Physical Development in Adolescence Ch.14 Full Test Bank

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 14 Physical Development in Adolescence

1) Who proposed the "storm and stress" view of adolescence?

A) Charles Darwin

B) Jacqueline Lerner

C) G. Stanley Hall

D) B. F. Skinner

2) Which of the following aspects of adolescence were emphasized by G. Stanley Hall?

A) strengths of youth

B) conflict and mood swings of youth

C) desirable developmental trajectories of youth

D) domain-specific competencies of youth

3) Which of the following BEST reflects the storm-and-stress portrayal of adolescence?

A) Adolescence is essentially a period of conflicts and mood swings.

B) Adolescence is characterized by a reduced ability to cope with life's stresses.

C) Adolescence essentially involves a growth in self-expression and awareness of the social space.

D) Adolescence has the potential for positive outcomes if positive social contexts are present.

4) The cognitive changes associated with adolescence involve

A) increased concrete thinking.

B) decreased logical and rational thinking.

C) increased egocentric and idealistic thinking.

D) decreased abstract thinking and decision making.

5) The socioemotional changes associated with adolescence involve

A) an increased sense of dependence on parents and family.

B) increased mood swings.

C) decreased intimacy in friendships and romantic relationships.

D) reduced conflict and a greater sense of agreement and understanding with parents.

6) The transition from adolescence to adulthood has recently been referred to as

A) precocious adolescence.

B) emerging adulthood.

C) precocious puberty.

D) young adulthood.

7) Approximately what percentage of U.S. 15-year-olds reported having a meaningful relationship outside of their family with a caring adult that helped them to succeed?

A) 5 percent

B) 20 percent

C) 50 percent

D) 75 percent

8) Which of the following is NOT an aspect associated with a strong relationship between a caring adult and a teenager?

A) The teen feels respected.

B) The teen feels he or she matters to the adult.

C) The adult is paid to spend time with the teen.

D) The adult is a resource in the life of the teen.

9) Which of the following has a greater influence on the life trajectory of adolescents today than it likely would have several decades ago?

A) ethnicity

B) gender

C) socioeconomic factors

D) lifestyle options through technology

10) According to Arnett, which of the following is among the five key features that characterize individuals who are in the phase of emerging adulthood?

A) exploration of one's identity in relation to love

B) stability in the occupational sphere of one's life

C) focus on raising a family and looking after aging parents

D) identification of oneself as a fully functioning adult

11) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to emerging adulthood?

A) Emerging adulthood and adolescence refer to the identical stage of life.

B) Emerging adulthood is categorized as the lifespan between 20 and 40 years.

C) Experimentation and exploration characterize the emerging adulthood stage of life.

D) This stage is marked by a lack of possibilities to alter the course of one's life.

12) Based on recommendations from the Allens, encouraging your teenager to engage in service learning opportunities falls under the suggestion to

A) provide adolescents with opportunities to be contributors.

B) give candid, quality feedback to adolescents.

C) create positive adult connections with adolescents.

D) challenge adolescents to become more competent.

13) Based on recommendations from Joseph and Claudia Allen, telling your teenager to clean his room again because he did a legitimately poor job due to minimal effort the first time falls under the suggestion to

A) provide adolescents with opportunities to be contributors.

B) give candid, quality feedback to adolescents.

C) create positive adult connections with adolescents.

D) challenge adolescents to become more competent.

14) Based on recommendations from Joseph and Claudia Allen, inviting your teenager to join in an adult community social gathering and helping her to join in adult conversations falls under the suggestion to

A) provide adolescents with opportunities to be contributors.

B) give candid, quality feedback to adolescents.

C) create positive adult connections with adolescents.

D) challenge adolescents to become more competent.

15) Based on recommendations from the Allens, asking your teenager to create her own three-month budget to manage her allowance money before giving her the money falls under the suggestion to

A) provide adolescents with opportunities to be contributors.

B) give candid, quality feedback to adolescents.

C) create positive adult connections with adolescents.

D) challenge adolescents to become more competent.

16) The brain-neuroendocrine process that occurs primarily in early adolescence and involves rapid physical changes in height, weight, and sexual maturation is called

A) puberty.

