nan Invertebrate Evolution Exam Questions Chapter 28

Biology, 13e (Mader)

Chapter 28 Invertebrate Evolution

1) Animals are classified according to all of the following features EXCEPT

A) presence or absence of segmentation.

B) mode of reproduction.

C) type of body symmetry.

D) number of germ layers.

E) molecular data.

2) Bilaterally symmetrical animals

A) tend to be active and move forward.

B) tend to exhibit cephalization.

C) have right and left sides when cut longitudinally.

D) All of the choices are correct.

3) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all animals?

A) Animals are heterotrophic by ingestion or absorption.

B) Animals produce gametes by meiosis.

C) Animals digest their food internally.

D) Animals are multicellular eukaryotes.

E) The adult form is diploid in an alternation of generation life cycle.

4) Which statement concerning body symmetry is NOT correct?

A) In radial symmetry, two identical halves are obtained regardless of how the animal is sliced longitudinally.

B) The evolution of bilateral symmetry is accompanied by cephalization.

C) Asymmetrical animals have no body shape.

D) Bilaterally symmetric animals are usually sessile.

E) Radial symmetry is useful because the animals can reach out in all directions.

5) In ________, the mouth develops at or near the blastopore.

A) gastrocoelomates

B) blastocoelomates

C) protostomes

D) deuterostomes

E) triploblastics

6) In deuterostomes,

A) radial cleavage occurs, and the fate of the cells is indeterminate.

B) spiral cleavage occurs.

C) the fate of cells is fixed and determinate.

D) the mouth appears at or near the blastopore.

The colonial flagellate hypothesis states that animals descended from a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells. Place the probable steps in the order which this would occur. 

A) A few flagellated cells form an aggregate.

B) The colony of aggregated cells forms a hollow sphere.

C) Individual cells become specialized for reproduction.

D) Infolding of certain cells creates tissue layers.

7) Step 1

8) Step 2

9) Step 3

10) Step 4

11) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sponges?

A) If the cells of a sponge are mechanically separated, they will spontaneously reassemble into a complete and functioning sponge.

B) Sponges have three tissue layers.

C) Sponges have an osculum, an opening in the upper body.

D) Sponges are filter feeders.

E) Sponges can reproduce sexually or asexually.

12) A recent study of the marine hawksbill turtles' stomach contents revealed that sponges constitute a major portion of their diet. Sponge beds are generally protected from predators by their calcium and silica crystals, but these were found in the turtles' digestive systems. These protective structures are called

A) amoebocytes.

B) osculum.

C) choanocytes.

D) spicules.

E) spongin.

13) Sponges feed differently than comb jellies because a sponge feeds by

A) acting as a net in a current that sweeps food particles into its central cavity and digests them externally.

B) squeezing the spongocoel cavity and sucking debris in and out through the osculum.

C) the beating of collar cells' flagellae, which form a current; the current brings food particles which are engulfed and digested by collar cells.

D) the beating collar cells form a current from osculum to pores; the food is engulfed by amoebocytes in the central cavity of the sponge.

14) Compare protostome development to that of the deuterostomes during each of the early embryonic stages.

15) The only animal in which digestion occurs within cells is

A) comb jellies.

B) flatworms.

C) sponges.

D) cnidarians.

16) Which of the following are NOT members of cnidaria?

A) corals

B) sponges

C) sea anemones

D) hydrozoa

E) Portuguese man-of-war

17) Which of the following statements is NOT correct about cnidarians?

A) The adult body is bilaterally symmetrical.

B) Most are found in shallow coastal marine environments.

C) There are two tissue layers, an outer epidermis, and inner gastrodermis.

D) Stinging cells contain a threadlike nematocyst released to capture prey.

E) A jellylike mesoglea separates the two tissue layers.

18) Which body structure describes the freshwater hydra?

A) a swimming medusa with the mouth pointing downward

B) a swimming medusa with the mouth pointing upward

C) a sessile medusa with the mouth pointing upward

D) sessile polyp form with the mouth pointing upward

E) a freely moving polyp with the mouth pointing upward

19) Which statement most accurately describes the colonial flagellate hypothesis?

A) Animals are descended from an ancestor that resembles a spherical colony of flagellated cells.

B) Both animals and fungi are descended from an ancestor that resembles a spherical colony of flagellated cells.

C) All animals are descended from an ancestor that resembles a single celled organism that was a flagellated cell.

D) None of these describe the colonial flagellate hypothesis.

20) Identify which of the following feature(s) are found in the cnidarians but not in the comb jellies.

A) They are free-swimming invertebrates.

B) They contain a capsule called a nematocyst.

C) They produce movement by the beating of cilia.

D) Much of the body is composed of a jellylike substance called mesoglea.

E) These species can be found in the marine environment.

