Test Bank Answers Ch.15 Cognitive Development in Adolescence

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 15 Cognitive Development in Adolescence

1) In the ________ stage, individuals are no longer limited to actual experiences as anchors for thought.

A) sensorimotor

B) preoperational

C) concrete operational

D) formal operational

2) The formal operational stage is characterized by

A) animistic reasoning.

B) coordination of perception and action.

C) logical reasoning about the world as reality.

D) abstract thinking.

3) According to Jean Piaget's theory, people going into adolescence are entering which stage?

A) sensorimotor

B) preoperational

C) concrete operational

D) formal operational

4) Children are likely to solve problems ________, whereas adolescents begin to solve problems ________.

A) idealistically; through inductive reasoning

B) through trial and error; systematically

C) by thinking them through carefully; by guessing

D) using heuristics; using past experience

5) Karl and Arlene are staring at an uprooted tree that fell in a storm. Karl can't imagine why it fell until he sees a major gust of wind come through; then he understands. Arlene is thinking about why she is sad that the tree fell and how that thought arose in her mind. In this example, Arlene is exhibiting ________ thought, while Karl is showing ________ thought.

A) abstract; concrete

B) concrete; abstract

C) abnormal; idealistic

D) deductive; inductive

6) Which of the following statements is TRUE about adolescents?

A) They are typically limited to solving problems through trial and error.

B) They are limited to actual experiences as anchors for thought.

C) They need to see the concrete elements A, B, and C to be able to make the logical inference that if A = B and B = C, then A = C.

D) They have an increased tendency to think about thought itself.

7) Idealistic beliefs about future possibilities are characteristic of the ________ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor

B) preoperational

C) concrete operations

D) formal operations

8) During the formal operational stage, ________ dominates.

A) trial-and-error problem solving

B) egocentrism

C) assimilation

D) pragmatism

9) Which of the following abilities appears during Piaget's formal operational stage?

A) the ability to reason logically about specific or concrete examples

B) the ability to classify things into different sets or subsets

C) the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

D) the ability to create a hypothesis and deduce its implications

10) According to Jean Piaget, adolescents differ from younger children in that younger children will have significant difficulty in

A) solving problems through trial-and-error.

B) differentiating between thoughts and reality.

C) dealing with concrete experiences.

D) creating and testing hypotheses.

11) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning enables adolescents to

A) indulge in idealistic thinking.

B) plan and systematically test alternatives.

C) overcome adolescent egocentrism in their thinking.

D) speculate about ideal characteristics they desire in themselves and in others.

12) Khloe has not been getting along with her best friend. She writes down all the difficulties they have been having and tries to generate possible reasons for them. She then considers what she can do to deal with the problems, weighing the pros and cons of each possibility. Khloe is using which of the following to solve her problem?

A) idealistic scenario reasoning

B) concrete operational reasoning

C) adolescent-egocentric reasoning

D) hypothetical-deductive reasoning

13) Which of the following is an example of hypothetical-deductive reasoning?

A) Andrew draws his family tree and is able to understand that his mother is also a daughter, a sister, and a wife at the same time.

B) Paula solves an algebraic problem by making plans to solve the problem and systematically testing each solution.

C) Ann resolves a fight with her friend by offering a compromise, an approach that had always worked in the past.

D) Viola learns how to play the piano by observing her mother closely while she plays the instrument, and then practicing by herself.

14) According to Piaget, hypothetical-deductive reasoning abilities develop in the ________ stage.

A) sensorimotor

B) preoperational

C) formal operational

D) concrete operational

15) John, an adolescent, was thinking about how animals think. Then he started thinking about why he was thinking about how animals think. Which of the following characteristics of the formal operational stage is John displaying in this example?

A) abstract thought

B) concrete thought

C) critical thought

D) egocentric thought

16) ________ is Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses about ways to solve problems and deduce their implications.

A) Idealistic scenario reasoning

B) Divergent thinking

C) Convergent thinking

D) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

17) The heightened self-consciousness of adolescence, the belief that everyone is as interested in them as they are in themselves, and a sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability are all parts of

A) adolescent egocentrism.

