Ch9 Test Bank Nancy Ogden 4ce Test bank test questions

CHAPTER 9

LANGUAGE AND THOUGHT

CHAPTER LEARNING OBJECTIVES

1. Define language, describe how we learn languages, describe parts of the brain that are involved in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills.

Language is a set of symbols used to communicate. Language comprehension understands verbal messages, and language production is creating them.
The study of language can be broken into phonology (sounds), semantics (meaning), syntax (grammar), and pragmatics (practical usage).
Most people follow a typical sequence of language acquisition that includes the ability to distinguish, but not produce, all possible phonemes at about 2 to 4 months of age, babbling at about 6 months, and speaking first words at around 1 year of age.
The standard way we learn language suggests that we have an inborn capacity for language learning, although environment contributes as well. There appears be a sensitive or critical period before about 13 years old when it is easiest to acquire language.
In most people, the language centres in the brain are in the left hemisphere. The main brain region important for speech production is Broca’s area. The main region for language comprehension is called Wernicke’s area. Several other areas of the brain are also active in language, including the frontal eye fields when we read.
There are small average gender differences in early language learning, with girls initially learning faster. These differences disappear with time.

2. Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Some thoughts, including mental imagery and spatial navigation, require no words.
The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that the amount of vocabulary we have available in our language for objects or concepts influences the way we think about those objects or concepts.

3. Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

We are capable of several different kinds of thought, and different types of thinking involve different brain regions, often including those related to the specific thoughts. We develop various thinking abilities gradually with age.
Controlled processing relies on the executive function of the brain. We become increasingly able to exert cognitive control as we age.
Problem solving is finding a way to reach a goal. Algorithms, problem-solving strategies that guarantee a solution if followed methodically, work best for well-defined problems. Short-cut strategies called heuristics may help with ill-defined problems.
Common problem-solving heuristics include working backwards, finding analogies to other problems, and forming subgoals. Heuristics can lead to difficulties in problem solving, including mental sets, functional fixedness, and confirmation bias.
Decision-making involves evaluating and choosing from among the options available to us. We often use heuristics to recall information to make decisions, but some, including the representativeness and availability heuristics, can bias our evaluations.
Rational models of problem solving suggest that we make elimination options and/or make weighted evaluations of the utility and probability of options. We often lack time, information, or cognitive resources for rational decision making, however, so we use a strategy of limited or bounded rationality.
Emotions often play a role in decision making, sometimes interfering with our ability to make rational decisions, but other times helping us to make efficient choices.
Metacognition is thinking about our own thoughts. It includes reviewing and evaluating our own memories, self-reflection, and theory of mind—inferring the intentions of other people. Mirror neurons in the brain contribute to theory of mind.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia are two mental disorders that include a major thought disruption.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which is the BEST definition of language?

a) an organized selection of signs and symbols

b) audible sounds that represent thoughts and ideas

c) a system of rules used to structure communication

d) a set of symbols used to communicate

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Define language, describe how we learn languages, describe parts of the brain that are involved in language, and discuss differences and problems that can affect people’s language skills.

Section Reference: Language

2. The fact that the word “compass” has multiple definitions refers to the notion of _______________.

a) syntax

b) semantics

c) morphemes

d) prefixes

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

3. When Jaemin calls her ex-boyfriend a “dog”, five-year-old Jillian wonders why Jaemin was dating a domesticated mammal that barks and wags its tail. Jillian is using the _____________ meaning of the word dog.

a) syntactical

b) figurative

c) lexical

d)phonological

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

4. Current evidence suggests that non-human animal language differs from human language in which of the following ways?

a) human language is always composed of sounds

b) human language is more complex

c) human language is essential for thought

d) human language is innate, whereas animal language is learned

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

5. Andrew arrived late to lunch. He was starving but was also anxious to tell his friends about a hilarious incident he had just observed. Despite Andrew’s garbled speech as he ate and spoke simultaneously, his friends were able to follow Andrew’s story, and all laughed when he got to the end. Why were Andrew’s friends able to follow his story if his speech was not clearly enunciated?

a) Andrew’s friends were concentrating on his story and so could decipher what he was saying.

b) Andrew has probably been friends with this group for a long time and so they were able to anticipate what he was going to say.

