Test Bank Ch13 Socioemotional Development in Middle in Late

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 13 Socioemotional Development in Middle in Late Childhood

1) A 10-year-old is most likely to describe himself by saying,

A) "I am ten, and I have a bicycle."

B) "I am ten, and I have red hair and brown eyes."

C) "I am nice and I have a close friend named Tom."

D) "I live in a big, red brick house."

2) During the elementary school years, children become more likely to recognize

A) material attributes of the self.

B) social aspects of the self.

C) physical characteristics.

D) that they do not need to compare themselves to others.

3) Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to children's ability to understand others in middle and late childhood?

A) Children in this phase show a gradual decrease in perspective taking.

B) Perspective taking bears a high correlation with antisocial behavior.

C) Perspective taking improves children's ability to sympathize with those in distress.

D) Children in this stage lack the abilities of cognitive inhibition and cognitive flexibility.

4) In middle and late childhood, children tend to

A) describe themselves in terms of physical and material attributes.

B) become more skeptical of others' claims.

C) eliminate the impact of social comparison on their self-evaluations.

D) experience an inability to perform prosocial behaviors.

5) ________ refers to global evaluations of the self; it is also called self-worth or self-image.

A) Self-actualization

B) Self-esteem

C) Self-efficacy

D) Self-concept

6) ________ refers to domain-specific evaluations of the self.

A) Self-actualization

B) Self-esteem

C) Self-efficacy

D) Self-concept

7) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to self-esteem?

A) Self-esteem and self-concept are terms with identical meaning and usage.

B) Low self-esteem has yet to be linked to negative life outcomes.

C) A child's belief about his or her self-esteem is accurate and unchanging.

D) Self-esteem refers to global evaluations of the self and is also called self-worth.

8) Self-concept refers to ________ evaluations of the self.

A) domain-specific

B) universal

C) generalized

D) normative and age appropriate

9) A study revealed that low levels of self-esteem were correlated to low academic achievement among children and adolescents. In this context, which of the following conclusions can be inferred?

A) Low self-esteem in children results in low academic achievement.

B) To increase academic achievement, self-esteem must be increased significantly.

C) Low self-esteem and low academic achievement are associated with each other.

D) Low academic achievement occurs because children with low self-esteem need to compensate their feelings of inferiority.

10) Which of the following has NOT been linked to low self-esteem?

A) obesity

B) anxiety

C) arrogance

D) delinquency

11) Bernard has low self-esteem. Which of the following is more likely to be TRUE of Bernard, compared to those with normal or high levels of self-esteem?

A) Bernard has an unwarranted sense of superiority.

B) Bernard is at risk for suicide and depression.

C) Bernard is arrogant and conceited.

D) Bernard believes himself to be good looking.

12) According to recent research, which of the following is a long-term consequence of low self-esteem?

A) increased marital satisfaction

B) decreased life satisfaction

C) decreased financial stability

D) increased career satisfaction

13) What is a possible unintended outcome, noted by researchers, of providing inflated praise to children for mediocre work?

A) They will feel great about themselves.

B) They will attempt even the most challenging of tasks.

C) They will attempt to avoid tasks that are too challenging.

D) They will learn to accept criticism without question.

14) Which of the following actions is desirable when attempting to raise children's self-esteem?

A) encouraging children not to worry about their problems

B) focusing exclusively on areas of weaknesses, rather than competence

C) motivating children by rewarding poor or mediocre performance

D) teaching children real skills that they can master and apply

15) Jeremy is 9 years old. He is mediocre in terms of his academic and extracurricular performance and suffers from low self-esteem. His parents have been using various strategies to help him increase his self-esteem. Which of the following strategies they have been using is the LEAST likely to be effective?

A) helping Jeremy identify his areas of competence

B) helping Jeremy avoid self-evaluative thoughts

C) arranging for alternative sources of emotional support for Jeremy

D) teaching Jeremy concrete skills

16) An increased capacity in the area of ________ is characterized by deliberate efforts to manage one's behavior, emotions, and thoughts that lead to increased social competence and achievement.

A) scheme internalization

B) self-regulation

C) behavior modification

D) self-continuation

17) The industry versus inferiority stage is the ________ stage of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development.

A) seventh

B) fifth

C) fourth

D) sixth

18) Erikson's fourth stage, industry versus inferiority, appears during

A) adolescence.

B) early childhood.

C) middle and late childhood.

D) late childhood and adolescence.