B) adolescence.

C) a growth spurt.

D) menarche.

17) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to puberty?

A) Puberty and adolescence are identical terms used to refer to a single and sudden incident that characterizes the biological component of adulthood.

B) Adolescence ends long after puberty does.

C) Puberty is a period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that occur primarily in early adolescence.

D) The beginning and end of puberty can be specified clearly.

18) Which of the following pubertal changes in boys would typically occur first?

A) first ejaculation

B) height spurt

C) growth of pubic hair

D) increase in penis and testicle size

19) Which of the following pubertal changes in girls would typically occur latest?

A) menarche

B) breast enlargement

C) height spurt

D) growth of pubic hair

20) ________ refers to a girl's first menstruation.

A) Adrenarche

B) Menarche

C) Menopause

D) Gonadarche

21) Which of the followings statements is TRUE with regard to the pubertal growth spurt?

A) During early adolescence, boys tend to outweigh girls, and this trend continues throughout the lifespan.

B) The growth spurt occurs approximately two years later for girls than for boys.

C) The mean age at the beginning of the growth spurt is 9 for females and 11 for males.

D) By the elementary school years, most boys have caught up or, in many cases, surpassed girls in height.

22) ________ are powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands that travel through the bloodstream and play a crucial role in bringing about pubertal changes.

A) Enzymes

B) Hormones

C) Neurotransmitters

D) Serums

23) The endocrine system's role in puberty involves the interaction of the

A) thymus, the pineal gland, and the corpus callosum.

B) hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the gonads.

C) pons, the pineal gland, and the pancreatic system.

D) reticular formation and the ductal glands.

24) The structure in the brain that is involved in monitoring eating and sex is the

A) pons.

B) thymus.

C) hypothalamus

D) adrenal cortex.

25) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the pituitary gland?

A) It is one of the gonads, like testes in males and ovaries in females.

B) It is located above the kidneys.

C) It is an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands.

D) Its functions are restricted to sexual changes in puberty and it does not regulate growth.

26) Hormones that stimulate the testes or ovaries are called

A) gonadotropins.

B) vasopressins.

C) fibrinogens.

D) somatostatins.

27) ________ is a type of estrogen that is associated with breast, uterine, and skeletal development in girls.

A) Vasopressin

B) Oxytocin

C) Androgen

D) Estradiol

28) ________ is a hormone associated in boys with the development of genitals, an increase in height, and a

A) Estradiol

B) Testosterone

C) Oxytocin

D) Progestin

29) In the United States, the average age of menarche

A) has increased rapidly over the last century.

B) has declined significantly since the mid-nineteenth century.

C) is likely to decrease substantially in the coming decades.

D) has remained unchanged over the last century, except for a slight increase in the incidence of precocious puberty.

30) Late-maturing boys are more likely to have a ________ when compared to early-maturing boys.

A) greater advantage in dating relationships in the adolescent period

B) shorter time frame during which they must explore life's options

C) greater tendency to focus on physical status over career development

D) stronger sense of identity by the time they are in their thirties

31) Early maturation in girls is associated with higher levels of

A) self-esteem throughout life.

B) self-efficacy, especially in the adolescent years.

C) sexual abstinence when compared to late maturing girls.

D) vulnerability for depression and eating disorders.

32) During which stage of development is preoccupation with body image the strongest?

A) late childhood

B) early adolescence

C) late adolescence

D) emerging adulthood

33) Natasha is a young teenage female. In terms of body image, she is probably

A) more satisfied than she will be in late adolescence.

B) more satisfied than the boys her same age.

C) less satisfied than she will be in late adolescence.

D) not that concerned with her body image.

34) Boys generally become more satisfied with their body image as they move through adolescence, most likely because they

A) gain more fat.

B) get to start shaving.

C) gain more muscle mass.

D) finally lose their baby fat.

35) A stronger sense of identity in one's early thirties was linked in a study to being a(n)

A) early-maturing male.

B) late-maturing male.

C) late-maturing female.

D) early-maturing female.

36) Higher rates of smoking, drinking, sexual intercourse, eating disorders, and delinquency have been linked to

A) late-maturing females.

