Test Bank Docx Chapter 29 Vertebrate Evolution

Biology, 13e (Mader)

Chapter 29 Vertebrate Evolution

1) All of the following are characteristics of vertebrates EXCEPT

A) internal organs.

B) vertebral columns.

C) postanal tails.

D) exoskeletons.

E) skulls.

2) The vertebrates that lack jaws are called

A) rays.

B) turtles.

C) lampreys.

D) eels.

3) What is the main reason that mammals underwent adaptive radiation after the demise of the dinosaurs?

A) They had to adapt in order to physically survive the ice age.

B) The mammals had little competition so it was easier for them to evolve into the niches that were once occupied by the dinosaurs.

C) They had an "inner need" to become better suited to their environment.

D) No answer choice is correct.

4) The following are differences between amphibians and reptiles EXCEPT

A) amphibians have smooth non-scaly skin, whereas reptiles are covered with scales and their skin is dry.

B) all reptiles respire by the use of lungs, while amphibians use small lungs supplemented by cutaneous respiration.

C) amphibian eggs are laid in water, but reptiles do not require water for reproduction.

D) reptiles are ectothermic, while amphibians are endothermic.

5) Which of the following reptilian features enabled them to adapt to a terrestrial environment?

A) A dry skin, ectothermy and external fertilization

B) Two pairs of paired limbs, a septum that divides the ventricle, and well developed kidneys 

C) Skin that allows for respiration, a septum that divides the ventricle and an amniotic egg

D) Efficient respiration, ectothermy and external fertilization

E) Live birth, efficient excretion and two pairs of limbs

6) A notochord is

A) a strip of cartilage that forms a back and tail in all vertebrates.

B) a stiff ventral supporting rod.

C) replaced by the nerve cord during development.

D) a stiff dorsal supporting rod that is replaced by the vertebral column during development.

E) All of the choices are correct.

7) If the only chordate characteristic that adult sea squirts possess is gills, why are they classified as a chordate?

8) ________ were the first vertebrates to live on land and they evolved from ________.

A) Amphibians; fish

B) Reptiles; amphibians

C) Mammals; reptiles

D) Amphibians; lancelets

9) Which of the following statements best describes the jawless fishes?

A) Ectotherms that have a bony skeleton.

B) Ectotherms that have a smooth nonscaly skin.

C) Endotherms that have a smooth nonscaly skin.

D) Vertebrates that have scales and are ectothermic.

10) The four defining characteristics of chordates are

A) segmentation, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches, and an amniotic egg.

B) a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, bilateral symmetry, and mammary glands.

C) bilateral symmetry, segmentation, a well-developed coelom, and limbs.

D) a well-developed coelom, pharyngeal pouches, a notochord, and jaws.

E) pharyngeal pouches, a dorsal nerve cord, a notochord, and a postanal tail.

11) In some chordates, the ________ is (are) replaced by ________.

A) pharyngeal pouches; gills

B) dorsal hollow nerve cord; a ventral solid nerve cord

C) gill arches; pharyngeal pouches

D) notochord; a dorsal hollow nerve cord

E) a vertebral column; notochord

12) Which of these is NOT one of the characteristics of a vertebrate?

A) radial symmetry

B) segmentation

C) extreme cephalization

D) closed circulation

E) coelom

13) Which of the following features are shared by all of the jawed fish?

A) endothermic, gills and scales

B) ectothermic, smooth nonscaly skin and bony skeleton

C) cartilaginous or bony endoskeleton, gills and scales

D) bony exoskeleton, gills and scales

14) Which feature would have given the jawed fish an evolutionary advantage over the jawless fish when it came time to hunt for food?

A) The evolution of jaws from the gill slits that would enable them to bite more efficiently.

B) The evolution of an ectothermic lifestyle so they could regulate their body temperature based upon the environment.

C) Gills that would increase the efficiency of their breathing.

D) A cartilaginous endoskeleton that would provide for more power while swimming.

E) A skin that is nonscaly that also allows for an increased respiration ability.