19) According to Erik Erikson, during middle and late childhood, children are in the stage of

A) integrity versus despair.

B) identity versus identity confusion.

C) industry versus inferiority.

D) initiative versus guilt.

20) Joanna, a fourth grader, loves to go to school. Joanna's parents are amazed at how quickly she understands concepts, internalizes skills, and makes friends at school. Yesterday, Joanna came home and told her parents that the working model of a windmill that she had made with her friends was put on display in class and applauded widely by everyone. Joanna is likely to develop a sense of ________ from her adjustments and accomplishments at this stage, according to Erikson's psychosocial theory.

A) trust

B) inferiority

C) industry

D) intimacy

21) Hillary's mother likes to let her daughter experience new things and gain new skills. As Hillary finds the process of baking very exciting, her mother recently allowed her to beat the eggs and measure out the flour required for the cake she was making. Though Hillary's mother could have done these tasks in a quicker and more efficient manner on her own, she chose to let Hillary take charge even if it meant more time, effort, and patience would be required on her part. Which of the following is TRUE with regard to this situation?

A) Hillary is likely to mistrust her mother's judgment.

B) Hillary is likely to gain a sense of industry as a result of her mother's effort.

C) Hillary is likely to gain a sense of inferiority even if her mother does not reprimand her for making a mess while baking with her.

D) Hillary's mother is likely to have a low need for generativity.

22) Julie planned a surprise birthday party for her mother with the help of her friends and father. Before her mother got back from work, they put up streamers and other decorative items around the living room and waited for her mother to return and cut the cake. When Julie's mother returned, she got angry at the house being filled with children and the mess they had made decorating for her birthday party and stormed out of the house. This incident is likely to enhance Julie's sense of

A) inferiority.

B) industry.

C) autonomy.

D) generativity.

23) Evan is a slow learner who is in the fifth grade. He has been attending remedial classes where he receives training to retain and recall information better. His teachers have reassured his parents that the cumulative effect of these remedial classes take some time and is not visible instantly. Despite this knowledge, Evan's father often chastises him for his mediocre marks and compares him unfavorably to his peers. Evan's father's approach to his academic performance is likely to lead to a ________ in Evan.

A) greater sense of self-esteem

B) greater sense of inferiority

C) lower level of guilt and shame

D) strong feeling of secure attachment

24) During their elementary school years, children

A) believe that only one emotion can be experienced in a situation.

B) lack the capability of feeling sympathy for a distressed person.

C) develop the ability to suppress or conceal negative emotional reactions.

D) fail to understand and express self-conscious emotions such as pride and shame.

25) Melanie loves art class and she usually gets very good grades from her fifth grade art teacher, Annette Atkins. Annette recently recommended Melanie's name for an interschool art competition that she is sure Melanie can win. Melanie, who is usually confident, is experiencing feelings of anxiety ahead of the competition. She is also preparing for the competition and envisioning herself winning the prize and the pride this might bring. This represents Melanie's capacity to understand that

A) more than one emotion can be experienced in a particular situation.

B) rules are flexible and change from one situation to another.

C) all negative emotions must be concealed and suppressed.

D) she must judge all situations by her personal moral code.

26) Less secure attachment to a mother during childhood is linked to

A) better peer relations in high school.

B) increases in anxiety levels.

C) higher cognitive functioning.

D) better physical fitness.

27) During middle and late childhood, lower levels of internalized symptoms, such as depression and anxiety, are linked to a(n) ________ attachment.

A) insecure-avoidant

B) insecure-resistant

C) insecure-disorganized

D) secure

28) Which of the followings statements is TRUE with regard to Kohlberg's stages of moral development?

A) Kohlberg proposed the two stages of heteronomous morality and autonomous morality to explain moral development in children.

B) Kohlberg proposed that children of different genders and cultural groups go through these stages in different ways.

C) Progression through the levels occurs as morality becomes more internal or mature.

D) This theory represents the care perspective of morality and undermines the justice perspective of morality.

29) In Lawrence Kohlberg's preconventional reasoning stage, good and bad are interpreted in terms of

A) personal moral codes.

B) social contract or utility.

C) external rewards and punishments.

D) social order, law, justice, and duty.

30) Cybil is about to deliver a baby. Her husband, Bruce, is driving to the hospital at 80 miles per hour. Their son Will says, "Daddy, don't go that fast, you might get caught and sent to prison." From which level of Kohlberg's moral reasoning is Will making this statement?

