Test Bank Chapter 5 Sex Hormones And Human Sexuality

Chapter 5: Sex Hormones and Human Sexuality

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 01

1. What provide(s) a connection between the nervous system and the reproductive system?

a) fibroids

b) hormones

c) the spinal cord

d) neurotransmitters

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 02

2. Why is the word "hormone" misleading?

a) The word "hormone" is derived from the Greek word meaning "male needs," but we now know that hormones are expressed by both males and females.

b) The word "hormone" is derived from the Greek word meaning "to grow," but we now know that hormones also affect our bodies in other ways as well.

c) The word "hormone" is derived from the Greek word meaning "to arouse," but we now know that hormones are related to many other functions in addition to arousal.

d) The word "hormone" is derived from the Greek word meaning "in the body," but we now know that hormones originated in the brain.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 03

3. What is uniquely true of all endocrine organs?

a) They all release sex hormones.

b) They all release hormones.

c) They all release chemicals.

d) They are all affected by hormones.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 04

4. Which of the following is NOT a hormone associated with sexual development, reproduction, and/or behaviour?

a) progesterone

b) testosterone

c) estradiol

d) prolactin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 05

5. In both men and women, what must be produced before estrogens can be synthesized?

a) cortisol

b) aldosterone

c) androgens

d) corticosterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 06

6. The "HPG axis" is an abbreviation for __________.

a) hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

b) humoral-pituitary-glandular axis

c) hypothalamic-parietal-gonadal axis

d) humoral-parietal-gonadal axis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 07

7. A hormone is considered a sex hormone if it has which of the following characteristics?

a) if the amount produced differs between males and females

b) if it is essential for reproduction

c) if it is only produced by one of the two sexes

d) if it plays a role in sexual maturity and reproduction

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 08

8. A surge of which sex hormone triggers ovulation by rupturing the follicle that contains an ovum?

a) the luteinizing hormone

b) the follicle-stimulating hormone

c) estrogen

d) progesterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 09

9. Reproductive cycles begin at which point in the life cycle?

a) during fetal development

b) at birth

c) at puberty

d) at about age 18

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 10

10. When during her cycle does a woman produce the most luteinizing hormone?

a) just prior to menstruation

b) during menstruation

c) after ovulation

d) during ovulation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 11

11. Which sex hormone causes the maturation of an egg?

a) estrogen

b) luteinizing hormone

c) follicle-stimulating hormone

d) progesterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 12

12. In the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, which sex hormone increases the complexity of the endometrium?

a) progesterone

b) estrogen

c) androgen

d) the luteinizing hormone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 13

13. __________ may be strongly linked with libido and desire in males, and their insufficiency may cause a decrease in sexual desire in females.

a) Progestogens

b) Androgens

c) The luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

d) Estrogens

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 14

14. What is the role of the luteinizing hormone in creating sperm?

a) It stimulates the testes which them produce sperm.

b) It stimulates the pituitary and the pituitary produces testosterone, which then triggers sperm production.

c) It binds to cells in the testes, causing them to secrete testosterone, which stimulates the production of sperm.

d) It stimulates the production of the follicle-stimulating hormone, which binds to cells in the testes causing them to produce testosterone, which then results in the production of sperm.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 15

15. In both sexes, what physical changes occur at puberty due to increased levels of estrogens?

a) cessation of the growth of the long bones

b) growth of pubic and axillary hair

c) increase in fat tissue

d) increase in muscle mass

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 16

16. What is the humans' main sex organ?

a) the uterus in females and the testes in males

b) the brain in females and the testes in males

c) the ovaries in females and the penis in males

d) the brain in both males and females

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 17

17. Changes to the __________, due to exposure to specific hormones prior to birth, leads to male/female differentiation in the brain after birth.

a) hypothalamus

b) cerebral cortex

c) pituitary gland

d) thalamus

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 18

18. If a male is born with XY chromosomes but without a penis, the child is most likely to have a happy outcome if the parents do which of the following?

