Test Bank Answers Pukall Sex Research Methods Chapter 3

Chapter 3: Sex Research Methods

Test Bank

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 01

1. Who did William Masters first propose recruiting as participants for his study of the sexual response cycle?
a) married American women
b) unwed mothers from a local shelter
c) sex trade workers
d) graduate students at the University of Washington

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 02

2. Which of the following has always been a significant challenge for researchers in conducting sexuality research?

a) finding participants

b) understanding the theories of sexuality

c) the reliability of surveys

d) providing adequate compensation for study participants

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 03

3. A study in which participants have been selected at random to accurately represent the population of interest in terms of gender, racial, socioeconomic, behavioural, and other characteristics is known as ___________.

a) rigid sampling

b) purposeful sampling

c) random sampling

d) reliability

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 04

4. Specifically in sexuality research, even when random sampling techniques are used, a representative sample may be difficult to ascertain because ____________.

a) people who are willing to participate in research related to sex differ from those who would not

b) there is little to no evidence regarding the accuracy of random sampling in sex research

c) people lie to make themselves appear more socially desirable to the researcher

d) few people are ever willing to participate in sex research

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 05

5. Richard von Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis (1886) is often credited as the first text to approach sexuality from a modern scientific perspective. Which acts were pathologized in this text?

a) sadism

b) same-sex attraction

c) fetishes

d) all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 06

6. When researchers want to make sure the results of their research apply to the whole population, what must they must generate?

a) a random sample

b) a large sample

c) a convenience sample

d) a significant hypothesis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 07

7. What were the findings of research into the vaginal blood flow patterns (a physiological measure of arousal) of Asian-Canadian women who reported sexual guilt and lower arousal?

a) Reports of low arousal predicted low vaginal blood flow levels.

b) Blood flow levels were comparable to women who did not report low arousal or guilt related to sex.

c) Reports of low arousal predicted higher than average vaginal blood flow levels.

d) Self-report of arousal is a good predictor of vaginal blood flow levels.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 08

8. What is an essential responsibility of researchers who conduct research?

a) making participants feel safe

b) paying participants for their time

c) using the most up-to-date technology possible

d) avoiding using sex offenders as participants

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 09

9. What was the focus of Richard von Krafft-Ebing's approach to sexuality in Psychopathia Sexualis?

a) describing "normal" and "abnormal"

b) describing all behaviours along a continuum

c) describing causes of abnormality

d) describing cross-cultural trends in sexual phenomena

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 10

10. What research method did Alfred Kinsey use in his 1939 study of human sexual behaviour?

a) experiments

b) surveys

c) interviews

d) observations

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 11

11. Who is known as the "father of sexology"?

a) Iwan Bloch

b) Richard von Krafft-Ebing

c) Sigmund Freud

d) Alfred Kinsey

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 12

12. How did Iwan Bloch approach in sex research the natural variations in sexual phenomena such as masturbation and same-sex attraction?

a) by surveying sexual behaviours in a longitudinal study

b) by describing their occurrence across cultures and in healthy, "normal" individuals

c) by interviewing thousands of participants about their sexual histories

d) by observing patterns of sexual response in the laboratory

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 13

13. Alfred Kinsey's research addressed a wide variety of topics, including marriage, sexual education, physical history, nocturnal sex dreams, masturbation, heterosexual experiences, same-sex sexual activity, and sexual contact with animals. What method did he primarily use to investigate these topics?

a) self-report questionnaires

b) observation

c) secondary data-analysis

d) interviews

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 14

14. What was one major criticism of Alfred Kinsey's work?

a) He used questionnaires.

b) He deceived participants into revealing personal information.

c) He used a non-random sample.

d) He used a random sample.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 15

15. What are the major criticisms of Kinsey's research?

a) inaccuracies in the reported prevalence of various behaviours and disorders

b) oversampling of non-white ethnic groups

c) use of random sampling

d) none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 16

16. Although Masters and Johnson are often credited as the first to use observational techniques in sex research, there were a number of other researchers who had used this method. What was the actual reason that their techniques were innovative?

a) They enabled researchers to understand the prevalence of certain sexual responses.

b) They were the first to use direct observations of cervical contractions and blood flow changes during orgasm in a female patient.