B) hypothetical-deductive reasoning.

C) realistic reasoning.

D) concrete operational thinking.

18) Paul feels extremely self-consciousness in public. He believes that everyone is watching him and that they all notice the pimple on the end of his nose. Paul's behavior is characteristic of

A) convergent thinking.

B) the imaginary audience phenomenon.

C) transitivity.

D) seriation.

19) Which of the following is an essential characteristic of the imaginary audience phenomenon?

A) sense of immortality

B) feeling of insignificance

C) sense of being "on stage"

D) sense of indestructibility

20) Which of the following is an example of the imaginary audience phenomenon?

A) Jean likes the challenge of dissecting frogs in his biology class.

B) Haley doesn't want to go to school today because everyone will see she is having a "bad hair" day.

C) Ashton sometimes takes LSD, yet she believes that she will never experience a "bad trip."

D) Bradley thinks that his parents have stupid political ideas, listen to horrible music, and are always doing annoying things.

21) Which of the following statements made by Barbara is an indicator of the imagined audience phenomenon?

A) "Why am I always thinking that bad things will happen to me?"

B) "My parents are so frustrating."

C) "I love arguing politics and religion."

D) "Everyone is going to notice that I'm wearing braces."

22) ________ refers to adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are, as well as in their sense of personal uniqueness and invincibility.

A) Personal fable

B) Social comparison

C) Adolescent egocentrism

D) Perspective thinking

23) Which of the following is a central characteristic of the personal fable?

A) Self-criticism

B) An awareness of others

C) A sense of uniqueness

D) A sense of being ordinary

24) ________ refers to adolescents' sense of invincibility that may also lead them to believe that they themselves are invulnerable to dangers and catastrophes that happen to other people.

A) Personal fable

B) Social comparison

C) Imaginary audience

D) Perspective thinking

25) Which of the following is an example of the personal fable?

A) Jake enjoys creative activities such as making Christmas decorations.

B) Haley doesn't want to go to school today because everyone will notice that she has a pimple on her face.

C) Ashton drives fast and recklessly but believes she will never get in an accident because it could never happen to her.

D) Bradley constantly compares himself with his friends and feels that he is inferior to them.

26) Emma often shoplifts, as well as other petty crimes, with her group of friends. Even though she has heard that people eventually get caught while shoplifting, she feels that it will never happen to her. Emma's belief is characteristic of

A) a personal fable.

B) social comparison.

C) the imaginary audience phenomenon.

D) perspective thinking.

27) Which of Ethan's statements is an indicator of a personal fable?

A) "Nobody could possibly understand how I feel."

B) "My parents are so boring."

C) "I love listening to music."

D) "Why can't I stop worrying about my driving test?"

28) According to recent research, social media sites such as Facebook may be promoting adolescent

A) self-interest.

B) sense of fair play.

C) animism.

D) concrete operational thinking.

29) Deanna Kuhn argues that the MOST important cognitive change in adolescence is

A) problem solving through trial-and-error.

B) increased concrete thinking.

C) reduced egocentrism.

D) improvement in executive functioning.

30) ________ invulnerability captures an adolescent's felt invulnerability related to personal or psychological distress.

A) Psychological

B) Natural

C) Danger

D) Induced

31) Driving recklessly at high speeds is an example of ________ invulnerability.

A) psychological

B) natural

C) danger

D) induced

32) ________ invulnerability captures an adolescent's felt invulnerability related to personal or psychological distress.

A) Psychological

B) Natural

C) Danger

D) Induced

33) ________ involves managing one's thoughts to engage in goal-directed behavior and self-control.

A) Mindfulness

B) Lower-order cognitive processes

C) Executive functioning

D) Mnemonic strategies

34) ________ memory is a kind of "mental workbench" where information is manipulated and assembled to help make decisions, solve problems, and comprehend written and spoken language.

A) Intermediate

B) Long-term

C) Short-term

D) Working

35) Making decisions and thinking critically are part of

A) mindfulness.

B) lower-order cognitive processes.

C) executive functioning.

D) mnemonic strategies.

36) Which of the following is a core component of executive functioning?