a) Raise the child as a male.

b) Raise the child as a female.

c) Do not decide the child's gender for the child.

d) Raise the child as asexual, discouraging the adoption of either male or female tendencies.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 19

19. In men and women, where are androgen and estrogen receptors located?

a) They are distributed only in the brain.

b) They are located only in the hypothalamus.

c) They are located only in the gonads.

d) They are dispersed widely throughout genital and neural tissues.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 20

20. Subjective sexual arousal in men and women is influenced by which hormones?

a) the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

b) androgens and estrogens

c) androgens

d) estrogens

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 21

21. The administration of which hormones have been used to treat sexual dysfunction in both men and women?

a) androgens

b) estrogens

c) the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone

d) progestogens

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 22

22. What happens to a developing embryo if the SRY gene is not switched on?

a) Ovaries will develop.

b) The indifferent gonads will remain ambiguous.

c) Testes will develop.

d) Secondary sexual characteristics will not develop in males.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 23

23. In some regions of North Eastern Africa, why is circumcision performed?

a) because of the belief that the foreskin is unclean

b) because of the belief that to be male is to endure pain

c) because of the belief that all children are born part male and part female and the foreskin is the female part on an otherwise male child

d) to differentiate sexually mature males from sexually immature males

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 24

24. In some regions of North Eastern Africa, why is the clitoris is removed?

a) because of the belief that women should not experience sexual pleasure

b) because of a belief that a female is born with some male parts that need to be removed for her to be fully female

c) in preparation for the pain of childbirth

d) to show that a female is ready for marriage

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 25

25. Increase in vasopressin is related to which of the following?

a) increased aggression

b) decreased aggression

c) increased affiliation

d) increased lactation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 26

26. In humans, where are pheromones primary produced?

a) apocrine glands

b) external genital area

c) pituitary gland

d) thyroid gland

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 27

27. Researchers have repeatedly found that women prefer the smell of a t-shirt worn by what kind of man?

a) a physically strong man

b) a man who is genetically similar to them

c) a man who is genetically different from them

d) a man who produces more testosterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 28

28. An example of an endocrine organ is __________.

a) a testis

b) the vagina

c) the heart

d) the penis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 29

29. What do the testes and the pituitary have in common?

a) They are located in a similar part of the body.

b) They are made from similar cells.

c) They don't grow or change with age.

d) They are both endocrine organs.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 30

30. Hormones are released into __________.

a) the synapses

b) the blood

c) the muscles

d) the spinal cord

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 31

31. All of the following are hormones linked to sexual behaviour or development EXCEPT __________.

a) insulin

b) estradiol

c) vasopressin

d) testosterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 32

32. If a hormone level is too low, a feedback signal will tell the __________ to produce more.

a) heart

b) endocrine organs

c) penis

d) vagina

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 33

33. In which season are women MOST likely to become pregnant?

a) spring

b) summer

c) fall

d) winter

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 34

34. In which season are women LEAST likely to become pregnant?

a) spring

b) summer

c) fall

d) winter

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 35

35. There are __________ common patterns for the development and regulation of the reproductive cycles in humans.

a) five

b) two

c) three

d) four

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 36

36. Polly's reproductive cycles will begin to develop at __________.

a) birth

b) age eight

c) puberty

d) adulthood

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 37

37. The menstrual cycle involves the buildup and shedding of the __________.

a) endometrium

b) ova

c) follicles

d) uterus

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 38

38. Estrogen has stimulated the growth of Ursula's uterine lining. Ursula is in the __________ phase of her menstrual cycle.