A) autonomous moral reasoning

B) postconventional moral reasoning

C) preconventional moral reasoning

D) conventional moral reasoning

31) Cynthia, a fourth grader, detests having to eat vegetables; and recently, her mother caught her throwing away her lunch in the trash. Since this incident, Cynthia has been forcing herself to eat whatever food she is given, not because she understands that it is healthy for her, but because she is scared that her mother will announce another time out. This is an example of Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) heteronomous morality

B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

C) social contract

D) social systems morality

32) Six-year-old Phyllis decided to obey her older sister Maggie so that she would be allowed to go with Maggie to watch a movie. Phyllis is operating from Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) heteronomous morality

B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

C) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

D) social systems morality

33) Candice is presented with a moral dilemma. She responds by saying that the person in the dilemma should choose a course of action that will ensure that the community as a whole will not disapprove of the person's action. Candice's response reflects Lawrence Kohlberg's ________ reasoning level of moral development.

A) preconventional

B) conventional

C) autonomous moral

D) postconventional

34) In which of the following of Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning do trust, caring, and loyalty serve as bases of moral judgments?

A) heteronomous morality

B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

C) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

D) social systems morality

35) Adolescents may reason that in order for a community to work effectively, it needs to be protected by laws that are adhered to by its members. This is an example of a moral judgment based on Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) heteronomous morality

B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

C) mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity

D) social systems morality

36) ________ reasoning is the highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development.

A) Postconventional

B) Conventional

C) Immanent

D) Heteronomous

37) At Kohlberg's ________ level of moral reasoning, the individual recognizes alternative moral courses, explores the options, and then decides on a personal moral code.

A) postconventional

B) conventional

C) heteronomous

D) social systems

38) A person evaluates the degree to which actual laws preserve and protect fundamental human rights and values at Kohlberg's ________ stage of moral reasoning.

A) heteronomous morality

B) individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange

C) interpersonal expectations and interpersonal conformity

D) social contract or utility and individual rights

39) Daniel was arrested for stealing government documents, and he responded by saying that "Yes, I did steal the documents, and I am willing to go to jail for it. These documents prove that the government was engaging in a cover-up and I think the public has a right to know about such unethical actions." Lawrence Kohlberg would classify Daniel as using ________ morality in this situation.

A) preconventional

B) heteronomous

C) conventional

D) postconventional

40) Which of the following represents the determinant(s) of morality in the sixth stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) individualism, purpose, and exchange

B) trust, caring, and loyalty

C) social contract

D) universal human rights

41) Which of the following statements represents a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A) His theory places too much emphasis on moral behavior and not enough emphasis on moral thought.

B) Moral stages suggested by his theory appear somewhat later in age than he suggested.

C) His theory emphasizes relationships and concern for others over abstract principles of justice.

D) Moral reasoning at the lower stages is rarely found in the real world.

42) Some critics argue that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development places too much emphasis on

A) the role of family in moral development.

B) cultural differences in moral development.

C) moral thought over moral behavior.

D) the process of inductive discipline.

43) The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan, who believes that Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development

A) focuses too much on the role played by family and cultural differences on moral development in children.

B) fails to use abstract principles of justice and ethics that are integral to morality.

C) fails to consider moral principles as universal and constant.

D) fails to account for relationships and concern for others as moral behavior and thus reflects a gender bias.

44) The care perspective of moral development was proposed by

A) Lawrence Kohlberg.

B) Carol Gilligan.

C) Jean Piaget.

D) Albert Bandura.

45) Which of the following is a feature of social conventional reasoning?

A) emphasis on ethical standards

B) focus on rules of morality

C) conventional rules of an arbitrary nature

D) incorporation of the concept of justice

46) According to William Damon, sharing in early elementary school years is characterized by

A) objective ideas of fairness.

B) a motivation to obey adult authority figures.

C) a sense of obligation.

D) children's sense of obligation to the community.

47) Which of the following represents the primary reason for sharing among toddlers and preschoolers, according to William Damon?

A) fairness

B) empathy and a sense of justice

C) benevolence or obligation

D) imitation or social play

48) Female brains differ from male brains in that

A) female brains are larger than male brains.

B) an area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is smaller in males than in females.

C) the areas of the brain involved in emotional expression show more metabolic activity in males than in females.

D) one part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in men than in women.

49) Which of the following is TRUE regarding gender differences in brain structure and function?

A) Female brains are smaller but have more surface brain tissue than males.