B) late-maturing males.

C) early-maturing males.

D) early-maturing females.

37) Vanessa is a late-maturing female, now in her junior year of high school. Vanessa is

A) probably more dissatisfied with her body than she was four years ago.

B) probably more satisfied with her body than her early-maturing peers.

C) at high risk for substance abuse.

D) less likely to graduate high school than her early-maturing peers.

38) Jolena is an early-maturing sixth-grade female. She is

A) probably more satisfied with her body image than her later-maturing peers.

B) probably more dissatisfied with her body image than her later-maturing peers.

C) more likely to graduate high school than her late-maturing peers.

D) not receiving much attention from the male students at her school.

39) The thickening of the corpus callosum during adolescence improves adolescents' ability to

A) perceive depth more accurately.

B) distinguish between low- and high-pitch sounds.

C) process information.

D) discriminate between bitter and sweet tastes.

40) In terms of brain development, which of the following brain linkages develops last?

A) sensory areas

B) appetitive areas

C) risk taking

D) reasoning

41) According to recent research, the prefrontal cortex finishes developing in

A) early childhood.

B) middle childhood.

C) early adolescence.

D) emerging adulthood.

42) According to recent research, the limbic system, the seat of emotions and where rewards are experienced, is almost completely developed by

A) early childhood.

B) middle childhood.

C) early adolescence.

D) young adulthood.

43) Ricky, a young teenager, has a tendency to engage in risky behaviors. This may be a function of his underdeveloped

A) limbic system.

B) amygdala.

C) prefrontal cortex.

D) corpus callosum.

44) The location where fibers connect the brain's left and right hemisphere is known as the

A) optic chiasm.

B) hypothalamus.

C) amygdala.

D) corpus callosum.

45) The ________ is the seat of emotions in the limbic system and matures earlier than the prefrontal cortex.

A) pons

B) cerebellum

C) amygdala

D) corpus callosum

46) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to the prefrontal cortex?

A) The prefrontal cortex is the highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control.

B) The prefrontal cortex is completely developed by the stage of preadolescence.

C) As puberty occurs, the amount of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex decreases.

D) Research has shown that the amygdala, which is the center of emotion, matures substantially after the prefrontal cortex, which regulates its functioning.

47) ________ adolescents tend to engage in sexual intercourse later than adolescents from other ethnic groups.

A) African American

B) Latino

C) Caucasian

D) Asian American

48) The current profile of the sexual activity of U.S. adolescents reveals that 58 percent of ________-graders had reported having had sexual intercourse.

A) ninth

B) tenth

C) eleventh

D) twelfth

49) Which of the following is NOT a typical component of sexuality during adolescence?

A) sexual exploration and experimentation

B) curiosity about sexuality

C) sexual fantasies and reality

D) disinterest in the future of their sex lives

50) Concerns about attractiveness, questions about how to engage in sexual activity, and incorporating sexuality into identity are most prominent during

A) late childhood.

B) adolescence.

C) middle adulthood.

D) late adulthood.

51) Learning to manage sexual feelings, developing new forms of intimacy, and learning skills to regulate sexual behavior to avoid undesirable consequences are all aspects of one's sexual

A) identity.

B) self.

C) persona.

D) image.

52) According to your text, sexual activity in adolescence

A) is very common and normal for almost all teenagers.

B) varies considerably, from engaging in frequent sexual activity to abstinence.

C) is unaffected by religious affiliation and beliefs.

D) produces anxiety in all teenagers.

53) According to your text, sexual identities emerge in the context of physical, social, and ________ factors.

A) cultural

B) intellectual

C) unknown

D) informational

54) Which of the following is a contextual factor related to sexual risk-taking behavior?

A) attention problems

B) weak self-regulation

C) lower SES

D) high risk proneness

55) Which of the following is a cognitive factor related to sexual risk-taking behavior?

A) lower parental monitoring

B) higher levels of proximity to sexually active peers and siblings

C) lower levels of maternal communication relating to sex

D) low levels of self-regulation

56) Which of the following is TRUE with regard to sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?

A) STIs are best controlled by the use of withdrawal as a method of contraception.

