Complete Test Bank Ch11 Physical Development in Middle and

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 11 Physical Development in Middle and Late Childhood

1) During the middle and late childhood years, children gain about 5 to 7 pounds a year. The weight increase is due mainly to increases in the

A) total volume of baby fat.

B) waist circumference.

C) size of the skeletal and muscular systems.

D) head circumference.

2) Boys are usually stronger than girls because of their greater number of

A) muscle cells.

B) neurons.

C) hepatocytes.

D) stem cells.

3) One less noticeable physical change in middle and late childhood is that

A) head circumference increases in relation to body height.

B) bones continue to ossify.

C) leg length increases in relation to body height.

D) hair continues to grow in length.

4) The increase in myelination during middle and late childhood is linked to

A) a more effective processing of information on cognitive tasks.

B) an increase in the volume of blood platelets.

C) the incidence of aphasia.

D) the increase in height and the loss of baby fat in middle and late childhood.

5) Advances in the prefrontal cortex are linked to which of the following in children?

A) increase in the length of limbs

B) increase in body mass

C) improved attention

D) improved muscle growth

6) One shift in activation that occurs as children develop is from diffuse, larger areas to more focal, smaller areas. This shift is characterized by synaptic ________, in which areas of the brain not being used lose synaptic connections and those being used show an increase in connections.

A) spurt

B) shift

C) lapse

D) pruning

7) Which of the following activities is most fatiguing to elementary school children over longer periods of time?

A) bicycling

B) running

C) sitting

D) jumping

8) Increased myelination of the nervous system is reflected in the improvement of ________ during middle and late childhood.

A) gross motor skills

B) immunity

C) height

D) fine motor skills

9) Dora is a 6-year-old girl. Which of the following motor skills is she expected to have?

A) throwing a ball 25 feet

B) finger printing using a pencil

C) tying shoes and fastening clothes

D) Judging and intercepting pathways of small balls thrown from a distance

10) Robert can use his hands independently, and with ease and precision. His grip strength has also increased. How old is he likely to be, given the development of his motor skills?

A) 8

B) 6

C) 5

D) 4

11) Which of the following suggests that Fred is at least 10 years old?

A) He can produce a fine-quality craft piece of art.

B) He has started to make simple figures in clay.

C) He has recently learned to balance on one foot without looking.

D) Recently, he has learned how to skip.

12) Laura, a music instructor, teaches a variety of musical instruments in her school. However, she offers musical lessons only to students who are old enough to learn complicated pieces fairly quickly. Which of the following is MOST likely to be the youngest accepted age for children who are interested in learn in Laura's music school?

A) 5 years

B) 8 years

C) 10 years

D) 6 years

13) Which of the following statements is TRUE about motor development during middle and late childhood?

A) Girls usually outperform boys in gross motor skills.

B) Elementary school children become more fatigued by running than by long periods of sitting.

C) Girls usually outperform boys in fine motor skills.

D) Development during middle and late childhood does not involve fine motor development.

14) From 1 to 3 years of age, infants and toddlers should typically consume about ________ calories per day.

A) 300

B) 550

C) 2,400

D) 1,300

15) A child between 7 and 10 years of age should consume about ________ calories each day.

A) 1,300

B) 1,200

C) 2,400

D) 1,100

16) With the increased availability of fast-food restaurants and media inducements, many children fill up on food that has "empty calories" that do not promote effective growth. Many empty-calorie foods have a high content of

A) minerals.

B) fiber.

C) vitamins.

D) starch.

17) According to nutritionists, breakfast should make up about ________ of the day's calories.

A) one-fourth

B) half

C) one-sixth

D) one-eighth

18) A longitudinal study linked higher amounts of television viewing in childhood and adolescence to which of the following at age 26?

A) depression

B) being overweight

C) criminal behavior

D) heart and lung problems

19) Recent studies have shown that most American children and adolescents are

A) exercising too much.

B) not exercising enough.

C) exercising just the right amount.

D) exercising only when their parents make them do so.

20) In a recent meta-analysis, better cognitive inhibitory control was linked to

A) enrollment in a sports team.

B) lower rates of television watching.

C) regular physical activity.

D) high-intensity, daily aerobic exercise.