15) Sharks

A) lack bony skeletons.

B) have dermal denticles.

C) have a keen sense of smell.

D) have teeth derived from epidermal scales.

E) All of the choices are correct.

16) The jawed fish and all other vertebrates are gnathostomes, which means they have

A) segmentation.

B) jaws.

C) a notochord that develops into a vertebral column.

D) amniotic eggs.

E) exoskeletons

17) Which feature is found in the bony fish but not in the cartilaginous fish?

A) scales

B) lateral line system for detecting prey

C) endothermy

D) ectothermy

E) swim bladder

18) Amphibians evolved from

A) darters.

B) sharks.

C) bass and bluegill.

D) sturgeon and catfish.

E) lobe-finned fishes with lungs.

19) During the course of fish evolution, two of the gill arches evolved into ________.

A) gills

B) the pectoral fins

C) the swim bladder

D) the jaw

E) No answer choice is correct.

20) Which of these characteristics is NOT found in the amphibians?

A) thin moist skin

B) two-chambered heart

C) small inefficient lungs

D) aquatic larvae

E) eggs with gelatinous covering

21) The amphibians' unique contribution to the evolution of land vertebrates was

A) respiration by gills.

B) respiration through the skin.

C) separation of lung/gill and systemic (body) circulation.

D) development of the tail for propulsion.

E) the leathery waterproof egg shell.

22) Amphibians were the dominant animal life during the ________ period.

A) Jurassic

B) Carboniferous

C) Devonian

D) Silurian

E) Cambrian

23) The amphibians' common receptacle for the urinary, genital, and digestive canals is the

A) vulva.

B) glottis.

C) cloaca.

D) tympanum.

E) operculum.

24) Lungless salamanders lack lungs and breathe through their skins after they lose their gills. You would expect lungless salamanders to

A) prefer drier habitats.

B) prefer stagnant water.

C) be larger than most salamanders.

D) be restricted to smaller and/or thinner body plans.

25) Most salamanders practice internal fertilization

A) using spermatophores.

B) externally in water.

C) internally by copulation.

D) just like frogs.

26) Reptiles evolved from ________ ancestors and were abundant by the ________ period.

A) mammals; Carboniferous

B) fish; Devonian

C) echinoderms; Cambrian

D) amphibians; Permian

27) Which of these characteristics first developed in reptiles?

A) amniotic egg

B) scales on skin

C) four-legged body

D) skull and vertebral column

E) animals living completely on land

28) The mammal-like reptiles that gave rise to mammals were the

A) coelacanths.

B) therapsids.

C) lampreys.

D) archaeopteryx.

29) Which term can be applied to all of the vertebrates except for the jawless fish?

A) Gnathostomes

B) Endothermic

C) Tetrapods

D) Amniotes

30) The circulatory pathways of vertebrates are pictured. Briefly differentiate between the pathways and identify the pathways found in:

• amphibians and reptiles

• fishes

• some reptiles, birds and mammals.

Pathway A

Pathway B

Pathway C

31) Several lineages of reptiles evolved from a common ancestral stem reptile, each adapting to different ways of life.

32) Based on molecular data and skull features, what reptile(s) has an independent lineage from all other reptiles?

A) lizards

B) snakes

C) turtles

D) crocodiles

E) lizards and crocodiles have independent lineages

33) It was during the ________ period within the ________ era that chordates made their first appearance.

A) Cambrian, Paleozoic

B) Ordovician, Paleozoic

C) Mesozoic, Cretaceous

D) Paleozoic, Cambrian

34) Which of the following groups had made their appearance during the Ordovician period?

A) jawless and jawed fish

B) jawed fish and amphibians

C) amphibians and reptiles

D) reptiles and mammals

E) All of these groups had appeared by the Ordovician period.

35) Characteristics of birds include all of the following EXCEPT

A) aquatic reproduction.

B) endotherms.

C) modified reptilian scales as feathers.

D) hard-shelled eggs.

E) a modified skeleton with a fused collarbone and a keel.