B) One part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behavior is larger in women than men.

C) The areas of the brain involved in emotional expression show more metabolic activity in males than in females.

D) An area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger in females than in males.

50) Which of the following statements about gender differences in cognitive development is TRUE?

A) Girls have slightly better reading and writing skills when compared to boys.

B) Girls have shown significantly higher levels of general intelligence than boys.

C) Girls have consistently achieved higher scores in math than boys.

D) Girls have better visuospatial skills when compared to boys.

51) ________ includes such behaviors as trying to make others dislike a certain individual by spreading malicious rumors about the person.

A) Behavior modification

B) Behavioral aggression

C) Relational aggression

D) Overt aggression

52) When compared to boys,

A) girls use more report talk than rapport talk.

B) girls exercise less self-regulation of emotion than males.

C) girls employ relational aggression as a greater percentage of their overall aggression.

D) girls use more assertive communication and less prosocial behavior.

53) Laura is a fifth-grader. She was the most popular girl in her class until last month, when Jennifer joined their class as a new student and quickly replaced Laura as the most popular girl. Laura is trying to regain her popularity by spreading malicious rumors about Jennifer so that others will start disliking Jennifer. Laura is engaging in

A) affiliative communication.

B) self-regulation.

C) relational aggression.

D) coregulation.

54) ________ aggression includes behaviors such as trying to make others dislike a certain individual by spreading malicious rumors about the person.

A) Instrumental

B) Normative

C) Relational

D) Hostile

55) Gender differences in communication have shown that adolescent girls engage in more ________ in close relationships when compared to boys.

A) self-assertive speech

B) passive listening

C) report talk

D) self-disclosure

56) Which of the following statements about gender differences in emotions is accurate?

A) Girls are less likely than boys to express their emotions openly.

B) Boys are more likely to show empathy than are girls.

C) Girls are more likely to be able to decode others' emotions than boys.

D) Boys are more likely to show self-regulation of emotion than girls.

57) ________ talk is the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.

A) Report

B) Rapport

C) Relative

D) Responsive

58) ________ talk is talk that gives information.

A) Report

B) Rapport

C) Relative

D) Responsive

59) Public speaking is an example of ________ talk.

A) report

B) rapport

C) relative

D) responsive

60) Which of the following is TRUE of rapport talk?

A) Public speaking is an example of rapport talk.

B) Females enjoy rapport talk more than males do.

C) Males hold center stage through rapport talk.

D) Rapport talk is talk that gives information.

61) Researchers investigating the benefits of single-sex education have found

A) that boys are now doing better academically than girls in both math and language arts when they belong to a single-sex institution.

B) that in an all-girl classroom, teachers have trouble keeping the girls focused.

C) no significant benefits for low-income children of color who participated in single-sex education.

D) improved cooperation between boys and girls once they were allowed to work together.

62) The Urban Prep Academy for Young Men was established to provide single-sex education for African American males. What percentage of its first graduates enrolled in college?

A) 10 percent

B) 50 percent

C) 75 percent

D) 100 percent

63) Elana is a married woman in a Middle Eastern country. Compared with married women in Western countries, Elana is more likely to be a

A) lawyer.

B) housewife.

C) doctor.

D) teacher.

64) In middle and late childhood, control of children is characterized by a(n)

A) increase in physical punishment.

B) increase in time spent under parental supervision.

C) increase in coregulation of the child's activities.

D) major shift in autonomy from parent to child.

65) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to stepfamilies?

A) Infants and preschoolers are the largest group of children growing up in stepfamilies.

B) A vast majority of stepfamilies succeed in providing a stable family environment.

C) Three common types of stepfamily structure are (1) stepfather, (2) stepmother, and (3) blended or complex.

D) The largest number of stepfamilies are preceded by the death of a spouse rather than differences between partners leading to a divorce.

66) Susan Jones, a group counselor, came to Amelie's class and gave the students a questionnaire for which students had to fill in the names of classmates, one whom they liked the most, one whom they disliked the most, and one whom they considered to be a best friend. Susan cumulated all the results to give a score for each child. From the scenario, we can infer that

A) Susan's assessment was designed primarily to reveal the androgynous characteristics of the students.

B) Susan was using the Bem Sex-Role Inventory for the purpose of her study.

C) Susan evaluated each student's sociometric status in her study.

D) Susan was studying the cognitive and intellectual capacities of each child.