21) According to research, which of the following is NOT linked to aerobic exercise in children?

A) improved attention

B) improved memory

C) improved creativity

D) improved technological skills

22) According to a recent study of 8-year old children who began participating in sports and continued for 24 months, which gender benefits the MOST from participating in sports?

A) boys

B) girls

C) neither

D) both equally

23) Josh is 11 years old and is participating in sports. He is MOST likely to suffer an injury to his

A) hip.

B) spine.

C) arm.

D) chest.

24) Kelly is 17 and is participating in sports. Compared to a 10-year old, Kelly is more likely to suffer an injury to her

A) arms.

B) shoulders.

C) head.

D) spine.

25) Which sports injury in youth football has many people increasingly concerned?

A) broken arm

B) concussion

C) fractured leg

D) broken jaw

26) Which of the following is an advantage of aerobic exercise in children?

A) improved audio-visual skills

B) prevention of type 1 diabetes in the future

C) improved relationship with caregivers

D) increased goal-directed thinking and behavior

27) How can parents provide positive models of exercise for children?

A) by encouraging children to play video games

B) by exercising regularly

C) by encouraging children to watch baseball on television

D) by buying the children an annual subscription of The Skateboard Mag

28) Which of the following is a negative consequence of participation in sports?

A) vigorous exercise

B) aerobic training

C) concentration in academic achievement

D) pressure to achieve

29) Which of the following should be encouraged for parents of children who participate in sports?

A) yelling at the child

B) pointing out the child's errors in front of others

C) allowing the child to make mistakes

D) comparing the child to more talented children

30) Which of the following should be discouraged for parents of children who participate in sports?

A) allowing the child to ask questions about the sport

B) making sports fun

C) allowing the child to make mistakes

D) comparing the child to more talented children

31) Children who are at or above the ________ percentile of body mass index (BMI) are included in the overweight category.

A) 65th

B) 75th

C) 55th

D) 95th

32) Which of the following 9-year-old children are likely to be overweight?

A) Anne, who has myopic vision

B) Jenna, whose mother is obese

C) Bob, who suffers from osteoporosis

D) Robert, whose diet consists of cereals, salads, and lean meat

33) Which of the following children are at the most risk of being overweight?

A) Sara, who has a high metabolic rate

B) Anna, whose diet is rich in proteins and fibers

C) Kay, whose parents allow her only 30 minutes of screen time per day

D) Lara, who has constant access to high fat-content foods

34) Overweight children are at risk of which of the following diseases?

A) diabetes

B) myopia

C) pleurisy

D) marasmus

35) The social and psychological consequences of being overweight in childhood include

A) narcissistic personality disorder.

B) displays of obsessive-compulsive behavior.

C) a propensity toward kleptomania.

D) low self-esteem.

36) According to recent research, obesity among Chinese children ________ from 1993 to 2009.

A) increased significantly

B) decreased significantly

C) stayed the same

D) increased for Chinese boys but not Chinese girls

37) Obese Chinese children are at a greater risk for ________ than children who are not overweight.

A) high blood pressure

B) asthma

C) cancer

D) cerebral palsy

38) All of the following are ways that parents can help reduce obesity in children EXCEPT

A) increasing the number of family meals eaten together.

B) increasing the availability of sugar-sweetened beverages and sodas.

C) reducing children's screen time.

D) getting children involved in sports.

39) Which of the following is FALSE concerning parenting and overweight children?

A) Parents play an important role in preventing children from becoming overweight.

B) Children who eat meals with their family tend to be overweight.

C) Parents who restrict sugar-sweetened beverages are helping children monitor their weight.

D) Parents who restrict screen time are helping children monitor their weight.

40) Shelby consumes large amounts of soda and spends most of her free time on her computer. We can expect that Shelby will

A) have issues with her weight.

B) have an easy time making friends.

C) have high self-esteem.

D) be healthier than most of her peers.

41) Intervention programs that target improving the diet of parents have

A) been limited in their success in improving the health of children.

B) been successful in helping the children of the parents lose weight.

C) had low levels of success at reducing weight in overweight children.

D) been successful if the children were already eating healthfully themselves.

