Test Bank Chapter 3 Adaptations To The Physical Environment

Chapter 3 Adaptations to the Physical Environment

Multiple Choice

1. The law of tolerance states that
2. physical factors are always tolerated.
3. there are limits to the physical factors organisms can tolerate.
4. the higher a species’ tolerance the more successful it is.
5. physical resources are more important than physical factors.
6. none of the above
7. The principle of allocation states that
8. energy is allocated but other physical resources are not.
9. fitness is highest when all energy is allocated to reproduction.
10. fitness is highest when all energy is allocated to survival.
11. some adaptations preclude others.
12. none of the above
13. Which of the following is not an adaptation to avoid harsh conditions?
14. aestivation
15. hibernation
16. torpor
17. increasing the tolerance limit
18. none of the above
19. Behavioral thermoregulation
20. is most important in homeotherms.
21. is an example of aestivation.
22. may include basking.
23. never occurs in poikilotherms.
24. none of the above
25. Acclimation
26. is an example of phenotypic plasticity.
27. occurs primarily at high altitude.
28. reduces the level of tolerance.
29. requires many generations.
30. none of the above
31. A high value of Q₁₀ means that
32. if the temperature increases 10 degrees, the rate of a reaction increases dramatically.
33. if the temperature doubles the rate of a reaction increases tenfold.
34. the organism can acclimate easily.
35. DNA is unlikely to denature.
36. none of the above
37. Which of the following is not a mechanism of heat loss?
38. conduction
39. emissivity
40. radiation
41. convection
42. none of the above
43. Which of the following is a mismatch?
44. matric pressure/adhesion of water molecules
45. turgor pressure/intracellular pressure
46. osmosis/solute concentration
47. pressure potential/the total water potential in a system
48. none of the above
49. The adaptive advantage of the C4 pathway of photosynthesis is it
50. avoids photorespiration.
51. decreases local osmotic pressure.
52. increases CO₂ uptake during the day.
53. does not require oxygen.
54. none of the above
55. Osmoregulators
56. are an example of acclimation.
57. have wide tolerance limits.
58. are an example of homeostatic species.
59. use urea to excrete nitrogen.
60. none of the above
61. Which of the following is not a cost of migration?
62. higher mortality
63. energetic demands
64. predation
65. negative social interactions
66. none of the above
67. Which of the following require higher tolerance levels?
68. osmoconformers
69. C4 species
70. homeotherms
71. osmoregulators
72. none of the above
73. Low water availability is characteristic of
74. soils with high field capacity.
75. high turgor pressure.
76. sandy soils.
77. clay soils.
78. none of the above
79. The excretion of nitrogenous wastes involves a trade-off between
80. solubility and energy content.
81. solubility and toxicity.
82. toxicity and matric potential.
83. toxicity and metabolic water.
84. none of the above
85. In a counter-current heat exchange system, the
86. temperature difference between the vessels is minimized.
87. temperature difference between the vessels is maximized.
88. temperatures of the vessels are the same.
89. temperatures of the vessels are never the same.
90. none of the above
91. Poikilotherms
92. allow their internal temperature to vary.
93. maintain a higher internal temperature than the environment.
94. maintain a lower internal temperature than the environment.
95. are ectotherms.
96. none of the above
97. The mean is
98. always the same as the median.
99. always larger than the median.
100. always smaller than the median.
101. the midpoint value of a data set.
102. none of the above

True/False

1. Some hibernators wake during the winter.
2. The cost of counter-current heat exchange systems is they are inefficient.
3. Turbulent flow carries away more moisture from the surface of a plant than laminar flow.
4. C3 plants have an advantage of C4 plants in hot, dry environments.
5. Homeothermy is an example of homeostasis.

Short answer/Fill in the Blank

1. Ammonia has high __________and high __________.
2. Metabolic water is the product of the oxidation of __________.
3. Plants that can tolerate dry conditions are known as __________.
4. The enzyme PEP carboxylase in C4 photosynthesis has a __________ affinity for __________ than RuBP carboxylate in C3 photosynthesis.
5. Adventitious roots are an adaptation to __________.
6. Physical resources are __________ whereas physical factors are __________.
7. List three adaptations that avoid harsh conditions.
8. The function of heat shock proteins is to __________.
9. If you raise the temperature 10^° and the rate of a reaction triples, the value of Q₁₀ is __________.
10. A substance that requires more heat to increase its temperature has a high __________.
11. The temperature of poikilotherms varies with the __________.
12. Why is the variation in the environment sometimes more challenging for organisms than the average conditions?