A) critical thinking

B) perception

C) attention

D) memory

37) Which of the following statements is TRUE about adolescent decision making?

A) Adolescence is a time of decreased decision making.

B) Adolescents make better decisions when they are emotionally aroused than when they are calm.

C) Young adolescents are less likely to generate different options than are children.

D) Adolescents need more opportunities to practice and discuss realistic decision making.

38) Controlling attention, reducing interfering thoughts, and being cognitively flexible are all elements of

A) working memory.

B) cognitive control.

C) egocentrism.

D) the imaginary audience.

39) Cognitive control is also referred to as inhibitory control or ________ control.

A) effortful

B) focused

C) dedicated

D) strenuous

40) Gladys demonstrated high levels of inhibitory control early in her development. We can predict that she will

A) make more money in her career than her peers who struggled with inhibitory control.

B) drop out of high school.

C) engage in risk-taking behavior such as the use of illicit drugs.

D) struggle with weight issues in adulthood.

41) Sophia demonstrated low levels of inhibitory control early in her development. There is a higher chance she will

A) make more money in her career than her peers who struggled with inhibitory control.

B) graduate high school on time.

C) avoid risk-taking behavior such as the use of illicit drugs.

D) struggle with weight issues in adulthood.

42) Being aware that options and alternatives are available and adapting to the situation requires cognitive

A) flexibility.

B) elasticity.

C) rigidity.

D) tutoring.

43) In terms of decision making, who is most likely to generate different options, examine a situation from a variety of perspectives, and consider the credibility of sources?

A) toddlers

B) children in early childhood

C) children in late childhood

D) young adolescents

44) Which decision is a teenager most likely to face?

A) whether to use blue or red to color a picture

B) whether to go to college or get a job

C) whether to buy an action figure or a new video game

D) whether to watch a cartoon or play outside

45) ________ states that decision making is influenced by two cognitive systems: "verbatim" analytical and gist-based intuitional that operate in parallel.

A) The executive function approach

B) Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

C) The fuzzy-trace dual-process model

D) The social constructivist approach

46) In the fuzzy-trace dual-process model, it is the ________ component that is seen to benefit adolescent decision making the most.

A) gist-based

B) analytical

C) deductive

D) inductive

47) Which of the following strategies can be used to improve adolescent decision making in an atmosphere of stress?

A) visual matrix

B) role playing

C) mnemonics

D) imaginary audience

48) Which of the following cognitive changes that occur during adolescence allow(s) for improved critical thinking?

A) increased breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains

B) improvement in concrete thinking

C) decreased interest in idealistic thinking

D) engaging in imaginary audience and personal story processes

49) If an individual has not developed a solid basis of ________ during childhood, critical-thinking skills are unlikely to mature in adolescence.

A) fundamental skills

B) literacy and math skills

C) hypothetical-deductive reasoning

D) personal fable

50) Adolescents who ________ display the greatest tendency toward risk-taking behaviors.

A) are in the presence of same-age peers

B) are in the presence of older peers

C) have permissive parents

D) are considered "popular" by their peers

51) Brady's friends are all going bungee jumping off the old bridge in town. If Brady has low inhibitory control, he will be more likely to

A) go along with his friends and make the jump.

B) refuse to go on moral principles.

C) refuse to go because his parents said no.

D) go along just to watch, but will not engage in the risky behavior.

52) ________ are beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be.

A) Perceptions

B) Ethics

C) Values

D) Thoughts

53) Over the past four decades, traditional-aged college students have shown a(n)

A) increased concern for personal well-being.

B) decreased concern for the well-being of others.

C) increased concern for the disadvantaged.

D) decreased concern for being well-off financially.

54) Implementation of ________ in schools benefits adolescents by helping them achieve higher grades, increase their goal setting, achieve higher self-esteem, and increase the likelihood that they will serve as volunteers in the future.

A) etiquette training

B) service learning

C) moral science

D) religious learning

55) One important goal of service learning is to help students

A) become less self-centered.

B) improve their grades.

C) develop their academic skills.

D) become more competitive and ambitious.

56) Researchers found that students who participated in service learning were more likely to

A) become self-centered.

B) have higher self-esteem.