21) Which of these statements is NOT correct about flatworms? 

A) The embryos of flatworms are triploblastic.

B) Flatworms are deuterostomes.

C) Flatworms have a sac body plan with an incomplete gut.

D) Flatworms are free-living or parasitic.

E) Flatworms are in phylum Platyhelminthes.

22) What is the function of the buds formed by hydra?

A) They aid in digestion.

B) They develop into cnidocytes and can be used in defense.

C) They develop into the nerve net and are used to detect prey.

D) They produce new epidermal tissue to replace the old tissue.

E) They are a form of asexual reproduction.

23) Flukes are divided into the groups Monogenea and Digenea. Monogenea have a posterior holdfast with hooks, clamps, and suckers, while Digenea have suckers but never hooks and clamps. Monogenea have only one host in the life cycle and usually live on gills or skin of fish and amphibians. Digenea have at least two hosts, and are named for having two reproductive states in their life cycle (an adult and intramolluscan phase).

Based on this information, the blood fluke Schistosoma would be classified as

A) an endoparasite and Monogenean.

B) an endoparasite and Digenean.

C) an ectoparasite and Digenean.

D) an ectoparasite and Monogenean.

24) A person working in a rice paddy in Asia becomes infected with the liver fluke by

A) eating infected snails.

B) drinking water contaminated with eggs.

C) eating infected fish that was undercooked or raw.

D) swimming or wading in infected water, where the cercariae enter the skin.

25) Human tapeworm infections occur by

A) eating insufficiently cooked infected pork or beef.

B) being bitten by a mosquito.

C) ingesting eggs in contaminated water.

D) eating freshly peeled fruit.

E) All of the choices are correct.

26) The segments of a tapeworm that contain female and male sex organs are called

A) proglottids.

B) cercariae.

C) sporocysts.

D) scolexes.

E) glycocalyxes.

27) Name one of the smallest, if not the smallest, animals that are sometimes referred to as "wheel animalcules."

A) planaria

B) parasitic mites

C) fruit flies

D) parasitic

E) rotifers

28) Which list of traits is characteristic of the ecdysozoans?

A) Periodically shed their outer covering, nonsegmented body plan and pseudocoelom on some, contain an exoskeleton, and undergo metamorphosis.

B) Periodically shed their outer covering, nonsegmented body plan and contain a layer of jellylike fluid called mesoglea, contain an exoskeleton, and undergo metamorphosis.

C) Periodically shed their outer covering, segmented body plan and pseudocoelom on some, contain an endoskeleton, and undergo metamorphosis.

D) None of the these are correct.

29) If you live on a river delta or coastline, you may not be able to eat the local shellfish because of high levels of toxins, even though you may be able to drink the water taken from the same source. Why?

A) Shellfish seasonally produce toxic substances.

B) Shellfish regularly consume poisonous red tide organisms.

C) Most harmless native clams have been replaced by bad species.

D) Shellfish filter-feed and concentrate the dilute pollutants from the water, thus acting as early warning indicators of severe pollution.

30) A unique species of snail has been discovered in the Negev Desert. At night, these snails use a toothlike rasping organ in their head to scrape up porous limestone; they then digest the algae that lived in the rock pores. This scraping organ is the

A) labial palp.

B) radula.

C) mantle.

D) tentacle.

E) crop.

31) Molluscs share a three-part body plan consisting of

A) a scolex, proglottids, and an anus.

B) a corona, stomach, and intestines.

C) a visceral mass, mantle, and foot.

D) eyespots, a digestive system, and a nervous system.

32) Which of these is a bivalve?

A) slug

B) octopus

C) earthworm

D) snail

E) oyster

33) Which of the listed organisms do not possess the necessary features to be classified as a member of phylum Mollusca?

A) clams

B) squids

C) lobsters

D) nautiluses

E) snails

34) Which of the following features is common among the roundworms as well as the arthropods?

A) Periodically shed their outer covering.

B) Radial symmetry.

C) Endoskeleton.

D) Undergo metamorphosis.

E) Segmentation is readily apparent.

35) Earthworms possess both male and female organs on separate segments. Mating could be described as "parallel parking" in opposite directions, and cross-fertilizing. Given this information, which of the following is (are) true?

A) This is evidence of a primitive state that is generally less efficient than separate sexes.

B) This is primarily to allow them to self-fertilize if no other worm is in their sector of the soil.

C) This is an advantage since they can mate with any other earthworm of the same species that they encounter.

D) Maintaining any system not clearly male or female is disadvantageous; the earthworm is trapped in an evolutionary dead end.

36) Marine annelids (polychaetes) are different than earthworms in that polychaetes

A) lack the setae that earthworms have.

B) have paddle-like parapodia that earthworms do not have.

C) have segments, whereas marine annelids do not.