B) Birth control pills and implants provide adequate protection from STIs.

C) STIs are contracted through vaginal intercourse as well as oral-genital and anal-genital contact.

D) All STIs are bacterial infections that can be treated with penicillin and other antibiotics.

57) In terms of contraceptive use, which of the following is TRUE?

A) Contraceptive use increased significantly between 2003 and 2011.

B) Younger adolescents are more likely to use contraceptives.

C) Older adolescents are more likely to use contraceptives.

D) A large age gap between partners increases the use of contraceptives.

58) Who of the following is LEAST likely to initiate use of a contraceptive during sexual intercourse?

A) Abram, who is seventeen and dating another seventeen-year-old

B) Paul, who is seventeen and dating a twenty-year-old

C) Jerry, who is fourteen and dating a fourteen-year-old

D) Henry, who fourteen and dating a seventeen-year-old

59) Which of the following is TRUE regarding adolescent pregnancy?

A) Nearly all adolescent pregnancies in the United States are planned.

B) Adolescents in the United States are more sexually active than their counterparts in the Netherlands.

C) The United States has one of the lowest rates of adolescent pregnancy among developed countries.

D) The U.S. adolescent pregnancy rate is four times higher than in the Netherlands.

60) In 2014, the U.S. birth rate for 15- to 19-year-olds was

A) the highest ever recorded.

B) the lowest ever recorded.

C) only slightly higher than the rate in 1991.

D) still increasing, but at the lowest rate in fifty years.

61) Which of the following was NOT cited in your text as a possible reason for the decrease in rates of adolescent pregnancy in the United States?

A) health education classes

B) fear of sexually transmitted infections

C) lack of consenting partners

D) increased contraceptive use

62) In the United States, approximately how many adolescent pregnancies are unintended?

A) 26 percent

B) 41 percent

C) 64 percent

D) 82 percent

63) In the United States, which of the following ethnic groups has the highest rates of adolescent pregnancy?

A) Latina adolescents

B) African American adolescents

C) non-Latina White adolescents

D) Asian American adolescents

64) Which of the following STIs is a bacterial infection?

A) genital herpes

B) AIDS

C) syphilis

D) genital warts

65) Which of the following STIs is a viral infection?

A) gonorrhea

B) chlamydia

C) syphilis

D) genital warts

66) Which of the following sexually transmitted infections, if untreated, leads to paralysis or even death?

A) genital herpes

B) gonorrhea

C) syphilis

D) chlamydia

67) Which of the following sexually transmitted infections can be treated with penicillin?

A) genital herpes

B) AIDS

C) syphilis

D) genital warts

68) ________ is caused by a virus that destroys the body's immune system.

A) AIDS

B) gonorrhea

C) syphilis

D) chlamydia

69) Eric recently introduced his partner, John, to his friends at a party. Though they were extremely happy together, John grew concerned that Eric often took ill, especially late into the night, and experienced no relief despite the medications for his persistent cough and frequent bouts of fever. John's fears grew even more intense when the doctor detected swollen lymph nodes and substantial weight loss in John. From the scenario, we can infer that Eric is likely suffering from

A) genital warts.

B) gonorrhea.

C) syphilis.

D) AIDS.

70) One in five U.S. adults has a sexually transmitted infection called ________ that is caused by a family of viruses and involves an eruption of sores and blisters. This infection has no known cure, but antiviral medications can shorten outbreaks.

A) syphilis

B) gonorrhea

C) genital herpes

D) chlamydia

71) AIDS has reached epidemic proportions in

A) southern Europe.

B) western Europe.

C) Australia.

D) sub-Saharan Africa.

72) Which of the following is associated with adolescent mothers more than with adult mothers?

A) more time in play with the child

B) lower rate of repeated pregnancy

C) healthier children

D) less use of competent child care

73) Which of the following is NOT associated with adolescent mothers?

A) They are more likely to give birth to low birth weight infants.

B) They are more likely to be depressed.

C) They are more likely to graduate on time.

D) They are more likely to display behavioral problems.

74) According to recent research, the percentage of overweight U.S. 12- to 19-year-olds increased by approximately ________ from the early 1990s to 2013–2014.