a) luteal

b) follicular

c) premenstrual

d) menses

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 39

39. Which of the following phases occurs before ovulation during the menstrual cycle?

a) the follicular phase

b) the luteal phase

c) the premenstrual phase

d) the menses phase

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 40

40. Which phase of the menstrual cycle is MOST closely associated with increased progesterone?

a) menses

b) follicular phase

c) luteal phase

d) dormant phase

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 41

41. Days 0 through 7 of the menstrual cycle comprise __________.

a) menses

b) the luteal phase

c) the proliferative phase

d) the secretory phase

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 42

42. Estrogen levels rise rapidly during the __________ phase of the menstrual cycle.

a) follicular

b) luteal

c) secretory

d) premenstrual

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 43

43. The luteinizing hormone levels are highest during __________.

a) menses

b) the luteal phase

c) ovulation

d) pregnancy

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 44

44. Which area of the brain is extremely sensitive to hormones during gestational development?

a) the hypothalamus

b) the cerebellum

c) the reticular formation

d) the lateral geniculate nucleus

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 45

45. Some researchers have suggested that variations in sexual orientation may result from different exposures to __________ during a critical developmental period of the sexual brain.

a) genes

b) hormones

c) behaviours

d) social norms

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 46

46. Max was born female but is a transgender man. Before he began receiving gender-affirming hormones, his hormone levels would have been similar to __________.

a) a straight woman

b) a gay man

c) a lesbian

d) a transgender woman

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 47

47. The sense of sexuality is the result of __________.

a) nature alone

b) nurture alone

c) a combination of nature and nurture

d) either nature or nurture — it depends on the person

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 48

48. Chris has an XX chromosome pattern and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Chris will MOST likely identify as __________.

a) female

b) male

c) transsexual

d) bisexual

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 49

49. Where in a man's body can estrogen receptors be found?

a) in the testes only

b) in the breast tissue only

c) throughout the body

d) in the brain only

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 50

50. Where in a woman's body can testosterone receptors be found?

a) in the ovaries only

b) in the breast tissue only

c) throughout the body

d) in the brain only

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 51

51. Which of the following hormones can increase genital sexual arousal in both men and women?

a) testosterone

b) estrogen

c) progesterone

d) oxytocin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 52

52. Marg is a menopausal woman. What hormone can she take to improve vaginal wall thickness and elasticity, lubrication, and vasocongestion?

a) testosterone

b) progesterone

c) oxytocin

d) estradiol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 53

53. Low levels of which hormone are sometimes found to be linked to low sexual desire in women?

a) androgens

b) progesterone

c) oxytocin

d) vasopressin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 54

54. Which hormone is the major androgen in humans?

a) progesterone

b) estradiol

c) testosterone

d) oxytocin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 55

55. Mark and Tina are both receiving the same hormone therapy to treat low levels of sexual desire. What does this therapy most likely consist of?

a) progesterone

b) oxytocin

c) androgens

d) estrogen

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 56

56. Sexual activity increases levels of which hormone in women?

a) testosterone

b) estrogen

c) progesterone

d) vasopressin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 57

57. Amy and Megan are travelling the world together. They are extremely close friends but do not have a sexual relationship with each other. Which hormone level is MOST likely to increase as a result of this intimate relationship?

a) estrogen

b) progesterone

c) estradiol

d) testosterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 58

58. In women, sexual arousal leads to a decrease in __________.

a) cortisol

b) androgens

c) estrogen

d) progesterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 59

59. Ella has just started a new sexual relationship. As a result of sexual activity, Ella is producing more __________.

a) cortisol

b) estradiol

c) oxytocin

d) vasopressin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 60

60. Greg is taking part in an experiment where he is being asked to imagine sexual activity. What hormone changes will the researchers likely detect in Greg's blood as a result of this experiment?

a) an increase in testosterone

b) a decrease in vasopressin

c) an increase in cortisol

d) a decrease in estrogen

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 61

61. Cora is looking forward to having sex with her boyfriend tonight. Her anticipation is likely resulting in an increase in which hormone?

a) estrogen

b) progesterone

c) testosterone

d) oxytocin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 62

62. Alice is viewing erotic stimuli as a part of an experiment. Which hormone's level is likely to increase in her bloodstream as a result of the experiment?