C) participate in religious activities.

D) have lower grades.

57) At Boston Sacred Heart School, all the students in grades 9 to 12 are asked to participate in community-building programs. Students are asked to choose from a wide range of initiatives, such as helping older adults, conducting activities in orphanages, assisting animal-welfare workers, etc. The school also conducts group discussions in which children are encouraged to reflect upon their experiences. This program is aimed at enabling the students to become less self-centered and promote prosocial behavior. In this example, Boston Sacred Heart School uses

A) life skills-based training.

B) service learning.

C) classical conditioning.

D) operant conditioning.

58) ________ is a form of education that promotes social responsibility and helping others in the community.

A) Environmental science

B) Service learning

C) Hidden curriculum

D) Religious learning

59) Which of the following is NOT a criticism directed toward Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning?

A) gender bias

B) cultural bias

C) inadequate attention to parenting influences

D) too much emphasis on parenting influences

60) Recent research on moral reasoning and cohort effects have revealed that post-conventional moral reasoning among college students

A) is reaching post-conventional levels on most campuses.

B) is declining down to the conventional level.

C) is declining down to the lowest level, personal interests.

D) may be at an all-time high in recorded history.

61) Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your text as a way to improve moral reasoning among adolescents and emerging adults?

A) expanding moral education

B) better childrearing strategies

C) better social supports

D) lowering moral expectations

62) If Toby, a college freshman, is following the trend in post-conventional moral reasoning identified by Narvaez and Gleason, then he is probably most concerned about the welfare of

A) his fellow students.

B) his fellow citizens in the United States.

C) society in general.

D) himself.

63) According to your text, which developmental factor contributes to adolescents' increasing sensitivity with members of abstract groups with which they have little experience?

A) physical development

B) cognitive development

C) emotional development

D) intuitive development

64) ________ is an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation.

A) Forgiveness

B) Kindness

C) Empathy

D) Gratitude

65) Kendall realizes that her sister did not mean to ruin the sweater that she borrowed and told her sister that she understood it was an accident. Kendall is exhibiting

A) forgiveness.

B) kindness.

C) empathy.

D) gratitude.

66) ________ is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.

A) The hidden curriculum

B) Character education

C) The political orientation

D) Values clarification

67) In ________, the moral atmosphere is created by school and classroom rules, the moral orientation of teachers and school administrators, and text materials.

A) the hidden curriculum

B) character education

C) the political orientation

D) values clarification

68) A direct approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and harming themselves or others is called

A) the hidden curriculum.

B) character education.

C) service learning.

D) values clarification.

69) In the ________ approach, every school is expected to have an explicit moral code that is clearly communicated to students. Any violations of the code will be met with sanctions.

A) hidden curriculum

B) character education

C) political orientation

D) values clarification

70) Which of the following was NOT mentioned in your text as an outcome associated with higher levels of gratitude?

A) fewer depressive symptoms

B) increased thoughts of suicide

C) lower level of negative emotions

D) stronger sense of the meaning of life

71) After his grandmother drove him to the video store to buy a new game, Caleb stayed at his grandmother's home and raked her yard. Caleb was demonstrating

A) forgiveness.

B) kindness.

C) empathy.

D) gratitude.

72) A 2006 survey of secondary school students indicated that ________ had cheated on a school test during the past year.

A) 15 percent

B) 42 percent

C) 60 percent

D) 30 percent

73) Which of the following is a personality trait that correlates with a greater likelihood of cheating?

A) high level of self-talk

B) agreeableness

C) low conscientiousness

D) high levels of anxiety

74) Mark, an adolescent, attends a program in his school in which he is taught about basic moral concepts and behaviors that are in accordance with the school's moral code. Mark's instructor also warns him that any violation of the moral code would be bring sanctions. The program aims to teach students a basic moral code so that they do not engage in immoral behavior and cause harm to themselves or others. Which moral education program is Mark's school following?

A) hidden curriculum

B) character education

C) cognitive moral education

D) values clarification

75) Clarence High School is a private school in Cincinnati. The school instructs its students based on a written moral code and uses class discussions and role playing to do so. Rather than warning students against immoral behaviors, students are encouraged to understand and engage in prosocial behaviors. Clarence High School uses which of the following methods of moral education?