c) Language comprehension is mostly automatic, so we can understand speech even when it is unclear.

d) Andrew’s friends used other cues such as gestures and facial cues to guess what Andrew wanted.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

6. Which of the following is the smallest unit of sound in human speech?

a) morphemes

b) phonemes

c) syntax

d) pragmatics

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

7. The English language has about how many phonemes?

a) 10

b) 25

c) 40

d) 60

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

8. Morphemes are to ______________ as phonemes are to ___________.

a) sound; meaning

b) production; comprehension

c) comprehension; production

d) meaning; sound

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

9. The prefix “un” in the word unacceptable is an example of ___________.

a) a morpheme

b) grammar

c) a phoneme

d) syntax

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

10. Which of the options below organizes the elements of speech in terms of complexity?

a) morphemes, phonemes, syntax, pragmatics

b) morphemes, phonemes, semantics, pragmatics

c) phonemes, morphemes, phrases, sentences

d) syntax, semantics, pragmatics, discourse

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Language

11. To say that speech is _________ means that we make new sentences whenever we speak, rather than just restating old ones.

a) unlimited

b) productive

c) infinite

d) generative

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Language

12. The study of how individual sounds are used to produce language is called

a) semantics.

b) morphology.

c) phonology.

d) lexicology.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

13. Grammatical morphemes are

a) the speech components that give language meaning.

b) the speech components that refer to a word’s function.

c) the words that are dropped in telegraphic speech and are necessary to determine meaning.

d) the words that are dropped in telegraphic speech and are not necessary to determine meaning.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

14. Which element of language below is matched with the most appropriate area of language study?

a) –ing – morphology

b) /k/ – semantics

c) Melody stirred cream into her coffee – phonology

d) desk – syntax

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

15. ________________ is the set of grammatical rules that specifies how to arrange words and phrases in a sentence to convey meaning.

a) Symbolic representation

b) Syntax

c) Structure

d) Style

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

16. The system for using words and word order to convey meaning is called ______________.

a) semantics

b) phonology

c) morphology

d) syntax

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

17. Syntax is to _____ as phonemes are to _____.

a) practical; sound

b) sound; practical

c) letters; sentences

d) sentences; letters

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

18. Dr. Salim is a linguist studying the rules guiding the order of words and phrases in several of the world’s languages. Dr. Salim is a(n) ___.

a) syntactician

b) semanticist

c) phonologist

d) morphologist

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

19. Jaxon is a native English speaker who uses a sentence construction of subject-verb-object So Jaxon might say, “The man kicked the ball.” Daichi is a native Japanese speaker who uses a sentence construction of subject-object-verb. So Daichi might say, “The man the ball kicked.” Based on this example, we know that the native languages for each of these men differ in _____.

a) syntax

b) semantics

c) pragmatics

d) veridical linguistic components

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

20. Which component of language below is correctly matched to its description?

a) pragmatics – social communication

b) syntax – speech sounds

c) semantics – word order

d) phoneme – meaning

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

21. When Brady, a copyeditor, is tutoring his niece for an English test, he explains that there is a term for the way words and phrases are structured as well as a term for how each word is understood. These terms are

a) "syntax" for structure and "semantics" for understood.

b) "semantics" for structure and "syntax" for understood.

c) "phonemes" for structure and "morphemes" for understood.

d) "morphemes" for structure and "phonemes" for understood.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

22. The practical aspects of language usage including speech pace, gesturing, and body language is known as

a) semantics.

b) linguistics.

c) pragmatics.

d) phonetics.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

23. Which of the following best describes the difference between gestures and non-verbal communication?

a) Gestures are learned by observing others, non-verbal communication is innate.

b) Non-verbal communication is learned by observing others, gestures are innate.

c) Gestures are used to express greater emotion than non-verbal communication.

d) Non-verbal communication is used to express greater emotion than gestures.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

24. As you are sitting in a restaurant, you are observing the other people sitting around you. Although you cannot hear them, you can tell that the couple in the corner are having an argument. What information might give you that information?

a) semantics

b) pragmatics

c) phonology

d) syntax

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

25. Jose was furious with his seven year old daughter, Olivia, for going into the deep end of the pool when he went into the change room to get dry towels. He had forbidden her to get into the pool without him and she did it anyway. Olivia saw him stalking toward her, wearing an angry expression, while he signalled for her to get out of the pool by sharply waving his hand toward the side of the pool. Even though Jose had said nothing Olivia knew she was in trouble. Which of the statements below correctly identifies the relationship between non-verbal communication, pragmatics, and gesturing from this scenario?