c) They were the first to observe mechanical interactions between the penis and vagina.

d) They enabled researchers to measure sexual response.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 17

17. What was one criticism of Masters and Johnson's observational approach to the study of physiological sexual responses in humans?

a) They focused on the orgasm as the "normal" outcome of sex.

b) They oversampled the African American population in their studies.

c) They oversampled university students in their study.

d) They treated same-sex relationships as "normal" at a time when same-sex relationships were not tolerated in society.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 18

18. Aaron scores a 6 on Kinsey's scale of sexual orientation. What can you infer about Aaron's past sexual experience from this score?

a) He had more than incidental heterosexual behaviour.

b) He had more than incidental homosexual behaviour.

c) He had exclusively homosexual behaviour.

d) He had exclusively heterosexual behaviour.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 19

19. Gabriela is conducting qualitative research in sexuality. What is one topic she may be studying?

a) vaginal blood flow during and after intercourse

b) sex hormone levels in gay and straight men

c) words people use to describe feelings during oral and vaginal sex

d) the correlation between Kinsey's sexual orientation scale scores and people's score on a test measuring emotional intelligence

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 20

20. How did Kinsey develop his sexual orientation scale?

a) qualitative methods only

b) quantitative methods only

c) qualitative and quantitative methods

d) correlations

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 21

21. It can be implied from Masters and Johnson that the goal of sex is ____________.

a) pleasure

b) orgasm

c) reproduction

d) improved mental health

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 22

22. What is the value of using qualitative methods?

a) They never introduce bias into the study and therefore are generalizable to almost all populations.

b) They allow the researcher to objectively identify and measure behaviour and physical processes (erection, vaginal lubrication, etc.) that occur during sexual activity.

c) They are able to account for subjective aspects of sexuality that are difficult to measure, such as a person's attitudes, beliefs, and emotions about sexuality.

d) They account for both the subjective and objective aspects of human sexuality and therefore provide the best analysis for research findings.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 23

23. What is the value of using quantitative methods?

a) The never introduce bias into the study and therefore are generalizable to almost all populations.

b) They are able to account for subjective aspects of sexuality that are difficult to measure, such as a person's attitudes, beliefs, and emotions about sexuality.

c) They allow the researcher to objectively identify and measure behaviour and physical processes (erection, vaginal lubrication, etc.) that occur during sexual activity.

d) They account for both the subjective and objective aspects of human sexuality and therefore provide the best analysis for research findings.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 24

24. What type of investigations can be helpful at the start of a research project because they may identify important issues not captured by general summaries?

a) quantitative

b) qualitative

c) correlational

d) empirical

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 25

25. Why do some researchers believe qualitative approaches are unnecessary to the research process of sexual behaviour?

a) They are not applicable to general populations.

b) They do not accurately represent real-life situations.

c) They are difficult to interpret.

d) none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 26

26. Riza wishes to summarize patterns of sexual attitudes and behaviour. What kind of research design will he use?

a) descriptive

b) correlational

c) psychophysiological

d) translational model

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 27

27. What research design is useful when researchers wish to summarize patterns of sexual attitudes and behaviour, and/or generate ideas for future research by documenting aspects of sexuality through observation and participants' self-report?

a) inductive research designs

b) descriptive research designs

c) mixed-methods research designs

d) correlational research designs

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 28

28. What are the strengths of the direct observation research method?

a) It's descriptive, has increased ecological validity and accuracy, and can provide much contextual information.

b) It enables researchers to uncover detailed descriptions that reflect the richness of individual's lived experiences.

c) It retains meaning and richness of data.

d) It can evaluate clinically important patient groups and it offers some degree of control over experimental parameters.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 29

29. What are the weaknesses of quasi-experiments?

a) They cannot be used to make strong statements about cause and effect and the influence of confounding variables is unknown.

b) They are prone to inaccuracies when records are incomplete and variables in past records may not be ideal measures of current interests.

c) They cannot infer causation and may be confounded by related but distinct constructs.

d) They can be ethically implausible to use in research involving human subjects.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 30

30. Using standardized procedures to evaluate the causal relationship between two variables using randomization, generally in quantitative research, is known as ___________.

a) experiments

b) archival data-mining

c) surveying

d) correlational design

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 31

31. What is one disadvantage of descriptive studies?

a) They are susceptible to memory bias and responder bias.

