Genetics and Inheritance Test Bank Docx Chapter 19

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e, (Johnson)

Chapter 19 Genetics and Inheritance

19.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Variations of homologous genes that result in differences in structure and function are

A) alleles.

B) loci.

C) autosomes.

D) dominant.

E) linked.

Topic: Sec. 19.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.1

GLO: G1

2) If both alleles of a particular gene are identical, the person is said to be

A) an identical twin.

B) phenotypic.

C) heterozygous.

D) homozygous.

E) genotypic.

Topic: Sec. 19.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.1

GLO: G1

3) An example of a genotype is

A) attached earlobes.

B) homozygous dominant.

C) brown hair color.

D) long fingers.

E) blood type AB.

Topic: Sec. 19.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.1

GLO: G1

4) Place the following in order from smallest, simplest, least complex, to largest and most inclusive.

A) chromosome, gene, genome, nucleotide

B) nucleotide, gene, chromosome, genome

C) genome, chromosome, gene, nucleotide

D) gene, nucleotide, genome, chromosome

E) nucleotide, gene, genome, chromosome

Topic: Sec. 19.1

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.1

GLO: G2

5) The law of segregation states that

A) when two identical alleles come together, complete dominance occurs in terms of phenotype.

B) genes for different traits assort independently of each other during the formation of egg and sperm.

C) genes separate from each other during gamete formation so that each sperm and egg receive only one allele from each pair.

D) when different alleles for the same trait come together, one allele will be recessive to another.

E) different alleles for the same gene occupy unique loci on sister chromatids.

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2b

GLO: G1

6) The Punnett square is a useful tool for

A) determining the rate of segregation of alleles.

B) calculating how many mutations occur during DNA replication.

C) determining which genes or traits assort independently during gamete formation.

D) predicting the ratios of possible genotypes of a particular combination of alleles.

E) predicting the level of crossing over that will occur during meiosis.

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G1

Based on the information below, answer the following question(s), assuming complete dominance.

"In humans, the ability to roll the tongue is a dominant trait; the inability to roll the tongue is a recessive trait."

7) If two individuals heterozygous for this trait have a child, what is the chance that the child will not be able to roll his tongue?

A) 0%

B) 25%

C) 50%

D) 75%

E) 100%

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G4

8) If two individuals homozygous dominant for this trait have a child, what is the chance that the child will not be able to roll his tongue?

A) 0%

B) 25%

C) 50%

D) 75%

E) 100%

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G4

9) If an individual homozygous dominant for this trait has a child with an individual who cannot roll his tongue, what is the chance that the child will have a heterozygous genotype?

A) 0%

B) 25%

C) 50%

D) 75%

E) 100%

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G4

Based on the information below, answer the following question(s), assuming complete dominance.

"In humans, a widow's peak is a dominant trait, and a straight hairline is a recessive trait."

10) If an individual homozygous dominant for widow's peak has a child with an individual heterozygous for widow's peak, what is the chance that the child will have a widow's peak?

A) 0%

B) 25%

C) 50%

D) 75%

E) 100%

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G4

11) If an individual homozygous dominant for widow's peak has a child with an individual heterozygous for widow's peak, what is the chance that the child will have a homozygous dominant genotype?

A) 0%

B) 25%

C) 50%

D) 75%

E) 100%

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G4

12) Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that results from the inheritance of two recessive alleles. What is the chance that a child will inherit the disorder if one parent is heterozygous for this gene and one parent has cystic fibrosis?

A) 0%

B) 25%

C) 50%

D) 75%

E) 100%

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G4

13) The offspring resulting from a cross between a nearly white horse (cc) and a chestnut-colored horse (CC) is of an intermediate color (between white and chestnut). Which one of the following patterns of inheritance best explains this?

A) complete dominance

B) codominance

C) sex-linked

D) polygenic inheritance

E) incomplete dominance

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2b

GLO: G1

14) The flower color in this plant is inherited by incomplete dominance. If a red flower that is homozygous dominant is crossed with a white flower that is homozygous recessive, the color of the offspring flowers will be expected to be

A) all red.

B) all pink.

C) all white.

D) 50% white and 50% pink.

E) 50% white and 50% red.

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G4

15) If a plant is inherited by complete dominance where homozygous dominant is a red flower color and homozygous recessive is a white flower color, what must the parents' genotypes be if the offspring was 25% white and 75% red?