a) estradiol

b) testosterone

c) estrogen

d) progesterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 63

63. Which hormone is strongly related to childbirth and lactation?

a) estrogen

b) progesterone

c) oxytocin

d) cortisol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 64

64. Maria has just had a baby and is breastfeeding. What hormone's level will likely be high in her bloodstream?

a) oxytocin

b) progesterone

c) estrogen

d) cortisol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 65

65. The higher the level of __________, the greater the level of maternal care in animals.

a) oxytocin

b) progesterone

c) estrogen

d) cortisol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 66

66. Which hormone is linked to both cardiovascular regulation and social/sexual functions?

a) oxytocin

b) vasopressin

c) cortisol

d) progesterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 67

67. Which hormone seems to amplify the subjective sense of arousal in women?

a) oxytocin

b) estrogen

c) androgens

d) cortisol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 68

68. Which hormone may be responsible for the sense of contentment a woman feels after an orgasm?

a) estrogen

b) oxytocin

c) vasopressin

d) the luteinizing hormone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 69

69. Helen has just had an orgasm and feels very content. This is most likely because her orgasm led to the release of __________.

a) progesterone

b) estrogen

c) estradiol

d) oxytocin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 70

70. Which hormone may help people overcome their natural avoidance of being in close proximity to others?

a) oxytocin

b) progesterone

c) cortisol

d) vasopressin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 71

71. In an experiment, Talia was administered a hormone, shown images of faces, and asked to rate each face on attractiveness and trustworthiness. She rated faces as more trustworthy than did Ali, who was not administered a hormone before seeing the images. What hormone was Talia most likely administered?

a) progesterone

b) oxytocin

c) estradiol

d) vasopressin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 72

72. All of the following have been linked to the feeling of "being in love," EXCEPT __________,

a) estrogen

b) dopamine

c) oxytocin

d) vasopressin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 73

73. What do the apocrine glands produce?

a) estrogen

b) testosterone

c) pheromones

d) cortisol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 74

74. Dr. Meyer is studying pheromones in humans and needs to collect sweat samples from study participants. Which area of the human body would NOT provide samples containing pheromones?

a) the area under the breasts

b) the armpits

c) the pubic area

d) the area behind the ears

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 75

75. All of the following are categories of pheromones in humans, EXCEPT __________.

a) food source

b) territorial

c) sexual

d) maternal-infant

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 76

76. Some researchers believe that being able to detect someone's __________ may provide an important survival benefit.

a) estrogen

b) major histocompatibility complex compounds

c) the luteinizing hormone

d) testosterone

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 77

77. Marsha just had a hot flash. She is most likely experiencing __________.

a) menopause

b) perimenopause

c) premenstrual syndrome

d) ovulation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 78

78. Once menstruation has not occurred for __________ months, a woman is considered to be menopausal.

a) 6

b) 9

c) 12

d) 15

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 79

79. The decline in libido that occurs in perimenopause and menopause is linked to a decline in __________.

a) estradiol

b) vasopressin

c) progesterone

d) oxytocin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 80

80. Low levels of __________ may produce low libido in post-menopausal women.

a) estradiol and testosterone

b) testosterone and progesterone

c) progesterone and oxytocin

d) oxytocin and estradiol

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 81

81. Androgen therapy to increase libido would be most effective for a woman who __________.

a) has never been pregnant

b) has had ovaries removed

c) has had more than four children

d) began menstruating before the age of 13

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 82

82. Maggie is menopausal and has low libido. She is considering whether androgen therapy will help her. Her doctor says there is a good chance it will because __________.