b) The results are not usually generalizable.

c) They are prone to inaccuracies when records are incomplete.

d) They can be ethically implausible to use in research involving human subjects.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 32

32. Which research method allows for inference of cause and effect relationships?

a) an experimental design

b) a quasi-experimental design

c) a correlational design

d) a descriptive design

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 33

33. Which type of study involves examining two or more variables that change in relation to one another?

a) an experiment

b) a survey

c) a case study

d) a correlational research design

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 34

34. If it is important for participants of a research study to remain anonymous, which of the following methods should you use?

a) a survey

b) an experiment

c) a quasi-experiment

d) a case study

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 35

35. A negative correlation between genital sensitivity and number of past sexual partners may suggest that individuals who have had many sexual partners have lower genital sensation than do individuals who have had few sexual partners. Yet this correlation can easily be explained by a third variable: age. Which concept is being illustrated here?

a) Correlation is not causation.

b) Referencing is not validity.

c) Memory bias interferes with results.

d) Responders can be bias.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 36

36. Which of the following requires that an individual make simple perceptual judgments on whether a stimulus is detectable, whether the stimulus is more or less intense than a previous sensation, and in some cases whether the stimulus is painful?

a) thermography

b) quantitative sensory testing

c) doppler ultrasonography

d) penile strain gauge

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 37

37. Which tool is used to indirectly detect changes in blood flow associated with brain regional neural activity, including the most common technique, which is to assess cognitive, emotional, and sensory processes associated with sexual arousal, orgasm, genital pain, and even romantic love?

a) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

b) quantitative sensory testing

c) penile photo-plethysmography

d) penile strain gauge

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 38

38. Rachel is conducting a study focusing on female sexuality in individuals with a history of childhood sexual abuse, and it is important for the participants to remain anonymous. Which research method or design would be best to use?

a) a survey

b) an interview

c) direct observation

d) a case study

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 39

39. Fateema has decided to use archival data-mining as part of her study on sexual behaviour. Which of the following obstacles may she come across?

a) The variables used in the past may not measure current interests.

b) The records used in the past will not allow her to infer causation.

c) It will be difficult to organize all the information obtained.

d) It will be difficult to quantify the data.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 40

40. Gerald would like to study couple communication as a predictor of divorce. Which of the following research methods/designs would be most useful?

a) archival data-mining

b) an experiment

c) a quasi-experiment

d) direct observation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 41

41. Which of the following research designs is the least intrusive on its subjects?

a) a case study

b) a survey

c) direct observation

d) an experiment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 42

42. What kind of design involves identifying themes of meaning in a text or set of observations?

a) content analysis

b) a case study

c) descriptive study

d) surveys

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 43

43. When conducting observational studies, researchers generally try to avoid interfering with the phenomena they are observing in order to do which of the following?

a) preserve ecological validity

b) record things more accurately

c) prevent memory bias

d) prevent theoretical bias

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 44

44. Which of the following is the best definition of memory bias?

a) the tendency for a participant to answer questions in a way she or he believes the researcher expects

b) a bias that can result from an individual's strict adherence to a specific theoretical approach

c) a bias that results from the fact that different people interpret behaviours and situations in different ways, based on their personal experiences, opinions, and beliefs

d) a bias that results from cognitive processes that interfere with the way in which a person remembers an event

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 45

45. Juanita is recording people's reactions after viewing BDSM porn for the first time. She later goes back and reviews the recordings and reports on them in her research. By using this technique, what is she avoiding?

a) ecological observation

b) participant interference

c) memory bias

d) interpretive anxiety

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 46

46. Using video recordings, John Gottman monitored conversations between mixed-sex and same-sex couples at his laboratory. He found that participants' expressions of positive or negative emotion during a 15-minute couple conversation about marital conflict could predict marital outcome years later. During this research, if Gottman had had other researchers working with him to analyze the recordings, what concern would he be addressing?

a) interpretation bias

b) memory bias

c) participant bias

d) responder bias

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 47

47. Pete is summarizing detailed descriptions from a small sample of individuals who participated in his research project. Which of the following statements is most likely true?

a) Pete used a qualitative approach.

b) Pete used a quantitative approach.