A) all red

B) one homozygous dominant, the other heterozygous

C) both heterozygous

D) one homozygous recessive, the other heterozygous

E) both homozygous dominant

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G1

16) Which of the following human traits is an example of codominance?

A) sickle-cell anemia

B) variation in eye color

C) human height

D) AB blood type

E) both sickle-cell anemia and AB blood type

Topic: Sec. 19.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.3

GLO: G1

17) In 2008 the U.S. Congress passed GINA, an act that prevents insurance companies from

A) requiring genetic testing for potential policy holders with a family history of certain types of genetic disorders.

B) raising the rates of insurance premiums or denying coverage to people who have a pre-diagnosed health condition.

C) increasing insurance costs for healthy individuals based on the results of genetic testing.

D) denying insurance coverage to any U.S. citizen.

E) refusing to pay for genetic screening of a fetus of a couple considered high risk for certain types of genetic diseases.

Topic: Current Issue

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.8

GLO: G1

18) Which one of the following is TRUE regarding an individual who has inherited one sickle-cell gene and one normal gene for hemoglobin?

A) The individual will develop sickle-cell anemia.

B) The individual will produce only abnormal hemoglobin.

C) The individual is more likely to resist malaria than an individual with two normal genes for hemoglobin.

D) The individual will most likely die before the age of 10 from complications associated with abnormal white blood cells.

E) The individual has the homozygous recessive genotype for this trait.

Topic: Sec. 19.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.3

GLO: G1

19) A father is blood type B and a mother is blood type A. They have a child with blood type O. What are the genotypes of the father and mother?

A) The father must be BB and the mother must be AO.

B) The father must be BO and the mother must be AA.

C) The father must be BO and the mother must be AO.

D) The father must be BB and the mother must be AA.

E) This isn't possible.

Topic: Sec. 19.3

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.3

GLO: G2

20) In polygenic inheritance,

A) all individuals in the population are initially heterozygous for a particular trait.

B) the environment has no influence in phenotype expression.

C) the genotype makeup of individuals in a population is the only factor influencing phenotypes.

D) multiple alleles and genes contribute to a phenotype.

E) all traits are expressed as incomplete dominance.

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.4a

GLO: G1

21) The trend toward increased height and weight due to improved nutrition in certain human populations is an example of the effect of ________ on phenotypes.

A) gene linkage

B) the environment

C) codominance

D) polygenic inheritance

E) genetic disorders

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.4a

GLO: G1

22) Cystic fibrosis is the most common fatal genetic disease in North America and results in what type of allele located on chromosome 7?

A) recessive

B) dominant

C) homozygous

D) heterozygous

E) polygenic

Topic: Health & Wellness

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.7a

GLO: G1

23) What is the significance of crossing-over, independent assortment, and random fertilization?

A) an increase in the number of gametes produced by an individual, thereby increasing the chance that fertilization will occur

B) an increase in the genetic diversity of gametes and zygotes

C) an increase in the number of daughter cells produced by mitosis, thus providing a mechanism for rapidly repairing injured tissues

D) a decrease in the genetic complexity of living systems, making it more likely that a species will survive

E) a decrease in the amount of time it takes to produce gametes

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2b

GLO: G2

24) Polygenic traits display phenotypes that

A) are most commonly reflective of the heterozygous condition.

B) usually express the dominate condition in greater than 75% of the population.

C) represent a continuous range within the population.

D) often are lethal to second generation of children.

E) are masked by a codominance condition.

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.4a

GLO: G1

25) Which of the following is most likely involved in the determination of intelligence?

A) one gene

B) multiple genes

C) the environment

D) one gene and the environment

E) multiple genes and the environment

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.4b

GLO: G5

26) A phenotypic trait is considered sex-linked when

A) a trait occurs only in males.

B) the genes for the phenotype occur on X or Y chromosomes.

C) the phenotype is expressed only after sexual intercourse.

D) the phenotype occurs only in females.

E) the phenotype is polygenic for both sexes.

Topic: Sec. 19.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.5

GLO: G1

27) Red-green color blindness is an X-linked recessive disorder. Assume that a mother is a carrier and a father is color-blind. What is the chance that their son will inherit red-green color blindness?

A) 0%

B) 25%

C) 50%

D) 75%

E) 100%

Topic: Sec. 19.5

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.5

GLO: G4

28) A couple has a daughter who is color-blind. The mother is not color-blind, but the father is. What is the genotype of the mother for this trait?