A) hidden moral curriculum

B) general character education

C) care perspective character education

D) values clarification program

76) Which of the following is a situational factor that increases the likelihood of cheating among adolescents?

A) A student perceives his or her teacher to be fair and competent.

B) A student knows his or her peers are not cheating.

C) A peer is caught and punished for cheating.

D) Student scores are made public.

77) Darcia Narváez emphasizes the use of Lawrence Kohlberg's approach and also aspects of the ________ approach to advocate for a(n) ________ approach.

A) character education; integrative

B) values clarification; character education

C) service learning; integrative

D) explicit curriculum; moral education

78) The hidden curriculum differs from character education in that the hidden curriculum

A) may be conveyed through means that are not fully intentional.

B) is based on the belief that students should develop such values as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops.

C) fails to stress distinctions between right and wrong behavior.

D) is usually based on an explicit moral code articulated only by senior staff and management.

79) The ________ approach to moral education encompasses the reflective moral thinking and commitment to justice advocated in Kohlberg's approach, along with an emphasis on developing a particular moral character as advocated in the character education approach.

A) integrative

B) normative

C) prescriptive

D) induced

80) The increase in ________ lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual concepts.

A) abstract thinking

B) trial-and-error learning

C) adolescent egocentrism

D) the imaginary audience phenomenon

81) A recent study linked higher levels of church engagement with increased

A) delinquency in adolescents.

B) suicidal ideation in adolescents.

C) risky behavior in adolescents.

D) academic performance in adolescents.

82) Studies that investigated the influence of religion among adolescents found a positive correlation between spirituality/religiosity and

A) risky behavior.

B) depression.

C) well-being.

D) neuroticism.

83) In Erik Erikson's (1968) theory, as part of their search for ________, adolescents begin to grapple in more sophisticated, logical ways with such questions as "Why am I on this planet?" "Is there really a God or higher spiritual being?" and "What really are my religious views?"

A) ego strength

B) identity

C) autonomy

D) a sense of competence

84) Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Critics stress that many high schools foster autonomy rather than passivity.

B) The transition to middle school from elementary school is a smooth one for most students.

C) Educators worry that middle schools mimic the curricular and extracurricular schedules of high schools.

D) Students in middle school tend to feel less grown up than they felt in elementary school.

85) Which of the following statements is TRUE about the top-dog phenomenon?

A) It refers to an adolescent's tendency to indulge in risk-taking behavior in order to maintain the top position among his or her peers.

B) It refers to the shock of moving from the top position in a previous school to the lowest position in the next school.

C) It refers to adolescents' belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are.

D) It refers to an adolescent's sense of uniqueness and invincibility.

86) Moving from the oldest student in middle school to the youngest in high school is known as the

A) top-of-the-heap phenomenon.

B) bottom-of-the-pile phenomenon.

C) top-dog phenomenon.

D) younger sibling syndrome.

87) Researchers who have charted the transition from elementary to middle school find that

A) many students find the transition to the first year of middle school to be difficult.

B) most students perform better in academic and extracurricular activities during the first year of middle school.

C) most students experience a decrease in concern about body image during the transition to middle school.

D) most students experience the imaginary audience phenomenon during the first year of middle school.

88) One finding from the Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development's 1989 report Turning Points was that most middle schools and junior high schools tend to

A) be too small to provide a diversified curriculum.

B) involve parents and community leaders in schools.

C) provide health-care and counseling services to students.

D) teach from seemingly irrelevant curricula.

89) The 1989 Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development report recommended that middle schools should

A) separate students into smaller, more personal units and involve parents more.

B) focus on the academic curriculum and downplay extracurricular programs.

C) increase student-to-counselor ratios.

D) be integrated with high schools to take advantage of having older adolescents as role models.

90) Turning Points 2000 continued to endorse the recommendations set forth in Turning Points 1989. One new recommendation in the 2000 report stated that

A) it is important to teach a curriculum grounded in rigorous academic standards for what students should know and should be able to learn.

B) large middle schools can develop smaller "communities" or "houses" to lessen their impersonal nature.