a) Maggie also has never been pregnant

b) Maggie also had her ovaries removed

c) Maggie also had a tubal ligation

d) Maggie also had a Caesarean section

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 83

83. Andropause is caused by a decline in __________.

a) cortisol

b) pheromones

c) testosterone

d) vasopressin

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 84

84. All of the following changes are related to reduced testosterone levels in older men, EXCEPT __________.

a) breast development

b) loss of muscle mass

c) hair loss

d) increased visceral fat

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 85

85. What percentage of older men experience sexual problems that last for more than six months?

a) 6.2 per cent

b) 17.7 per cent

c) 27.2 per cent

d) 37.9 per cent

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 86

86. Which of the following is not considered to be a secondary sex characteristic?

a) testes

b) facial hair

c) voice pitch

d) breast development

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 87

87. In biological males, what binds to cells in the testes which causes them to secrete testosterone?

a) follicle stimulating hormone

b) luteinizing hormone

c) androgens

d) sperm

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 88

88. Participants were given doses of oxytocin by nasal spray so that it could quickly enter the brain. Which statement is true?

a) the participants were instantly physiologically aroused

b) the participants reported having an orgasm

c) the participants reported increased levels of perceived genital arousal

d) the participants reported that they felt nothing

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 89

89. At what age does a woman have the highest level of circulating testosterone in their blood?

a) 20

b) 40

c) 50

d) 60

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 90

90. ________ are smells that trigger a social response in members of the same species.

a) Hormones

b) Pheromones

c) Progesterones

d) Estrogens

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 01

1. The word "hormone" is derived from the Greek word ormao meaning to "__________" or "excite".

Feedback: arouse

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 02

2. A part of the body that releases hormones is known as a(n) __________ organ.

Feedback: endocrine

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 03

3. Hormones are regulated by __________ __________ that indicate the difference between the actual level of a hormone and the expected level of that hormone.

Feedback: feedback signals

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 04

4. In XY embryos, male characteristics begin to develop when the __________ gene "switches on."

Feedback: SRY

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 05

5. Sexual arousal decreases the amount of the stress hormone __________.

Feedback: cortisol

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 06

6. The hormone best known for its involvement in fluid balance and cardiovascular and autonomic regulation is __________.

Feedback: vasopressin

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 07

7. The period of time when a woman's hormone levels wax and wane is referred to as the __________ period.

Feedback: perimenopausal

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 08

8. The main regions in the brain that are associated with hormone production are the pituitary and the __________.

Feedback: hypothalamus

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 09

9. A woman's body prepares for the implantation of an egg during the __________ phase of her menstrual cycle.

Feedback: follicular

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 10

10. Estrogen levels vary across the menstrual cycle and are at their highest level during __________.

Feedback: ovulation

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 11

11. After ovulation, in the luteal phase, __________ increases the complexity of the endometrium.

Feedback: progesterone

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 12

12. Paul has congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Paul's sex chromosomes are __________ .

Feedback: XX

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 13

13. Another term for "sex drive" is "__________."

Feedback: libido

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 14

14. Bonding is associated with the hormone __________.

Feedback: oxytocin

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 15

15. Pheromones are produced by the __________ glands.

Feedback: apocrine

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 16

16. MHC stands for __________ __________ __________.

Feedback: major histocompatibility complex

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 17

17. After 12 months without menstruation, a woman is considered __________.

Feedback: menopausal

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 18

18. Women with low sexual desire respond best to androgen therapy if they have previously had their __________ removed.

Feedback: ovaries

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 19

19. Allen's testes produce no hormones. Allen has __________.

Feedback: hypogonadism

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 20

20. A syndrome in men characterized by low libido, increased visceral fat, decreased energy, and increased irritability is referred to as __________.

Feedback: andropause

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 21

21. Genital organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as the testes and ovaries, are called ________ sex characteristics.

Feedback: primary

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 22

22. ________ ________ ________ is a mood disorder associated primarily with the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and characterized by feelings of anxiety, anger, and depression.