A) two dominant alleles

B) one dominant allele, one recessive allele

C) three dominant alleles

D) one abnormal Y chromosome, one normal X chromosome

E) two recessive alleles

Topic: Sec. 19.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.5

GLO: G1

29) A couple is planning to have a child. The female is a carrier for hemophilia; the male does not have hemophilia. What is the chance that a female child will never develop hemophilia?

A) 0%

B) 25%

C) 33%

D) 50%

E) 100%

Topic: Sec. 19.5

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.5

GLO: G4

30) Failure of sister chromatids to separate properly is called

A) segregation.

B) nondisjunction.

C) crossing-over.

D) hemophilia.

E) translocation.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

31) If a piece of chromosome breaks off during mitosis or meiosis and does not reattach, the event is called

A) nondisjunction.

B) translocation.

C) dysplasia.

D) nondysplasia.

E) a deletion.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

32) A person born with Edwards syndrome has a genotypic condition identified as

A) trisomy 21.

B) trisomy 18.

C) nondisjunction.

D) XO.

E) XXY.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

33) When a piece of chromosome breaks off and reattaches at another site on the same or another chromosome, this is called

A) a deletion.

B) nondisjunction.

C) translocation.

D) nontranslation.

E) recombination.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

34) Which one of the following syndromes results in an individual with a nearly normal female phenotype and a tendency to develop mild mental retardation?

A) Trisomy-X syndrome

B) Klinefelter syndrome

C) Double-Y syndrome

D) Turner syndrome

E) Trisomy-Y syndrome

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

35) Which of the following genotypes results in a female phenotype?

A) XY

B) XYY

C) XO

D) XXY

E) YO

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

36) Which of the following is characteristic of Klinefelter syndrome?

A) sterility and mild mental impairment

B) female phenotype

C) XYY genotype

D) nondisjunction of chromosomes after fertilization

E) trisomy 18 genotype

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

37) Alterations in chromosome number can occur with any chromosome, but most alterations are not seen in human populations because

A) the phenotype is homozygous recessive.

B) the phenotype is expressed in a continuous range in a given population and thus does not stand out.

C) they are lethal during fetal development.

D) most are corrected during the first mitotic event in the fertilized egg.

E) the genotype still represents a normal condition.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

38) Which one of the following genetic disorders is caused by the inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele?

A) Down syndrome

B) hemophilia

C) Huntington's disease

D) muscular dystrophy

E) Klinefelter syndrome

Topic: Sec. 19.6, 19.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.7b

GLO: G1

39) A recessive allele associated with chromosome 15 causes an enzyme deficiency disease called

A) Tay-Sachs.

B) PKU.

C) Patau syndrome.

D) Turner syndrome.

E) Edwards syndrome.

Topic: Sec. 19.6, 19.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

40) Genes represent the set of instructions for the expression of one or more traits human beings and influence human behaviors by

A) directly causing specific changes in mood or patterns of behavior.

B) producing protein products that serve as switches for directly turning on or off certain behaviors.

C) directing the synthesis of protein products that influence but do not directly cause most human behaviors.

D) activating behavior pathways, like those leading to depression or happiness.

E) functioning as specific behavior suppressors.

Topic: Sec. 19.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.8

GLO: G1

19.2 True/False Questions

1) Alleles are alternative versions of chromosomes.

Topic: Sec. 19.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.1

GLO: G1

2) A Punnett square can be used to determine possible phenotypic ratios of offspring given a particular combination of parental alleles.

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G1

3) Mendel's law of independent assortment states that genes separate from each other during gamete formation so that each sperm or egg gets only one unit of each pair.

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2b

GLO: G1

4) A recessive trait that is inherited through complete dominance can occur only if both parents are heterozygous for the trait.

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G1

5) If alleles for the same gene are different in the same person, that individual is heterozygous for the trait.

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G1

6) In the human male, genotype and phenotype associated with the genes on the X chromosome are determined by the one X chromosome he inherits from his mother.

Topic: Sec. 19.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.5

GLO: G1

7) In incomplete dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is an intermediate between the phenotype of either homozygous genotype.

Topic: Sec. 19.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.3

GLO: G1

8) Polygenic inheritance depends on gene products from multiple genes.

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.4a

GLO: G1

9) A deletion occurs when a piece of chromosome breaks off and is lost.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

10) Linked genes are not influenced by crossing-over during meiosis.

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.4c

GLO: G1

19.3 Matching Questions

Identify the mode of inheritance for each of the following traits.