C) it is important to involve parents and community leaders in schools.

D) it is important to lower student-to-counselor ratios from several hundred-to-1 to 10-to-1.

91) Researchers have found that participation in extracurricular activities is linked to

A) reduced school engagement.

B) a greater likelihood of dropping out of school.

C) lower rates of depression.

D) lower self-esteem.

92) The National Research Council (2004) recommended which of the following as a way to improve U.S. high schools?

A) Involve students in public health care.

B) Discourage students from taking on community service involvements.

C) Find ways to get students more engaged in learning.

D) Encourage students to focus on one extracurricular activity at a time.

93) Which of the following is one of the MOST common causes for dropping out of high school?

A) early marriage

B) work to help support the family

C) school-related reasons such as not liking school

D) health problems

94) Educators wanting to reduce the dropout rate should

A) provide early reading programs and tutoring.

B) provide easy access to computers and instruction in computer technology.

C) provide monetary incentives for school attendance and academic performance.

D) raise the required number of days of attendance per year.

95) According to Robert Crosnoe's book, Fitting In, Standing Out, many adolescents

A) spend more time on their academics than on peer relations.

B) pay an academic price because of the demanding social aspects of school.

C) are very popular, so academics don't really matter to them.

D) are more likely to fit in if they are gay or obese.

96) Based on the few relevant studies we have, how does living in an economically disadvantaged family during adolescence differ from living in one during childhood?

A) It is less of a contributor to risk-taking behavior.

B) It fosters more negative achievement outcomes.

C) Adolescents are better equipped to handle barriers to success.

D) It causes a greater connection to religious beliefs.

97) Which of the following is a negative for many students in the transition to high school?

A) too much scrutiny from individual teachers

B) more bureaucracy

C) too little time with peers

D) too much time spent on academics

98) The high school dropout rate

A) for Native Americans is among the lowest, though data is hard to come by.

B) was slightly higher in 2014 than in the 1990s.

C) among ethnic groups was lowest for non-Latino Whites in 2014.

D) remains higher among males than females.

99) Which of the following is a recommendation of the 1989 Turning Points report with respect to student counselors?

A) Reduce the student to counselor ratio to 10 to 1.

B) Make counseling time mandatory.

C) Have student counselors focus more on academic outcomes than on emotional health.

D) Have academic teachers undergo training as counselors.

100) Which of the following is among the positives of the transition to middle school for many students?

A) smaller classrooms

B) more impersonal school structure

C) increased independence from parents

D) improved body image

101) Describe the characteristics of Jean Piaget's stage of formal operational thought and give examples of each characteristic. Discuss David Elkind's conceptualization of adolescent egocentrism.

102) Hector, an adolescent, often engages in rash driving. Though he has witnessed several of his friends getting hurt, he feels that such an eventuality will never happen to him. His friends have advised him not to drive while drinking. However, Hector believes that he is different from everyone else, and no one can understand how he really feels. Explain Hector's behavior using the adolescent egocentrism approach.

103) Describe the key changes in adolescent information processing and cognition.

104) What is adolescent egocentrism? What are its key components?

105) Describe danger invulnerability and psychological invulnerability.

106) What is working memory? What are the developmental changes in working memory during adolescence?

107) What are the factors that provide a basis for improvement in critical thinking during adolescence?

108) What is service learning and when is it most effective?

109) What are the changing values that are seen among adolescents today?

110) What is the hidden curriculum?

111) What is character education?

112) Describe the factors that make it more likely a student will cheat.

113) What is an integrative approach to moral education?

114) What changes often occur in an adolescent's religious development?

115) Describe Erikson's theory in relation to identity.

116) What is the role of parenting in the formation of religious beliefs?

117) What are the main reasons for students dropping out of high school, and what can be done to reduce the risk?

118) Describe some of the challenges of the transition from elementary school to middle school.

119) Summarize some of the recommendations of the 1989 report Turning Points: Preparing American Youth for the Twenty-First Century for how to improve American middle schools.

120) Explain the problem in American high schools highlighted by Robert Crosnoe's (2011) book, Fitting In, Standing Out.