c) Pete will not be able to draw any generalizable conclusions from his research.

d) Pete probably conducted a focus group.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 48

48. Which research method can be used qualitatively to uncover patterns or themes that naturally emerge from the research and to develop new ways of describing certain phenomena?

a) quasi-experimental

b) focus group

c) longitudinal research

d) content analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 49

49. Sandeep is conducting a study on marital conflict in same-sex couples versus mixed-sex couples. One of his concerns is the possibility of responder bias. Which research method is he likely using?

a) surveys

b) interviews

c) direct observation

d) case studies

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 50

50. When working with case studies, why is it an issue for researchers that there is a lack of a control group or experimental design?

a) It makes the information gathered unreliable.

b) It prevents the researcher from being able to draw any conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.

c) It means there may be an interpretation bias.

d) none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 51

51. Carolyn is working on a study about a poorly understood aspect of sexuality that would be unethical to study through the use of experiments. Which of the following research methods or designs would be more suitable?

a) a quasi-experiment

b) direct observation

c) a case study

d) none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 52

52. Which of the following is the best definition of responder bias?

a) the tendency for a participant to answer questions in a way she or he believes the researcher expects

b) a bias that can result from an individual's strict adherence to a specific theoretical approach

c) a bias that results from the fact that different people interpret behaviours and situations in different ways, based on their personal experiences, opinions, and beliefs

d) a bias that results from cognitive processes that interfere with the way in which a person remembers an event

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 53

53. Freud and Breuer's case study of Anna O. illustrates how objective interpretation of a person's behaviour can be limited by which of the following?

a) memory bias

b) theoretical bias

c) responder bias

d) interpretation bias

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 54

54. How might researchers avoid a biased result while conducting a survey?

a) by sampling from a large group

b) by sampling from a group with a wide variety of demographic characteristics

c) by selecting participants at random

d) all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 55

55. Cindy Graham and her colleagues at the Kinsey Institute wanted to identify factors that can increase or decrease the level of a women's sexual arousal. They began by holding focus groups, after which they drew meaning from the sessions' transcripts. Based on the transcripts, the researchers noted that the participants judged how sexually aroused they felt based on certain physical cues, including genital "tingling, warmth, fullness, swelling, and lubrication." Which method were the researchers using?

a) longitudinal study

b) case study

c) sexual psychophysiology

d) qualitative content analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 56

56. Dr. Chen is interested in whether there is a relationship between the number of older brothers a man has and his score on Kinsey's sexual orientation scale at age 30. What type of design will Dr. Chen use?

a) a correlational design

b) an experimental design

c) a quasi-experimental design

d) a case study design

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 57

57. Helen is creating a survey for her research project. What should she do to ensure the data she gathers will be valid and reliable?

a) Create open-ended questions.

b) Use proper scientific terms.

c) Use clearly worded multiple choice questions.

d) Make sure concepts overlap in a single question.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 58

58. Which term refers to a psychological, behavioural, and/or biological variable that changes along with the manipulated experimental variable?

a) independent variable

b) confounding variable

c) dependent variable

d) subject

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 59

59. Why are experimental research designs rarely used in human sexuality research?

a) It is unethical.

b) It is impractical.

c) It is impossible to create truly random assignments to experimental and control groups.

d) all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 60

60. Afshan is investigating whether physical activity can enhance sexual arousal in women. Which research method/design is she most likely using?

a) delayed control-group design

b) experimental design

c) quasi-experimental design

d) none of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 61

61. Warren is conducting a research study where he is asking participants to rate the intensity of erotic stimuli. Which research method/design is Warren most likely using?

a) case study

b) interview

c) experiment

d) quasi-experiment

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 62

62. Why is psychophysiological research popular in current research on sexuality?

a) It provides a purely objective measure of sexual experience.

b) It provides a purely subjective measure of sexual experience.

c) It allows subjective experiences to be related to physiological changes occurring at the same time.

d) It eliminates the problem of demand characteristics.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 63

63. If you want to study female sexual arousal using a method that shows results in real time with no delay, which method would you use?

a) vaginal photoplethysmography

b) labial thermistor

c) doppler ultrasonography

d) thermography

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 64

64. What is one weakness of using penile volume plethysmography to study male arousal?

a) It is the most expensive method available.