A) codominance

B) nondisjunction

C) sex-influenced trait

D) polygenic inheritance

E) incomplete dominance

F) X-linked inheritance

G) inheritance of a dominant-lethal allele

1) Huntington disease

Topic: Sec. 19.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.7b

GLO: G1

2) red-green color blindness

Topic: Sec. 19.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.5

GLO: G1

3) baldness

Topic: Sec. 19.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.5

GLO: G1

4) AB blood type

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.4c

GLO: G1

5) Down syndrome

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

6) straight vs. curly vs. wavy hair in humans

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2b

GLO: G1

7) human eye color

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2b

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) G 2) F 3) C 4) A 5) B 6) E 7) D

Match each of the following disorders to the genotype with which it is associated.

A) Tay-Sachs

B) Turner syndrome

C) Edwards syndrome

D) Klinefelter syndrome

E) Down syndrome

8) one X chromosome; no Y or additional X chromosome

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

9) trisomy 18

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

10) XXY

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

11) trisomy 21

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

12) recessive allele on chromosome 15

Topic: Sec. 19.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.7a

GLO: G1

Answers: 8) B 9) C 10) D 11) E 12) A

19.4 Short Answer Questions

1) Alternative versions of the same gene are ________.

Topic: Sec. 19.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.1

GLO: G1

2) A(n) ________ refers to the complete set of DNA within the chromosomes of an individual.

Topic: Sec. 19.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.1

GLO: G1

3) In ________ dominance, the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is an intermediate between the phenotype of either homozygous genotype.

Topic: Sec. 19.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.3

GLO: G1

4) If the two alleles of a particular gene pair are the same, the individual is ________ for that gene.

Topic: Sec. 19.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.1

GLO: G1

5) A phenotype is determined by ________ and ________.

Topic: Sec. 19.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.1

GLO: G1

6) According to Mendel's law of ________, genes of a gene pair separate from one another during the formation of gametes.

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2b

GLO: G1

7) Genes for different traits located on the same chromosome in close proximity are called ________ genes.

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.4c

GLO: G1

8) The inheritance of a trait that is determined by many genes acting together, such as eye color, is called ________ inheritance.

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.4a

GLO: G1

9) Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate properly is called ________.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

10) A(n) ________ in a chromosome is often lethal and occurs when a part of chromosome breaks off or is lost.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

11) Genes located on the same chromosome are not always inherited together because of the process of ________, which occurs during meiosis; this process "reshuffles" the genes.

Topic: Sec. 19.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2b

GLO: G1

12) A display of an individual's chromosomes is known as a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 19.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.5

GLO: G1

13) During embryological development, if a certain gene on the Y chromosome is activated during the sixth or seventh week of development, the embryo will develop into a ________.

Topic: Sec. 19.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.5

GLO: G1

14) ________ testing refers to the analysis of an individual's genetic material to determine predisposition to a particular health condition.

Topic: Current Issue

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.2a

GLO: G1

15) An individual who inherits three copies of chromosome 18 will develop ________ syndrome.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

16) The process by which a piece of a chromosome breaks off and then attaches to another chromosome is referred to as ________.

Topic: Sec. 19.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.6

GLO: G1

19.5 Essay Questions

1) Explain why in some cases, linked genes may be separated during crossing-over, yet at other times, linked genes are not affected by the recombination during meiosis.

Topic: Sec. 19.3

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.3

GLO: G8

2) For several phenotypes in the human population, it is clear that more than just the genotype is influencing the expression of the trait. Analysis of human populations indicates that height and weight are examples of phenotypes under environmental influence as well as genotype. Provide evidence that would support the contention that both environment and genotype influence human weight.

Topic: Sec. 19.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 19.4a

GLO: G8

3) Sickle-cell anemia is a disease that alters the structure of hemoglobin, and in turn, can cause severe health problems in individuals if left untreated. The disease is expressed in homozygous recessive individuals, whereas the heterozygous condition usually does not result in any symptoms of the disease. Sickle-cell anemia primarily affects Africans and Caucasians of Mediterranean descent. Typically, when a disease occurs only in the homozygous recessive condition, the incidence of the gene in the population is predicted to decline overtime, particularly when it can be detected either phenotypically or by genetic testing. In East Africa, the disease still occurs in about 40% of the population. Give an explanation for why the incidence of the disease has remained so high in African populations.

Topic: Sec. 19.3

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 19.3

GLO: G8