42) Dr. Jones, an expert pediatrician, is most likely to prescribe which of the following treatments to overweight children?

A) prolonged fasting

B) encouragement to pursue more sedentary activities

C) a combination of diet, exercise, and behavior modification

D) encouragement to include foods rich in sugar in the daily diet

43) ________ is the second leading cause of death (behind only injuries) among U.S. children aged 5 to 14.

A) Asthma

B) Obesity

C) Cancer

D) Heart failure

44) Cancers in children mainly attack the

A) white blood cells.

B) breast.

C) colon.

D) prostate.

45) ________ is a cancer in which bone marrow manufactures an abundance of abnormal white blood cells, which crowd out normal cells, making the child susceptible to bruising and infection.

A) Lymphoma

B) Pheochromocytoma

C) Leukemia

D) Osteosarcoma

46) Which of the following statements is TRUE about cancer in children?

A) The incidence of cancer in children has reduced dramatically in recent years.

B) When cancer strikes children, it behaves differently from the way it attacks adults.

C) Children frequently have a less advanced stage of cancer when they are first diagnosed.

D) Most cancers in children result from lifestyle factors.

47) Lack of which of the following hormones, which regulates the body's blood sugar level, causes type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A) insulin

B) adrenaline

C) cholecystokinin

D) oxytocin

48) ________ is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys insulin-producing cells.

A) migraine

B) hypertension

C) type 1 diabetes

D) type 2 diabetes

49) Which of the following is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

A) being underweight

B) being obese

C) being hyperactive

D) being myopic

50) Which of the following increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases in elementary-school-aged children?

A) low vision

B) dyslexia

C) ADHD

D) hypertension

51) ________ is a chronic lung disease that involves episodes of airflow obstruction.

A) Colitis

B) Scurvy

C) Asthma

D) Migraine

52) Which of the following is a symptom of asthma?

A) hypertension

B) wheezing

C) dyslexia

D) bruising

53) ________ is the most common chronic disease in U.S. children, present in approximately 8.6 percent of them.

A) Colitis

B) Asthma

C) Cancer

D) Pneumonia

54) Kiera's asthma attacks increased substantially after she moved with her family to a big city. What is the most probable explanation for the worsening of Kiera's asthma?

A) high temperatures in the summer

B) low humidity

C) lack of exercise

D) high degree of pollution

55) ________ are the most effective anti-inflammatory drugs for treating asthmatic children.

A) Corticosteroids

B) Benzodiazepines

C) Opioids

D) Amphetamines

56) Which of the following is the leading cause of death during middle and late childhood?

A) asthma

B) cancer

C) diabetes

D) injuries

57) Which of the following children is suffering from a learning disability?

A) 8-year-old Ramon, who says reading is really hard for him and often the words don't make much sense

B) 6-year-old Sasha, who stutters while speaking

C) 10-year-old Jim, who is hyperactive and has problems concentrating on anything for long

D) 11-year-old Tom, who has low vision and reads with the help of corrective lenses

58) Laura has just been diagnosed with a learning disability. She has a very high degree of difficulty writing legibly and makes numerous spelling errors. Laura is most likely suffering from

A) dyslexia.

B) dyscalculia.

C) acrophobia.

D) migraine.

59) Bill has just been diagnosed with a learning disability. He faces difficulty with math computations but can read and write fairly well. Bill is likely suffering from

A) dyslexia.

B) dyscalculia.

C) hyperplobia.

D) dysgraphia.

60) ________ involves difficulty in handwriting.

A) Aphasia

B) Hypermetropia

C) Insomnia

D) Dysgraphia

61) John, a 9-year-old boy, suffers from severe lack of concentration and impulsivity. The symptoms indicate that John is suffering from

A) cerebral palsy.

B) aphasia.

C) dyslexia.

D) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

62) Which of the following is one of the three major categories of ADHD diagnoses?

A) ADHD with predominantly reactive disorder

B) ADHD with predominantly inattention

C) ADHD with learning disability

D) mild-symptom ADHD

63) Which of the following is FALSE regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A) It is more prevalent in girls than in boys.

B) There is concern that it is being overdiagnosed in children.

C) Increases in diagnoses may be linked to increased awareness of the disorder.