a) All three terms are synonymous and used interchangeably and refer to all of Jose’s behaviours.

b) Non-verbal communication includes pragmatics (stalking, angry expression) and gesturing (hand wave).

c) Pragmatics includes non-verbal communication (stalking, angry expression, hand wave) which is synonymous with gesturing (stalking, angry expression, hand wave.

d) Pragmatics includes non-verbal communication (stalking, angry expression) and gesturing (sharp hand wave).

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

26. Dhia is listening to her eight-year old son tell her about his school trip to the zoo. As he tells her about the different animals his hands are moving, his eyes are wide, and he is speaking very quickly. The aspect of language that allows Dhia to understand that her son is extremely excited is called _______________.

a) linguistics

b) pragmatics

c) semantics

d) phonetics

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

27. Asher and his sister Kennedy were fighting over which television channel they should watch. When they looked up, their mother was standing at the door with her arms crossed. Even though their mother did not say anything, her body language and the expression on her face told Asher and Kennedy that she was angry. Their mother was using _____________ to let her children know she was angry.

a) semantics

b) pragmatics

c) phonology

d) syntax

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

28. A dog barks, a cow moos, a cat meows, and a baby cries These are all examples of

a) language.

b) tones.

c) vocalizations.

d) phonemes.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

29. Which of the following is NOT true about language development?

a) Three-year old children typically have a vocabulary of about 1,000 words.

b) Six-year old children have a typical vocabulary of about 3,000 words.

c) Vocabulary increases in size and sophistication throughout early adulthood.

d) Memory for vocabulary declines even in the healthy elderly.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Language

30. Cooing refers to the production of ______________.

a) three distinguishable sounds for hunger, anger, and pain

b) vowel-like sounds

c) vowel-consonant combinations

d) one-word utterances

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

31. Lauren is 3-months-old and has recently begun grabbing her toes and saying, "Oooh". She has also found her voice and likes to repeat, "Ahh…ahh…ahh". Lauren is demonstrating

a) cooing.

b) babbling.

c) overgeneralization.

d) telegraphic speech.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

32. Which of the following accurately describes a characteristic of the prevocal learning stage of language development?

a) Babies begin cooing.

b) Babies make gestural hand movements.

c) Babies are able to perceive the phonemes of every language.

d) Babies begin to babble.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

33. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of language development at age one year?

a) Speaking begins.

b) Telegraphic speech occurs.

c) Babies understand approximately 50 words.

d) Language comprehension is greater than language production.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

34. Fabian becomes very excited when his four-month-old son says “da-da-da”. What would you tell Fabian about the sounds his son is making?

a) That his son has just spoken his first word which is typical at this age.

b) That his son is not referring to his father, but he is actually cooing which is typical at this age.

c) That his son is not referring to his father, but he is actually babbling which is typical at this age.

d) That his son is not referring to his father, but he is actually making prevocal sounds which is typical at this age.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

35. In language development, three years of age is to __________, as four years of age is to ____________.

a) telegraphic speech; grammar

b) grammar; pragmatics

c) pragmatics; grammar

d) pragmatics; non-verbal communication

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

36. Which of the following utterances would indicate a child is beyond the stage of telegraphic speech in language development?

a) Daddy wikes Zoe’s hug.

b) Mommy go shopping?

c) Boys play ball.

d) Me swimmed.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

37. Dorian is 18 months old; Constance is 3 years old. Dorian’s vocabulary probably contains about ___ words. Constance’s vocabulary contains about ___ words.

a) 50; 500

b) 100; 500

c) 50; 1000

d) 100; 1000

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

38. Which of the following is the best example of telegraphic speech?

a) "Me go?"

b) "Baba" (for baby)

c) "I goed to the zoo with Nana"

d) "Mama" while pointing at a pair of shoes

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

39. Jory, six, has a vocabulary of about _____ words; whereas Nicholi, three, has a vocabulary of about _____ words.

a) 500; 100

b) 3,000; 1200

c) 5,000; 1000

d) 10,000; 5,000

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

40. One reason that children in socio-economically disadvantaged homes struggle in academic settings is because children from these homes on average hear _____. The questions we need to ask is ____?