b) It does not provide data in real time.

c) It does not measure the firmness of an erection.

d) The tight-fitting apparatus is uncomfortable during an erection.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 65

65. Deidre is conducting research on sexual arousal in females and is taking a psychophysiological approach. Which of the following methods would be best for measuring genital vascongestion?

a) vaginal photoplethysmography

b) vaginal pulse amplitude

c) doppler ultrasonography

d) None of these methods will conclusively show a correlation between clitoral or vaginal blood flow and self-reported sexual arousal.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 66

66. What is one criticism of vaginal pulse amplitude as a measure of arousal?

a) There is no conclusive evidence that the light reflected is correlated with arousal.

b) There is no conclusive evidence that blood flow is correlated with arousal.

c) There is no conclusive evidence that electrical activity is correlated with arousal.

d) The device is so uncomfortable that it actually may impede sexual arousal.

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 67

67. What is the most common and reliable method for measuring male arousal?

a) penile thermography

b) the penile strain gauge

c) penile photoplethysmography

d) penile volume plethysmography

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 68

68. What is the most valid and reliable use of female vaginal blood flow as a measure of arousal?

a) within-participant comparisons

b) control group comparisons

c) between-participant comparisons

d) delayed control group comparisons

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 69

69. What has been found in studies using quantitative sensory testing techniques?

a) no physiological differences in pain transduction in people who report pain during sex

b) increased sensitivity to both genital and non-genital pain for people who report pain during sex

c) differences in pain sensitivity for women who report pain during sex but not for men who report pain during sex

d) decreased non-genital pain sensitivity and increased genital pain sensitivity in people who report pain during sex

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 70

70. Which of the following can researchers study using brain imaging technology?

a) arousal

b) orgasm

c) love

d) all of the above

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 71

71. Which of the following possible sex research methods is MOST likely to be ethically implausible?

a) an experiment

b) archival data-mining

c) direct observation

d) content analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 72

72. ________ ________ is a branch of sex research that examines the relationship between the physiological and subjective components of sexual arousal.

a) Sexual physiology

b) Sexual neurophysiology

c) Sexual psychopathology

d) Sexual psychophysiology

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 73

73. A researcher found that as the temperature outside decreases, the number of times that couples engage in sex increases. What does this statement best reflect?

a) a positive correlation

b) a zero correlation

c) a negative correlation

d) the average

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 74

74. The measure of central tendency that reflects the most frequently occurring value is referred to as the ________.

a) mean

b) median

c) mode

d) range

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 75

75. ________ ________ occurs when a researcher conducting a case study strictly adheres to their specific theoretical approach such that it could limit the objective interpretation of a participant's behaviour.

a) Responder bias

b) Observer bias

c) Theoretical bias

d) Interpretation bias

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 76

76. Jane and Bill are both researchers working on the same project. They are independently looking through popular magazines and coding articles based on different sexual topics. The type of study that they are conducting is most likely a ________ ________.

a) true experiment

b) content analysis

c) direct observation

d) case study

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 77

77. Jane and Bill are both researchers working on the same project. They are independently looking through popular magazines and coding articles based on different sexual topics. They both look at the same magazines and code the same articles. The main reason for having both researchers code the same articles is to provide _______ ________.

a) ecological validity

b) demand characteristics

c) direct observations

d) inter-rater reliability

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 78

78. Which method that is commonly used to study physiological changes associated with sexual arousal can be biased by body movements and can also be affected by the presence of thick pubic hair?

a) labial thermistor

b) laser Doppler imaging

c) penile photoplethysmography

d) Doppler ultrasonography

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 79

79. Which psychophysical method requires that an individual make simple perceptual judgments on whether a stimulus is detectable, whether the stimulus is more or less intense than a previous sensation, or in some cases whether the stimulus is painful?

a) quantitative sensory testing

b) qualitative sensory testing

c) psychological sensory testing

d) physical sensory testing

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 80

80. The increased vascular blood flow in the genitals during sexual arousal is referred to as _________.

a) vasculation

b) vasocongestion

c) vasodilation

d) vasoconstriction

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 81

81. According your text, volunteers for sex research studies have been found to exhibit all of the following characteristics except that ________.