D) Diagnoses are sometimes not made by trained professionals.

64) A recent study investigating the overdiagnosis of ADHD found that trained professionals overdiagnosed ADHD about ________ of the time.

A) 0 percent

B) 20 percent

C) 40 percent

D) 60 percent

65) Approximately what percentage of adolescents who were diagnosed with ADHD in childhood still continue to experience ADHD symptoms?

A) 25 percent

B) 45 percent

C) 70 percent

D) 95 percent

66) All of the following are possible causes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder EXCEPT

A) cigarette and alcohol exposure.

B) high levels of maternal stress.

C) having two or more siblings.

D) a genetic predisposition.

67) Problems with executive function, use of working memory, and effective planning are associated with

A) type 2 diabetes.

B) articulation disorders.

C) speech disorders.

D) ADHD.

68) A 10-year-old child suffering from ADHD is likely to find which of the following tasks difficult?

A) skipping

B) writing

C) breathing regularly

D) planning effectively

69) Besides medication, which of the following is effective in reducing the effects of ADHD?

A) more concentrated classroom time

B) behavior management

C) invasive surgery

D) losing calories

70) Critics worry that many physicians

A) are too quick to diagnose normal childhood behaviors as ADHD.

B) categorize ADHD as a learning disability.

C) encourage school teams to diagnose ADHD.

D) believe the symptoms of ADHD do not include hyperactivity and impulsivity.

71) Articulation disorders are ________ disorders

A) learning

B) attention

C) hearing

D) speech

72) Children with a cleft palate often have a(n) ________ that makes their speech difficult to understand.

A) attention deficit disorder

B) learning disorder

C) voice disorder

D) stuttering problem

73) Jenny has problems in pronouncing sounds correctly. Her speech therapist is treating her for

A) articulation disorder.

B) stuttering.

C) fluency disorder.

D) voice disorder.

74) Stuttering is a(n) ________ disorder

A) voice

B) fluency

C) attention

D) sensory

75) Stuttering occurs in which of the following cases?

A) when a child's speech has a spasmodic hesitation

B) when a child's behavior shows impulsivity

C) when a child suffers from malnourishment

D) when a child's voice is hoarse, harsh, or too loud

76) Visual impairment is a(n) ________ disorder.

A) attention

B) articulation

C) olfactory

D) sensory

77) Training in which individuals with ADHD become more aware of their physiological responses so that they can attain better executive control is called

A) neurofeedback.

B) neurorecycling.

C) relaxation.

D) intensive.

78) Dora, a 7-year-old girl, has a speech defect that involves stuttering. She also suffers from hearing problems. Her impairments can be broadly categorized as ________ disorders.

A) genetic

B) conversion

C) communication

D) attention

79) Which of the following indicates the presence of a vision problem in children?

A) if they are impulsive

B) if they squint frequently

C) if they stutter from an early age

D) if they show signs of aphasia

80) Children with ________ have visual acuity of between 20/70 and 20/2000 with corrective lenses.

A) low vision

B) cataract

C) night blindness

D) leprosy

81) Children with low vision can read with the aid of

A) shorthand and unicodes.

B) tactile alphabets.

C) large-print books.

D) braille books.

82) Children who are ________ blind cannot use their vision in learning and must use their hearing and touch to learn.

A) night

B) educationally

C) stereo

D) color

83) In which of the following cases is the evaluation of hearing by a specialist recommended?

A) Sam, a 6-year-old boy, frequently asks his teacher to repeat the same instructions.

B) Tom, a 6-year-old boy, is impulsive and hyperactive.

C) John, a 7-year-old boy, is diagnosed with aphasia.

D) Juan, an 8-year-old boy, cannot perceive the depth of objects correctly.

84) Educational approaches that help children with hearing impairments to learn fall into two categories: oral and

A) liberal.

B) conservative.

C) manual.

D) situational.

85) Which of the following is an oral approach that helps children with hearing impairments to learn?

A) lip reading

B) sign language

C) gesture

D) finger spelling

86) Orthopedic impairments involve

A) the insufficient production of insulin.

B) the absence of pigmentation in the skin.

C) a rapid multiplication of cells.

D) restricted movement or lack of control over movement.