a) more words; more affirmations; more prohibitions; how

b) more words, fewer affirmations, fewer prohibitions; who

c) fewer words, fewer affirmations, fewer prohibitions; where

d) fewer words, fewer affirmations, and more prohibitions; why

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

41. Which of the following children, based on statistics alone, is likely to show the earliest language acquisition?

a) Fay, a little girl who comes from a low-income family

b) Thiago, a little boy who comes from a low-income family

c) Ji-min, a little girl who comes from a high-income family

d) Kobe, a little boy who comes from a high-income family

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

42. Noam Chomsky argued that children are prewired with a set of cognitive and neurological abilities, referred to as a(n)_____________, which is used to analyze language.

a) language achievement module (LAM)

b) language acquisition device (LAD)

c) language and grammar processor (LGP)

d) central language network (CLN)

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Language

43. With regards to language development, B. F. Skinner was to ___________ as Noam Chomsky was to _____________.

a) biology; biology

b) biology; learning

c) learning; biology

d) learning; learning

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

44. Jules and Abe, two undergrad psychology students, are preparing for a presentation on language development. Jules is going to present evidence in favor of Chomsky's position, while Abe is going to focus on Skinner's position. What will each student include in his presentation?

a) Chomsky's position advocates that we are prewired to learn language, while Skinner's position places value on rewarding language from a young age.

b) Skinner's position believes in an innate language acquisition device, whereas Chomsky's position does not.

c) Skinner's advocates that we are prewired to learn language, while Chomsky's position places value on rewarding language from a young age.

d) Chomsky's position believes that experience shapes our development of language skills, whereas Skinner's position does not.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

45. A ___________ is a window of time in development during which certain environmental influences are necessary for appropriate formation of the brain.

a) critical period

b) sensitive period

c) neuroplastic period

d) acquisitional period

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

46. When it comes to the role of certain influences in language development, critical period is to ______________ as sensitive period is to _________.

a) brain; environment

b) environment; brain

c) necessary; susceptible

d) susceptible; necessary

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

47. The tragic case of Genie was used to test the hypothesis of a ____________ period of language development.

a) critical period

b) sensitive period

c) neuroplastic period

d) acquisitional period

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Language

48. Right handed Alon was in a serious car accident when he was two years old and suffered a severe concussion and some injury to the left side of his brain. Nevertheless, Alon’s language capabilities are like other children his age. Two possibilities for the fact that Alon developed language despite his brain injury could be _____ or _____.

a) sensitive period; stages of language development

b) neuroplasticity; critical period

c) genetic invulnerability; stages of language development

d) neuroplasticity; gifted intelligence

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

49. When Mariko held out a glass and said, “Milg,” her mother took the glass and gave Miriko more milk. But when Mariko said, “Yipin go?” Her mother looked puzzled and did nothing. This example is relevant to _____ suggestion that language development occurs as a result of _____.

a) Chomsky’s; a language acquisition device (LAD).

b) Chomsky’s; child-directed speech

c) Skinner’s; innate capabilities

d) Skinner’s; reinforcement and punishment

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

50. Which of the following facts is correctly tagged with the extent to which it offers support for the learning theory approach to language development?

a) The more that parents speak to their young children, the more proficient the children become in language use—consistent with learning theory approach.

b) Children are reinforced not only when they use language correctly, but also when they use it incorrectly—consistent with learning theory approach.

c) Psychologists have discovered specific genetic and brain mechanisms supporting language acquisition—irrelevant to learning theory approach.

d) Children make over-regularization errors when formal grammar instruction begins—inconsistent with learning theory approach.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

51. _____ believe that experience combines with biological development to enhance and guide language learning.

a) Learning theorists

b) Interactive theorists

c) Nativist theorists

d) Cognitive theorists

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Language

52. Which of the following accurately describes differences in brain activation during speech in persons who are deaf and use sign language as compared to typically-hearing persons?

a) Wernicke’s area is not active during sign language, but Broca’s area is more active.

b) Broca’s area is activated less in sign language and Wernicke’s area is activated the same.

c) Broca’s area is not active during sign language, but Wernicke’s area is more highly active.