A) 10 percent

B) 20 percent

C) 30 percent

D) 50 percent

75) A recent longitudinal study of 1,500 individuals revealed that between the ages of 14 and 24, the rate of obesity increased from 20 percent to

A) 24 percent.

B) 33 percent.

C) 42 percent.

D) 39 percent.

76) Studies suggest that between adolescence and emerging adulthood, rates of obesity

A) increase.

B) decrease.

C) remain the same.

D) decrease slightly.

77) Which combination of dietary changes and regular exercise was used in a three-month experimental study that demonstrated a capacity to reduce abdominal fat and insulin sensitivity in adolescent boys?

A) aerobic exercise and resistance exercise without caloric restriction

B) aerobic exercise and strength training with caloric restriction

C) resistance exercise and strength training without caloric restriction

D) aerobic exercise and resistance exercise with caloric restriction

78) In a study that compared a wide range of factors, which of the following was found to be the strongest predictor of a lower risk for being overweight?

A) diet quality

B) amount of screen time

C) participation in sports

D) other physical activity

79) Rates of moderate to vigorous exercise tend to ________ as one moves through adolescence.

A) increase

B) decrease

C) remain the same

D) increase dramatically

80) Which adolescent is MOST likely to engage in moderate to vigorous exercise?

A) Ally, an adolescent girl, on a weekday

B) Gail, an adolescent girl, on the weekend

C) Norm, an adolescent boy, on a weekday

D) Demetrius, an adolescent boy, on the weekend

81) Which of the following was discovered by a national study of U.S. adolescents to be one of the primary reasons adolescents engage in exercise?

A) to avoid cardiovascular problems in adulthood

B) to reduce high blood pressure

C) to present a more positive body image

D) to show inactive parents that exercise is beneficial

82) Adolescents from which of the following countries engage in the LEAST amount of exercise?

A) Germany

B) Ireland

C) Austria

D) the United States

83) Which of the following was NOT listed as a positive outcome associated with exercise during adolescence?

A) increased connectivity between brain regions

B) lower blood pressure

C) increased use of alcohol and marijuana

D) lower incidence of type 2 diabetes

84) Increases in screen time for adolescents is associated with all of the following EXCEPT

A) improved cardiovascular health.

B) being overweight.

C) higher stress.

D) lower activity levels.

85) A longitudinal study in which adolescents completed daily diaries in multiple grades found that difficulty understanding what was taught in school and struggling to complete assignments the next day was associated with

A) sleep deprivation.

B) self-esteem.

C) intelligence.

D) creativity.

86) Which of the following was NOT an outcome associated with adolescents who got less than 7.7 hours of sleep a night?

A) higher achievement

B) higher anxiety

C) peer-related problems

D) higher level of suicidal ideation

87) Research has found that adolescents' biological clocks undergo a shift as they grow older. This shift seems to be caused by a delay in the nightly release of

A) serotonin.

B) melatonin.

C) epinephrine.

D) vasopressin.

88) Which of the following represent the three major causes of death among American adolescents?

A) accidents, homicide, and suicide

B) obesity and AIDS

C) cancer, type 2 diabetes, and suicide

D) AIDS and other contagious diseases

89) Barry and his friends meet up every Saturday night to relax and unwind over a couple of drinks. However, by the end of these parties, where they also do drugs, many of Barry's friends have eight to ten drinks and are completely out of control. This is an example of

A) delirium tremens.

B) alcohol withdrawal syndrome.

C) binge drinking.

D) substance dependence.

90) According to recent research, if the use of marijuana is removed from the illicit drug index, illicit drug use among teens ________ between the years of 2008 and 2013.

A) increased

B) decreased

C) remained the same

D) was not the focus of any studies

91) Regarding substance abuse in adolescence, which of the following is TRUE?

A) Use of alcohol by high school seniors is higher now than it was in 1980.

B) Cigarette smoking has dropped nearly 50 percent since 1996 among eighth-graders.

C) Binge drinking is more common among females than males.

D) Most teens view cigarette smoking in a positive light.

92) One study (Patrick & Schulenberg, 2010), found that the strongest predictor of substance use in adolescence is ________ factors.