87) Which of the following children is suffering from cerebral palsy?

A) Sara, who asks the teacher to repeat the same instructions

B) Vera, who relies on braille books for learning

C) Jenny, who is affected by unclear speech, shaking, and a lack of muscular coordination

D) Anne, who is affected by a rapid increase in the number of immature blood cells

88) In a child with ataxia, a form of cerebral palsy, the muscles

A) often pull the limbs into contorted positions.

B) are always limp.

C) are rigid one moment and floppy the next moment.

D) are inflexible.

89) Marcel is affected by serious, persistent problems that involve relationships, aggression, fear, and depression. He is suffering from

A) emotional and behavioral disorders.

B) ADHD.

C) glaucoma.

D) arachnophobia.

90) ________ are characterized by problems in social interaction, problems in verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors.

A) Phobias

B) Behavioral disorders

C) Vision impairments

D) Autism spectrum disorders

91) ________ syndrome is a relatively mild autism spectrum disorder in which the child has relatively good verbal language skills, milder nonverbal language problems, and a restricted range of interests and relationships.

A) Cushing's

B) Marfan

C) Asperger

D) Barrett's

92) Autism spectrum disorders are more common in

A) girls.

B) boys.

C) the educationally blind.

D) children affected by ADHD.

93) Recent studies have suggested that a lack of connectivity between brain regions may be a key factor in

A) autism.

B) suicide.

C) depression.

D) ADHD.

94) Which of the following is often beneficial to autistic children?

A) magnifying glasses

B) cochlear implants

C) braille books

D) small-group instruction

95) In 1975, Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, required that all students with disabilities be

A) exempted from taking exams.

B) provided with the opportunity for free annual study trips abroad.

C) given a free, appropriate public education.

D) provided with a personal trainer.

96) The ________ spelled out broad mandates for providing services to all children with disabilities.

A) Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)

B) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)

C) World Health Organization (WHO)

D) United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

97) A major aspect of the 2004 reauthorization of IDEA involved aligning it with the government's ________ legislation, which was designed to improve the educational achievement of all students, including those with disabilities.

A) education in the least restrictive environment

B) No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

C) individualized education plan (IEP)

D) Public Law 94-142

98) The ________ should be (1) related to the child's learning capacity, (2) specially constructed to meet the child's individual needs and not merely a copy of what is offered to other children, and (3) designed to provide educational benefits.

A) least restrictive environment

B) No Child Left Behind

C) Public Law 94-142

D) individualized education plan

99) The concept that a child with a disability must be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated is known as

A) the Montessori system.

B) an individualized educational plan (IEP).

C) the least restrictive environment (LRE).

D) the kindergarten system.

100) Which of the following BEST illustrates the concept of inclusion?

A) Alex, who is educationally blind, attends a special school for the blind that instructs through braille techniques.

B) John, who has an auditory impairment, is being home-schooled.

C) Melba, who is affected with a severe behavioral disorder, is committed to a special counseling program that meets for most of the day in a dedicated institution.

D) Jane, who suffers from low vision, uses books with large fonts for learning but attends a regular school along with children without any special needs.

101) Give three examples of typical motor skills possessed by a 6-year-old child.

102) Increased myelination of the nervous system is reflected in the improvement of fine motor skills during middle and late childhood. List some skills found in 10- to 12-year-old children.

103) What factors motivate children to consume food that has "empty calories"?

104) How does heredity affect children's weight?

105) What treatment is recommended by experts for children who are overweight?

106) What role do parents play in preventing children from becoming overweight?

107) What are the main characteristics of cancers that affect children?

108) Describe the contrasting behavior of cancer in children and adults.

109) Distinguish between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

110) What are the causes of asthma?

111) List some of the most common causes of serious injuries during middle and late childhood.

112) List the five largest categories in which U.S. children with a disability receive special education services.

113) What is a learning disability?

114) How is a learning difficulty identified?

115) What are the most common academic areas in which children with a learning disability have problems?

116) What are the possible causes of learning disabilities?

117) Describe two speech disorders.

118) What are sensory disorders?

119) What is the most common type of cerebral palsy? What are its chief characteristics?

120) Describe the nature of the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 2004.