d) Neither Broca’s nor Wernicke’s areas are active in sign language. Only motor areas are active.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

53. Henry was speaking to his granddaughter using child directed speech. Which of the following is NOT something Henry would be doing?

a) Speaking in a higher-pitched frequency.

b) Speaking louder.

c) Repeating words and exaggerating his expression.

d) Speaking at a slower pace.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

54. Alexis is the Canadian mother of a four-month-old girl. Huan, is the Chinese mother of a four-month-old baby boy. Which of the following accurately describes the two women’s use of child-directed speech?

a) Alexis would use child-directed speech. Huan would not use child-directed speech.

b) Alexis would use less child-directed speech than Huan.

c) Both women would use no child-directed speech until their babies were closer to one year old.

d) Both women would use child-directed speech, but the characteristics would be different.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

55. Four-year-old Jimmy tells you he lost the race because “runned fast but falled down.” Jimmy’s speech exemplifies ___; your text suggests that such errors provide evidence for the role of ___ in language development.

a) overregularization; biology

b) overregularization; learning

c) agrammaticism; biology

d) agrammaticism; learning

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

56. Reading typically becomes less difficult around the age of _______ as it becomes a(n)_________________ process.

a) 7; controlled

b) 7; automatic

c) 8; controlled

d) 8; automatic

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

57. Reading is a complicated behaviour that

a) becomes increasingly laborious after age 8.

b) emerges following initial myelination of neuronal pathways.

c) emerges after the foundations of language production and comprehension have been laid down.

d) is reflexive from the outset.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

58. Shannon is listening to her best friend tell her about the first day of her new job. As her friend talks, Shannon cannot help but think about how her friend is able to talk using so many different words, and how she never seems to say the same thing the same way twice. Shannon’s friend is an illustration of how language production is

a) generative.

b) infinite.

c) fluent.

d) spontaneous.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

59. Emile suffered brain damage to his right hemisphere. What impairment might Emile now have?

a) Emile will have trouble producing language.

b) Emile will have trouble comprehending language.

c) Emile’s will use grammar incorrectly.

d) Emile will take figurative language literally.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

60. ________ is a condition arising from damage to a brain region anterior to Broca’s area that leaves the patient incapable of using words in grammatical sequence.

a) Broca’s aphasia

b) Wernicke’s aphasia

c) Grammatical agnosia

d) Agrammatism

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Language

61. ________________ is a neurological condition arising from damage to the brain region involved in speech production.

a) Broca’s agrammatism

b) Wernicke’s agrammatism

c) Broca’s aphasia

d) Wernicke’s aphasia

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

62. After suffering a stroke, seventy-five-year-old Robert exhibits a speech pattern whereby he is able to talk but lacks grammar. Robert likely sustained damage to __________ and is suffering from ________________.

a) Wernicke’s area; Wernicke’s aphasia

b) the region anterior to Broca’s area; Broca’s aphasia

c) the region posterior to Broca’s area; agrammatism

d) the region anterior to Broca’s area; agrammatism

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

63. ________________ is a brain region located in the ___________ lobe that is important for language comprehension.

a) Broca’s area; frontal lobe

b) Broca’s area; temporal lobe

c) Wernicke’s area; frontal lobe

d) Wernicke’s area; temporal lobe

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

64. Whitney is trying to understand a sonnet as her professor recites it. Yuko is thinking about the literary devices in a sonnet as she prepares an essay for an English class. Which of the following is the most specific statement in which we can be confident regarding the brain areas active in these two students?

a) The brain is active in both students.

b) The left hemisphere is active in both students.

c) Language areas are active in both students.

d) Wernicke’s area is active in both students.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

65. Megan suffered a brain injury in a diving accident and since the accident speaks fluently and grammatically but without meaning. Megan may have a neurological condition known as _____.

a) Broca’s aphasia

b) Wernicke’s aphasia

c) Agrammatism

d) Dysgrammatism

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

66. When agrammatism occurs in conjunction with Broca’s aphasia, there also tends to be problems with

a) language production.

b) reduced vocabulary.

c) language comprehension.

d) naming common objects.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

67. The difference between Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia is that Broca’s aphasia is a deficit in ___ and Wernicke’s aphasia is a deficit in ___.