67) ________ children are infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

A) Rejected

B) Unpopular

C) Neglected

D) Maladjusted

68) ________ children are frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

A) Controversial

B) Neglected

C) Targeted

D) Average

69) ________ children are infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

A) Controversial

B) Average

C) Neglected

D) Rejected

70) Rejected children are

A) infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

B) frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their teachers.

C) frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

D) infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

71) Neglected children are

A) infrequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their peers.

B) frequently nominated as someone's best friend and are actively disliked by their teachers.

C) frequently nominated both as someone's best friend and as being disliked.

D) infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers.

72) ________ children engage in low rates of interaction with their peers and are often described as shy by peers.

A) Rejected

B) Unpopular

C) Neglected

D) Maladjusted

73) Paulo is outgoing and self-confident. He seems to be happy and in a good mood most of the time. Paulo is good at talking with other children and seems to care about their interests and problems. He is likely to be

A) popular with his peers.

B) rejected by most of his peers.

C) neglected in his peer interactions.

D) the target of rejection from his peers.

74) Which of the following groups of children is MOST likely to develop and sustain conduct problems?

A) neglected children

B) popular children

C) controversial children

D) rejected children

75) How can rejected children be trained to interact more effectively with their peers?

A) by teaching the children to more accurately assess when the intentions of their peers are negative

B) by developing the children's ability to interact appropriately with adults

C) by formulating strategies for changing the social settings in which the children participate

D) by developing self-preservation skills so that the children will not be so hurt by neglect

76) According to Kenneth Dodge, what is the first step that children go through in processing information about their social world?

A) selecting an optimal response

B) decoding social cues

C) enacting a chosen response

D) interpreting the results of a social interaction

77) Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to bullying?

A) Girls are more likely to be bullied than boys.

B) Younger middle school students are least likely to be affected by bullying.

C) Incidents of bullying are unaffected by social context, as there are no witnesses to acts of bullying in most cases.

D) Boys are more likely to be bullies than girls.

78) Bullies are MOST likely to be

A) children who have high grades.

B) prosocial children.

C) anxious and socially withdrawn children.

D) children who smoke and drink alcohol.

79) When compared with those who did the bullying, children who said they were bullied were more likely to

A) smoke and drink alcohol.

B) display highly prosocial behaviors.

C) display anxiety and socially withdrawn behavior.

D) have a history of being bullies themselves earlier.

80) Which child is MOST at risk for being a victim of bullying?

A) Marsha, an attractive female on the track team

B) Alice, an overweight female who angers easily

C) Chad, an athletic male who plays football

D) Ben, an intelligent male with a large group of friends

81) Children of mothers with suboptimal mental health are more likely to

A) become bullies.

B) be popular.

C) be socially accepted.

D) react to ambiguous situations passively.

82) All of the following are likely outcomes of being bullied EXCEPT

A) suicidal thoughts.

B) depression.

C) popularity.

D) attempting suicide.

83) Children who are lonely and have fewer mutual friendships and lower peer popularity are more likely to

A) engage in cyberbullying.

B) be honor roll students.

C) be upper middle class.

D) be in gifted programs.

84) Kevin is a middle-school boy who routinely makes fun of other students and often uses physical aggression against other students. Compared to students who don't engage in this behavior, when Kevin reaches adolescence he is

A) likely to engage in criminal behavior.

B) likely to be popular.

C) probably going to be elected class president.

D) likely to show a secure attachment to his parents.

85) Suicidal ideation, depression, and suicide attempts are all associated with

A) securely attached children.

B) being bullied.

C) being a bully.

D) participating in sports programs.

86) Which of the following is NOT one of the six major functions of friendship?

A) social comparison

B) coregulation

C) ego support

D) stimulation

87) Intimacy in friendships is characterized by

A) principles of fairness and exchange.

B) principles of coregulation and autonomy.

C) self-disclosure and sharing private thoughts.

D) compliance with parental authority.

88) Jane and Cara often speak to each other about happenings at school, their weekend plans, or even something new they learned. Their friendship grew even more when Jane's parents separated and Cara was there to listen to Jane's fears about her parents' impending divorce. Cara then told her how her parents fought very often too and that she was fearful that her parents may opt for a divorce as well. The communication in their friendship is characterized by

A) relational aggression.

B) self-assertion.

C) features of report talk.

D) intimacy.

89) Advocates of the constructivist approach to teaching believe that students need to

A) maximize the time spent on academic tasks.

B) master the content of a discipline.

C) follow instructions diligently.