D) lack a larval form, whereas earthworms have a larvae form.

E) marine annelids have a well-developed coelom, whereas earthworms do not.

37) Which phyla are classified in the Deuterostomia?

A) Mollusca and Chordata

B) Arthropoda and Vertebrata

C) Chordata and Vertebrata

D) Echinodermata and Chordata

E) Annelida and Mollusca

38) Identify the organisms that belong to the phylum that are included in the Deuterostomia.

A) octopuses and sea stars

B) polychaetes and roundworms

C) sea stars and crocodiles

D) tapeworms and mollusks

E) blood flukes and crustaceans

39) Roundworms and arthropods are both ecdysozoans. This means they

A) have a trochophore larvae.

B) have a body cavity that is completely lined with mesoderm.

C) have the anus arise at or near the blastopore.

D) periodically shed their outer covering.

E) No answer choice is correct.

40) Which statement is NOT correct about the roundworms?

A) There are three layers of tissues in the body.

B) Roundworms have a tube-within-a-tube body plan.

C) There is an internal body cavity called a pseudocoelom.

D) Roundworms have a smooth unsegmented outside body wall.

E) Roundworms are all parasitic.

41) The easiest method of preventing sea stars from moving is to

A) plug their madreporite.

B) cut off two of their arms.

C) squeeze the tube feet as they are extended from the body.

D) lay them on their arboreal side.

E) None of these actions would prevent a sea star from moving.

42) Describe the steps required for a sea star to move.

43) Which method of reproduction is used by members of phylum Echinodermata?

A) sexual

B) asexual

C) budding

D) fragmentation

E) Both sexual and asexual

44) Which phylum contains the greatest diversity of animal species?

A) Mollusca

B) Arthropoda

C) Chordata

D) Echinodermata

E) Annelida

45) The major body parts of an insect include:

A) head, cephalothorax, and abdomen.

B) cephalothorax, midsection, and abdomen.

C) head, thorax, and abdomen.

D) head, prothorax, and metathorax.

E) head, cephalothorax, and genitalia.

46) Periodically shedding their outer covering is a feature unique to the

A) ecdysozoans.

B) echinodermata.

C) mollusca.

D) lophotrochozoans.

E) bryozoans.

47) Sea stars and sea urchins operate their tube feet by

A) a water vascular system that regulates water pressure.

B) cilia transporting hemolymph from chamber to chamber.

C) sticky threads leading from the mouth and primitive brain.

D) actin and myosin fibers that slide and give muscle actions to the five arms or "rays."

48) Which of the following features is not one of the key features that led to the success of the arthropods?

A) segmented body

B) exoskeleton

C) brain and a ventral nerve cord

D) contain a variety of respiratory organs

E) All are features that made arthropods successful.

49) Which statement is NOT true about echinoderms?

A) The exoskeleton is made of spiny plates.

B) Gas exchange occurs through skin gills and tube feet.

C) Larvae are free-swimming and bilaterally symmetrical.

D) A water vascular system allows the tube feet to produce suction.

E) Symmetry is radial in the adult, usually with parts in fives or multiples of five.

50) The structure that directs food into the body of a rotifer is called the corona.

51) Unique features of animals include ingesting their food, having a cell wall, and the ability to move at some point in their life cycle.

52) Metamorphosis is a change in form and physiology that occurs during the development of an insect.

53) Which of the following features are found within the lophotrochozoa?

A) Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as protostomes.

B) Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, two germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as protostomes.

C) Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as deuterostomes.

D) Bilateral symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are terrestrial, and are classified as protostomes.

E) Radial symmetry at some point in their life, three germ layers as embryos, are aquatic, and are classified as protostomes.

54) Identify the features unique to protostome development.

A) Coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm, the blastopore becomes the mouth, and the cleavage is spiral.

B) Coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm, the blastopore becomes the anus, and the cleavage is spiral.

C) Coelom forms by a splitting of the mesoderm, the blastopore becomes the mouth, and the cleavage is radial.

D) None of the features listed are unique to the protostomes.

55) Describe the similarities and differences between the comb jellies and cnidarians.

56) Which reproductive method would most likely lead to the greatest chance of success in sea stars?

A) fragmentation

B) sexual reproduction

C) budding

D) None of these methods would be successful.

57) Which of the following list of features describes the molluscs and bivalves but not the annelids?

A) Reduced cephalization, contain a muscular foot and a mantle, may possess a hard outer shell.

B) Presence of cephalization, contain a muscular foot and a mantle, may possess a hard outer shell and have a complete digestive system.

C) Lack of cephalization, contains circular muscles that enable them to move, may possess a hard outer shell, and have a complete digestive system.

D) Lack of cephalization, every member of the group will have a hard outer shell as well as a complete digestive system.

E) None of these lists describes the molluscs and bivalves but not the annelids.