a) volunteers are often more sexually experienced

b) volunteers are often older

c) volunteers often hold more liberal sexual attitudes

d) volunteers often have higher levels of sexual self-esteem

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 82

82. According to Wiederman (1999), college students are more likely to participate in which type of study on human sexuality?

a) anonymous questionnaires

b) direct observation studies

c) face-to-face interviews

d) content analysis

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 83

83. Which early text on human sexuality described a way to engage in sexual intercourse called dok al arz (the pounding on the spot)?

a) The Kama Sutra of Vātsyāyana

b) Plain Facts for Old and Young

c) Plain Talks on Avoided Subjects

d) The Perfumed Garden for the Soul's Recreation

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 84

84. Over the course of 18 years, Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues conducted approximately how many interviews on human sexuality?

a) 733

b) 5500

c) 12,500

d) 17,500

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 85

85. In what year were the characteristics of orgasms first carefully studied from hundreds of qualitative descriptions from young men and women which lead to a two-dimensional model of orgasm being developed?

a) 1939

b) 1966

c) 1990

d) 2002

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 86

86. In research on human sexuality, case studies are usually considered to be ________ research methods, while surveys and questionnaires are usually considered to be ________ research methods.

a) experimental; correlational

b) correlational; experimental

c) qualitative; quantitative

d) quantitative; qualitative

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 87

87. A research design that includes groups receiving the same treatment, tested at different points in time to better understand

the time course of the treatment effects is called a ________.

a) quasi-experimental research design

b) experimental research design

c) archival data mining

d) delayed control-group design

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 88

88. A small group of demographically diverse individuals who participate in a guided discussion to help a researcher better understand a certain belief, behaviour, or phenomenon is called a ________.

a) focus group

b) random assignment group

c) dependant group

d) delayed-control group

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 89

89. ________ involves the measurement of swelling, blood flow, and genital temperature to indicate arousal.

a) Vaginal photoplethysmograph

b) Phallometry

c) Vasocongestion

d) Penile strain gauge

Type: multiple choice question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 90

90. To discover changes in condom use between the 1990s and 2010s, Raj should use which research method?

a) focus group

b) interview

c) archival data mining

d) survey

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 01

1. The four-stage ________ ________ ________, related to sexual experience, was first described by Masters and Johnson.

Feedback: sexual response cycle

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 02

2. One criticism of Alfred Kinsey's research on human sexual behaviour was that he focused on ________ and not on ________.

Feedback: behaviour; experience

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 03

3. The work of Masters and Johnson was unique in that it was the first to ________ sexual responses.

Feedback: measure

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 04

4. The value of ________ research is that it allows you to examine subjective experiences.

Feedback: qualitative

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 05

5. The value of ________ research is that it allows you to develop cause-and-effect relationships.

Feedback: quantitative

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 06

6. If Fatima is using standardized procedures to evaluate a correlation between two variables and does not use random assignment, Fatima's methodology would be referred to as a(n) ________.

Feedback: quasi-experiment

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 07

7. One weakness of a case study as a research methodology is that it is susceptible to ________ ________.

Feedback: interpretation bias

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 08

8. The primary limitation of correlational designs is that they cannot be used to determine ________.

Feedback: causation

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 09

9. A ________ is the most common technique for studying brain activity during sexual arousal.

Feedback: fMRI

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 10

10. The strength of a ________ as a research method is that it allows for the collection of a large amount of information.

Feedback: survey

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 11

11. Anne is being interviewed about her sexual history. She doesn't recall much from her high school years. A possible problem with Anne's data is that it will be affected by ________ ________.

Feedback: memory bias

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 12

12. To avoid interpretation bias, researchers must carefully ________ all behaviours.

Feedback: operationalize

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 13

13. Brian is answering a survey about his sexual preferences based on what he thinks the researcher is interested in studying. Brian's responses are influenced by ________ ________.

Feedback: demand characteristics

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 14

14. The variable measured by the researcher in an experiment is known as the ________ variable.

Feedback: dependent

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 15

15. The use of a heat-sensing camera to measure blood flow is called ________.

Feedback: thermography

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 16

16. The most common and reliable method for measuring an erection is the ________ ________ ________.

Feedback: penile strain gauge

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 17

17. Research has shown that ________ require more mechanical force to perceive touch during sexual arousal.

Feedback: men

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 18

18. The extent to which the behaviours that are observed in a research setting are representative of what actually happens in the real world is called ________ ________.

