or having a scarcity of social interactions, is referred to as

a) social isolation.

b) loneliness.

c) social exclusion.

d) momentary solitude.

Section Reference: Social Support and Aging

45. Which of the following is NOT one of the key findings on ageism reported by Dionigi (2015)?

a) Being primed with negative stereotype words also increases cardiovascular stress in older adults before and after mental challenges.

b) Exposure to negative stereotypes about aging may increase cognitive performance in older adults.

c) Repeated exposure to negative stereotypes about aging can lead older adults to disengage from daily activities.

d) Exposure to positive stereotypes about aging may increase cognitive performance in older adults.

Section Reference: Ageism

46. The notion of positive aging, or reaching primarily optimal outcomes in old age while avoiding significant decline, is referred to as

a) aging success.

b) optimal aging.

c) positive aging.

d) successful aging.

Section Reference: Models and Predictors of Successful Aging

47. Which of the following is NOT one of the three criteria for successful aging proposed by Rowe and Kahn (1997)?

a) positive spirituality

b) engagement with life

c) avoiding disease and disability

d) high cognitive and physical functioning

Section Reference: Models of Successful Aging

48. Which of the following is NOT one of the three behaviours underlying successful aging proposed by Baltes and Baltes (1990)?

a) selecting fewer and meaningful goals

b) compensating for loss of abilities by engaging in new strategies

c) optimizing existing abilities through practice and technology

d) disengaging from frustrating or impossible goals

Section Reference: Models of Successful Aging

49. Socio-emotional selectivity theory underscores the increasingly important role of what in the second half of life?

a) reminiscence

b) meaning

c) purpose

d) engagement

Section Reference: Models of Successful Aging

50. What activity in old age has the capacity to be either adaptive or maladaptive, depending on whether one’s focus is positive or negative?

a) finding meaning

b) spirituality

c) reminiscence

d) generativity

Section Reference: Predictors of Successful Aging

51. Which of the following statements about a child's grief at the loss of a loved

one is true?

a) Adolescents seem to grieve the least.

b) All age levels of children seem to grieve with equal intensity.

c) Children under age 5 seem to grieve the least.

d) A child's concept of death remains the same from age 4 to 8.

Section Reference: Confronting Death across the Lifespan

52. Which of the following statements regarding bereavement is true?

a) Young children grieve longer and more intensely than older children.

b) Parents with more children grieve the loss of a child more than parents with a single child

who can regain their pre-parenting freedoms.

c) Older couples grieve spousal loss more than younger couples because they have lived with each other longer.

d) None of these statements is supported by the research in the text.

Section Reference: Confronting Death across the Lifespan

53. According to the research cited in the text, the loss of one’s spouse would

be most stressful for which of the following age groups?

a) An adult at any age.

b) People approaching or in early adulthood.

c) People in mid-life.

d) People in old age.

Section Reference: Confronting Death across the Lifespan

54. The principal coping mechanism people use during the phase of terminal illness is

a) anger.

b) bargaining.

c) regression.

d) denial

Section Reference: Psychosocial Adjustment to Dying

55. The terminal phase of care begins when

a) medical judgment indicates that the patient’s condition is worsening.

b) no treatment is available to reverse or arrest the progress toward death.

c) medical judgement indicates that the patient’s condition is worsening AND no treatment is available to reverse or arrest the progress toward death.

d) The terminal phase of care cannot be determined by any of the above.

Section Reference: Psychosocial Adjustment to Dying

56. Which of the following is the correct order of Kubler Ross’ stages of adjustment to dying?

a) Denial, Bargaining, Anger, Depression, Acceptance

b) Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

c) Anger, Denial, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance

d) Anger, Denial, Depression, Bargaining, Acceptance

Section Reference: Psychosocial Adjustment to Dying

57. Care that focuses on reducing pain and discomfort, as well as improving quality of life, is referred to as

a) hospice care.

b) end-of-life care.

c) chronic illness care.

d) palliative care.

Section Reference: Palliative and End-of-Life Care

58. The Supreme Court of Canada ruled that Canadians have the right to die with medical assistance in what year?

a) 2014

b) 2015

c) 2016

d) 2017

Section Reference: Death with Dignity and Medically Assisted Dying

59. In what year did Bill C-14 pass in Canadian parliament, allowing for the regulation of medically assisted dying?

a) 2014

b) 2015

c) 2016

d) 2017

Section Reference: Death with Dignity and Medically Assisted Dying

60. Which of the following is NOT one of the requirements outlined by Bill C-14 for medical assistance in dying?

a) The individual must be at least 19 years of age.

b) The person must be in an advanced state of irreversible decline.

c) The person must have a serious and incurable illness, disease, or disability

d) Informed consent must be provided.

Section Reference: Death with Dignity and Medically Assisted Dying

61. Which of the following is NOT one of the four common conditions for dignity?

a) lack of pain and suffering

b) control

c) sense of purpose

d) independence

Section Reference: Death with Dignity and Medically Assisted Dying

62. According to research at the University of Manitoba, the desire to die early was associated with

a) depression

b) more severe ratings of pain.

c) lower family support.

d) All of the above.

Section Reference: Death with Dignity and Medically Assisted Dying

63. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the nature of bereavement?

a) Family urging the bereaved to "get on with life" is critical to good adjustment.

b) When children seem unconcerned following a death it is most likely due to denial.

c) Most bereaved people appreciate the isolation they experience following the death of a loved one.

d) Although most people make positive adjustments following a death, some people never adjust to the loss.

Section Reference: Physical and Psychosocial Impact of Grief

64. This is the type of grief that most resembles post-traumatic stress disorder and is characterized by intense yearning, bitterness, depression, and intrusive thoughts about death.

a) complicated grief

b) anticipatory grief

c) delayed-onset grief

d) sudden loss grief

Section Reference: Psychosocial Interventions for Bereavement

Short Answer Questions

65. Briefly describe the course of disease in old age, citing examples of both physical and cognitive decline.

66. Knowing what you know about successful aging, what three major recommendations would you make to an older adult who is concerned with attaining optimal outcomes in old age?

67. Briefly name and describe all stages in Kubler-Ross’ stages of adjustment to dying.

Essay Questions

68. Discuss the role of ageism in later life, noting its effects as demonstrated in research. What can older adults do to reduce the impact of ageism?

69. Explain how medical assistance in dying (MAiD) laws in Canada help to prevent misuse of this option at the end of life.

70. Summarize the range of effects that can result from grief. How do psychologists generally see grief today? What treatments are available in more extreme cases of grief?

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