Feedback: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 23

23. The second phase of the menstrual cycle, during which a mature egg is released from an ovary is called ________.

Feedback: ovulation

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 24

24. The ________ is considered the "master gland" that controls the function of most other endocrine glands.

Feedback: pituitary

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 25

25. The glands (ovaries and testes) in which gametes (eggs and sperm) are produced are specifically termed ________.

Feedback: gonads

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 26

26. ________ are smells that trigger a social response in members of the same species.

Feedback: Pheromones

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 27

27. The menstrual cycle repeats approximately every ________ days in human females.

Feedback: 28

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 28

28. The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is also know as the ________ phase.

Feedback: secretory

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 29

29. The HPG axis is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among the pituitary gland, the gonads, and the ________.

Feedback: hypothalamus

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 30

30. Rising estrogen levels triggers a surge of ________ ________ which leads to ovulation.

Feedback: luteinizing hormone OR LH

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 01

1. Compare and contrast the roles of the luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in reproduction in males and females

Feedback: The follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) play major roles in reproduction.

In females, FSH stimulates the growth and maturation of the Graafian follicle and induces enzymes that are required to convert androstenedione to estradiol. LH acts on the cells of the ovary to stimulate the synthesis of steroid hormones, notably androstenedione.

LH is also critical for ovulation, as an LH surge is necessary for rupture of the follicle that contains the egg, and it stimulates the growth of the corpus luteum.

In males, LH activates sperm-producing cells in the testes and the growth of the testes, while FSH plays an important role in driving the early stages of spermatogenesis.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 02

2. Discuss the research evidence related to the interaction between hormones and mood in women.

Feedback: Many women tend to report negative mood more commonly during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase or ovulation. Indeed, some mood-related disorders, such as premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), have been named in relation to phases of the menstrual cycle. Depression and anxiety can affect desire for, performance of, and experience of sex. Despite reports of a link between menstrual phase and self-reported mood, however, a direct relationship between ovarian hormones and mood is not well established, even in cases of PMDD. For example, studies on the effects of hormones on mood in postmenopausal women have revealed contradictory results: estrogen administration has been shown to reduce, increase, or have no significant effect on negative mood. Progesterone has also been proposed as a treatment, but it has been found to be ineffective for premenstrual mood disturbances. In other studies of randomly recruited, non-help-seeking women, no correspondence was observed between either menstrual phase or ovarian steroids and mood. Rather, it was psychosocial factors—stress and physical health—that were highly correlated with mood. There is no doubt, however, that many women do suffer cyclic mood changes that can significantly impair their quality of life.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 03

3. Compare the views on the origin of sexual identity in Western cultures and in the cultures of regions of northeastern (Sahel) Africa.

Feedback: In Western cultures gender is assumed to be present at birth, so gender is not made but "born." In West African culture gender is assumed to be "made" because children are supposedly born able to assume either gender. The males have the female foreskin that must be removed and the females have the male clitoris that must be removed.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 04

4. Explain how pheromones are produced and describe two ways in which pheromones from one person are thought to affect the behaviour or physiological processes in another individual.

Feedback: In humans, pheromones are produced by apocrine glands, primarily in the axilla (armpit) and pubic areas that become active with puberty. The synthesis of pheromones in both women and men is controlled by androgens. One way that pheromones from one person can affect the behaviour of another is the phenomenon of one woman's pheromones affecting the menstrual cycle of another woman. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compounds convey genetic information about a female, which may make her more appealing to genetically compatible males.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 05 Question 05

5. Describe one hormonal change and its effect due to aging in men, and one hormonal change and its effect due to aging in women.

Feedback: In men, testosterone levels decline with age, which could lead to low libido. These decreasing levels of testosterone may lead to a clinical syndrome called "andropause." Symptoms associated with this syndrome include low libido; decreased strength, energy, and/or stamina; increased irritability; and a decreased enjoyment of life.

In women, estradiol levels decline with age, which could also lead to low libido and loss of fertility. The decreasing levels of estradiol eventually leads to the cessation of menstruation, called menopause.