D) think in critical and creative ways.

90) Advocates of the direct instruction approach to teaching believe that students need to

A) learn by collaborative methods.

B) give more attention to the content of a discipline.

C) explore their world and discover knowledge.

D) think in critical and creative ways.

91) Ms. Johanssen likes to develop her lesson plans carefully and deviates from them as little as possible to ensure that all the material is covered. She insists that the class adhere to all the classroom rules and that students maximize their learning time. Ms. Johanssen is using the ________ approach to teaching.

A) direct instruction

B) constructivist

C) problem-solving

D) learner-centered

92) Clarice teaches math to fourth- and fifth-graders. She does not believe in rote learning. She first teaches her class the basic principles and then helps children apply those to real-life scenarios. For instance, when teaching her students about the unitary method, she uses examples like packaged food to show them how to determine the price of a unit from the price of the whole package of items. Clarice is using the ________ approach to teaching.

A) direct instruction

B) constructivist

C) problem-solving

D) teacher-centered

93) Which approach is criticized (by adherents of a rival approach) for not giving enough attention to the content of a discipline?

A) constructivist approach

B) teacher-centered approach

C) direct instruction approach

D) problem-solving approach

94) Which approach is criticized (by adherents of a rival approach) for turning children into passive learners?

A) constructivist approach

B) learner-centered approach

C) direct instruction approach

D) problem-solving approach

95) Proponents of the constructivist approach believe that

A) schools should increase the amount of rote memorization required to ensure children are acquiring enough knowledge.

B) play and recess should be eliminated from the curriculum.

C) collaboration—children working together in efforts to understand—should receive more emphasis in schools.

D) passive learning is best suited for teaching children critical thinking skills.

96) In Tina's classroom there is little or no collaboration with her fellow students and each day is highly structured and organized. Tina is likely being educated with the ________ approach.

A) direct instruction

B) constructivist

C) organized

D) child-centered

97) Romello walks into his classroom and sees several children working together on an art project, several other students building a town out of Lego blocks, and another group about to go outside to observe butterflies. Romello's teacher favors the ________ approach.

A) direct instruction

B) constructivist

C) organized

D) child-centered

98) The identification of objectives for students and the creation of tests to measure whether students were meeting those objectives at the national level was the basis for creation of

A) the Common Core State Standards.

B) the catalog of most colleges and universities.

C) the No Child Left Behind Act.

D) Public Law 94-142

99) What aspect of development has been virtually ignored when focusing on the lives of children living in poverty?

A) educational and academic development

B) economics

C) social and emotional functioning

D) financial status

100) The "jigsaw classroom" was developed by Elliot Aronson to

A) reduce student aggression by bullies.

B) increase critical thinking for students with intellectual disability.

C) increase prosocial behavior by low-income students.

D) improve relations among ethnically diverse students.

101) How does the development of self-understanding change from early childhood to middle and late childhood?

102) Define self-concept and self-esteem. Describe a situation that illustrates the difference between the two concepts.

103) Sandra is an elementary school teacher. She has noticed that a few of her students are doing well academically but have very low self-esteem. This is affecting their initiative and their ability to participate in extracurricular activities. Sandra is looking for ways to boost their self-esteem. What would you suggest?

104) Margarite is 8 years old and has recently moved to a small town in the Midwest. Her parents speak only Spanish. She understands some English words but cannot speak English fluently. Discuss the impact of Margarite's inability to speak fluently in English with regard to Erikson's stage of industry versus inferiority.

105) What are the developmental changes in emotions that children undergo during their elementary school years?

106) You are an elementary school teacher at a school that witnessed a shooting incident last week. The perpetrator of the crime was a high school student of the same school. How will you help students of your class cope with this situation?

107) List and define Lawrence Kohlberg's three levels of moral development.

108) List and define Lawrence Kohlberg's six stages of moral development.

109) What are Gilligan's criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

110) Distinguish between social conventional reasoning and moral reasoning.

111) How does sharing develop in children?

112) What is a moral personality? Describe the components of a moral personality.

113) How do girls and boys differ with regard to socioemotional development in middle and late childhood?

114) How does context affect gender differences?

115) Briefly describe the role of parents as managers.

116) What are the three common types of stepfamily structure?

117) What are the five different peer statuses?

118) Describe the six functions of children's friendships.

119) Distinguish between the constructive and direct instruction approaches to student learning.

120) Describe the jigsaw classroom strategy for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students.