Feedback: ecological validity

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 19

19. ________ ________ is the tendency for a participant to answer questions in a way they believe the researcher expects.

Feedback: Responder bias

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 20

20. The level of agreement between the genital and subjective components of sexual arousal is called ________ ________.

Feedback: sexual concordance

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 01

1. What are four factors that can make it difficult to conduct good quality research on sexuality?

Feedback: Four major difficulties include finding research participants willing to talk about their sexuality and sexual behaviour, using a random sample of people from the whole population of interest to the researcher, finding methodologies that participants are comfortable with, and ensuring that research remains bias-free.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 02

2. What are four types of bias that can arise in research? Suggest at least one way to prevent each type of bias.

Feedback: Responder bias: participants responding in a way they feel the researcher will see as socially acceptable; can be prevented by framing research so that the respondent feels that all behaviours are acceptable.

Memory bias: results from cognitive processes interfering with accurate recall of events; can be reduced by using direct observation to gather data about a subject.

Theoretical bias: a researcher observes and interprets actions that support their own theoretical point of view; this is a specific type of interpretation bias and can be reduced by researchers clearly defining concepts by operationalizing them before conducting the research.

Interpretation bias: results from people inferring things about behaviour because of their own personal beliefs; can be reduced by having clear operational definitions of behaviours.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 03

3. Explain why traditional vaginal photoplethysmography may not be the best measure for psychophysiological studies of arousal and describe two newer approaches that overcome the problems with this older approach to measuring arousal in women.

Feedback: The causal relationship between vasocongestion and the amount of light that gets reflected has yet to be conclusively proven and increases in VPA do not always correlate with self-reported "subjective" sexual arousal and some researchers have suggested that other physiological factors may affect the amount of reflected light. In efforts to improve upon the limitations of vaginal photoplethysmography, theoretically, methods based on more direct measures of blood flow should provide superior measures of female sexual arousal. Examples include Doppler ultrasonography and labial thermistor methodologies.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 04

4. Dr. Franco is using an fMRI to look at brain blood flow while participants are presented with erotic images. After reviewing his results, compared to brain blood flow when no image is presented, he concludes that individuals have a "sex centre" in their brain that is active when erotic stimuli are present. What are at least two flaws in Dr. Franco's design and conclusions? What can be done to improve the experiment?

Feedback: One flaw is that Dr. Franco does not include a control condition of non-erotic stimuli. It is possible that merely watching the images activated those areas of the brain. A second problem is that some brain activity changes may be the result of autonomic arousal in general, but not specific to sexual arousal. A solution to these problems would be to include a control condition where neutral images are shown and brain blood flow activity in that condition is compared to brain blood flow activity while the participant is looking at erotic images.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 05

5. Describe the challenges associated with conducting sex research.

Feedback: Human sexuality studies can be challenging to conduct for a number of reasons. For one thing, given the highly sensitive nature of the subject matter, researchers may have difficulty finding participants who are willing to openly and honestly disclose their thoughts and feelings about their sexual experiences. This problem becomes even more pronounced when the researcher is interested in understanding a population of individuals who have difficulty with sexuality, which is often the case in clinical research. Perhaps even more difficult than finding willing participants is finding interested participants who are representative of the entire population that the researchers are interested in studying. A related challenge is representing the types of people who are disinclined to volunteer to participate in sexuality research, as there is evidence that individuals who are willing to participate in sexuality research differ in important ways from individuals who are unwilling to participate (Strassberg & Lowe, 1995). Another challenge is finding a research method that participants will not find intimidating. In addition, it may be difficult for the research to remain free of bias.

Type: essay/short answer question

Title: Chapter 03 Question 06

6. What is a descriptive design research methodology? What are the strengths and weaknesses of this method?

Feedback: Definition: summarizing patterns in attitudes toward sex and sexual behaviours; generally used in qualitative research, but can also be used in quantitative research. Strengths: enables researchers to uncover detailed descriptions that reflect the richness of individuals' lived experiences. Weaknesses: results are not usually generalizable; cannot be used to prove causation or relationships among variables.