A) peer

B) parental

C) cultural

D) economic

93) ________ is an eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.

A) Binge-eating disorder

B) Anorexia nervosa

C) Orthorexia nervosa

D) Trichotillomania

94) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding anorexia nervosa?

A) Anorexics weigh less than 85 percent of what is considered normal for their age and height.

B) Anorexia typically begins in young adulthood and occurs equally in males and females.

C) The intense fear of weight gain experienced by anorexics dissipates with minimal weight loss.

D) The symptoms of anorexia differ across genders with males reporting substantially less dissatisfaction with body image.

95) Alice was the youngest of three children raised by an authoritarian father. Alice's mother left them when she was 10 and Alice had managed to function well despite coming from a broken home. When she was 16, her boyfriend of 3 years ended their relationship abruptly. Alice grew convinced that he had left her because she was not appealing enough, and she began to diet extensively. Her school performance dropped, she grew uncomfortable around friends, and she became painfully thin. Mealtimes at Alice's home were not fixed, and her siblings and father often ate outside and failed to notice that she would hardly eat throughout the day. From the information provided in the scenario, we can say that Alice

A) smokes and drinks excessively.

B) often takes high doses of prescription drugs.

C) is suffering from anorexia nervosa.

D) is overweight and at high risk for many lifestyle diseases.

96) Melinda is nearly 18 years old and her parents are concerned about her. They feel she eats very little, worries too much about her weight, and has undue fears about her appearance. Her weight has dropped from 135 to less than 100 pounds, and Melinda's mother is worried about her undertaking strenuous exercises without substantial food intake. Which of the following is the most accurate statement concerning Melinda's situation?

A) Melinda is showing an adolescent's normal preoccupation with her bodily changes.

B) Melinda's preoccupation with her body will stop once she has reached her target weight.

C) Melinda's behavior is showing signs of bulimia nervosa and her parents should be concerned.

D) Melinda's parents are right to be concerned because Melinda is showing signs of anorexia nervosa.

97) ________ is an eating disorder in which the individual consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern.

A) Bulimia nervosa

B) Diabulimia

C) Anorexia nervosa

D) Polyphagia

98) Bulimia nervosa is characterized by

A) the restriction of food intake.

B) induced vomiting and use of laxatives.

C) preoccupation with numerous dieting strategies.

D) preoccupation with increasing one's weight.

99) Abby has been noticing how her sister Dora has started spending a long time in the bathroom immediately after meals. Abby knows that Dora is a perfectionist when it comes to physical image and often has trouble controlling her emotions. Abby suspects Dora forces herself into vomiting the food she has just eaten. From the information provided in the scenario, we can infer that Dora is

A) obese.

B) bulimic.

C) anorexic.

D) phobic.

100) Difficulties controlling their emotions and a highly perfectionist mentality are characteristics of individuals suffering from

A) bulimia nervosa.

B) intellectual disabilities.

C) type 2 diabetes.

D) asthma.

101) Describe the "storm-and-stress" view of adolescence. Has is it been validated in research on adolescents?

102) Briefly explain the emergence of adulthood.

103) According to Jeffrey Arnett, what are the five key features of emerging adulthood?

104) Define puberty.

105) What are the physical changes that occur in males during puberty?

106) What are the physical changes that occur in females during puberty?

107) Explain the pattern of the pubertal growth spurt in boys and girls.

108) How do the sex glands work?

109) Explain the role of testosterone and estradiol in bringing about pubertal changes.

110) What are the gender differences regarding body image among adolescents?

111) Discuss the benefits and problems associated with early and late maturation for boys.

112) Discuss the benefits and problems associated with early and late maturation for girls.

113) Describe the development of an adolescent's sexual identity.

114) Briefly explain contextual and cognitive factors related to sexual risk taking in adolescence.

115) Briefly describe sexually transmitted infections.

116) Describe AIDS and its treatment options.

117) Explain the role of melatonin in sleep regulation in older adolescents.

118) What are the leading causes of death in adolescence?

119) Explain the role of parents and peers in preventing adolescent drug abuse.

120) Describe two adolescent eating disorders and the characteristics of individuals with each disorder.