36) Generally the respiratory system in birds

A) is identical to the human breathing system.

B) is merely accelerated by the flight muscles.

C) resembles the positive pressure system of a frog.

D) is a one-way circulation of air so constant oxygen absorption can meet the high oxygen demand.

37) All of the following statements concerning birds are true EXCEPT

A) birds have small, relatively under-developed brains.

B) some birds do not have the ability to fly.

C) birds have acute vision.

D) birds use the sun, stars, and the Earth's magnetic field to guide them.

38) Mammals are different from birds in all these characteristics EXCEPT

A) hair.

B) mammary glands.

C) constant body temperature.

D) young born alive.

39) The organ of nutrition used in fetal development in the most successful mammals is the

A) mammary gland.

B) egg.

C) pouch.

D) placenta.

E) marsupium.

40) The duckbill platypus is different than most mammals because it

A) lacks hair.

B) is "cold-blooded."

C) doesn't secrete milk.

D) doesn't give birth, but lays eggs.

E) All of the choices are correct.

41) The position of mammals in evolution is best described as

A) they dominate life in the sea.

B) they were among the first animals to live on land and their diversity is greater than all living things known.

C) they arose from mammal-like reptiles in the Jurassic but remained small and insignificant while dinosaurs dominated the land.

D) mammals gave rise to birds.

E) All of the choices are correct.

42) Monotremes

A) are egg laying mammals.

B) include the anteater and duck-billed platypus.

C) nurse their young.

D) All of the answer choices are correct.

43) The mammalian lineages include

A) placental mammals.

B) marsupials.

C) monotremes.

D) All of the answer choices are correct.

E) No answer choice is correct.

44) Which of the following groups are considered chordates but are lacking the vertebral column trait?

A) osteichthyes & urochordata

B) urochordata & cephalochordates

C) cephalochordates & chondrichthyes

D) sea squirts & chondrichthyes

45) Amongst the chordates, which features are unique to the tunicates?

A) leathery outer covering and an excurrent siphon

B) gill slits and bilateral symmetry

C) sexual reproduction and complete digestive system

D) sessile adult stage and aquatic lifestyle

E) leathery outer covering and sessile adult stage

46) Placental mammals that are predacious meat eaters with large and conical-shaped canines are

A) cetaceans.

B) chiroptera.

C) carnivores.

D) proboscidea.

47) All chordates are also vertebrates.

48) The most successful mammals belong to the marsupials group.

49) The cephalochordates possess an atrium that is used to filter microscopic food particles out of the water.

50) Compare the characteristics of mammals and birds, noting the similarities and differences between the groups. Why don't we consider mammals and birds closely related with a common ancestor, since they are both "warm-blooded"?

51) Identify four of the features that terrestrial vertebrates had to evolve in order to adapt to a terrestrial environment?

52) Explain the four features necessary to classify an organism as a vertebrate.

53) Name the two groups of organisms that are classified as nonvertebrate chordates and indicate their unique features.

54) Which of the following features were required for the the evolution of the amphibians?

A) notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs and 4 limbs

B) notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs and amniotic eggs

C) notochord, vertebrae, jaws, cartilaginous skeleton, lungs and 4 limbs

D) notochord, mammary glands, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs and 4 limbs

55) Which is the correct sequence for the evolution of reptilian features?

A) notochord, vertebrae, jaws, bony skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg

B) notochord, jaws, vertebrae, bony skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg

C) notochord, vertebrae, jaws, cartilaginous skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg

D) vertebrae, jaws, notochord, bony skeleton, lungs, 4 limbs and an amniotic egg

E) notochord, vertebrae, jaws, 4 limbs, bony skeleton, lungs, and an amniotic egg

56) Which of the following features are found in the lobe-finned fish but are not present in the cartilaginous fish? 

A) bony skeletons and lungs

B) paired fins and a bony skeleton

C) jaws and lungs

D) vertebrae and amniotic eggs

57) Ancestral lobe-finned fishes gave rise to modern-day lobe-finned fishes, the lungfishes, and to the amphibians.