a) processing speech; processing non-linguistic sounds

b) speech production; language comprehension

c) understanding grammar; understanding vocabulary

d) semantics; pragmatics

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Section Reference: Language

68. Katelyn, 10, and her mother, Jackie, age 40, are both learning to speak Spanish. Which of the following accurately reflects the brain areas recruited for each while learning a second language?

a) Katelyn – Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas; Jackie – prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe

b) Katelyn – Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas; Jackie – Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

c) Katelyn – prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe; Jackie – prefrontal cortex and temporal lobe

d) Katelyn and Jackie would both show involvement in Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas as well as in the somatosensory cortex.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

69. In addition to Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas, the area of the brain involved in the use of profanity is the ________.

a) right parietal lobe

b) left parietal lobe

c) amygdala

d) prefrontal cortex

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

70. Jeremy begins cursing at the slow driver in front of him. How do you know that Jeremy’s amygdala been activated?

a) Because he has used emotional language.

b) Because the pace of the car is too slow.

c) Because he is engaging in social interaction.

d) Because he cannot retrieve syntax.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Section Reference: Language

71. Research using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has shown that

a) inactivation of the amygdala temporarily leaves children unable to respond to words with emotional significance.

b) inactivation of Wernicke’s area temporarily leaves children learning two languages without the ability to comprehend one of the languages.

c) inactivation of the left hemisphere leaves a person temporarily without language.

d) inactivation of the right hemisphere temporarily impairs the ability of people to understand metaphors.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

72. Vanessa lives in a low SES home with her single mother. Matthieu lives in a blended middle class family. Aramis lived in a high income family with both biological parents. Which of the following statements regarding Vanessa, Matthieu, and Aramis is accurate?

a) Most to least affirmations: Aramis 🡪 Vanessa 🡪 Matthieu

b) Most to least prohibitions: Matthieu 🡪 Aramis 🡪 Vanessa

c) Most to least words per hour: Aramis 🡪 Matthieu 🡪 Vanessa

d) There is an insufficient amount of information provided to know how parent-child communication occurs in these homes.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

73. Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding reading and brain areas?

a) frontal eye fields – activated when you read about the taste of something

b) amygdala – activated by obscenities, disgust words; anxiety-provoking subjects

c) olfactory bulb and piriform cortex – eye movements activate this area

d) thalamus and primary gustatory cortex – activated by words that evoke odour

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

74. At what age do gender differences in early language learning diminish?

a) 2

b) 3

c) 4

d) 5

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Section Reference: Language

75. A notable gender difference had been observed in language learning. Which statement below is supported by data?

a) Girls show an advantage early, learning language more quickly and outpacing boys in language skills in elementary school. However, this difference is gone by young adulthood.

b) Boys and men outperform girls and women in language throughout the lifespan.

c) Girls and women outperform boys and men in language throughout the lifespan.

d) Boys learn language more slowly, catch up by age two, then out-perform girls during the elementary school years, maintaining this advantage into young adulthood.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Section Reference: Language

76. Which of the following statements about gender differences in language processing is FALSE?

a) Women are significantly more proficient at language abilities than men.

b) Women are more likely to use both hemispheres for a language task whereas men are more likely to use one hemisphere.

c) Girls outpace boys in language skills used in elementary school.

d) Girls acquire speech and language comprehension at a faster rate than boys.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

77. Language learning shows a gender advantage for girls until early adulthood. It is however unclear whether this difference is due to an actual sex difference or whether this gender-based difference is socially based. For example, girls are more likely to engage in activities related to performance as a good student, such as taking notes, studying, paying attention, and so on. How could this question be experimentally assessed?

a) Researchers could assess scores on language measures for groups of students, as well as measure variables related to study skills and classroom deportment and then compare groups by gender across all variables.

b) Researchers could manipulate hours of studying or homework as an independent variable.

c) Researchers could hold hours of studying or homework constant.

d) Researchers could randomly select the samples of girls and boys used in the study.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

78. Chen, age 12, and his 6-year old sister, Li Mei recently moved to Canada from China. Which of the following would you predict about their ability to learn English?

a) They will both learn English, but Chen will struggle with it while Li Mei will learn very easily.

b) They will both learn English at the same speed.

c) They will both learn English, but Chen will probably always speak with an accent.

d) They will both struggle to learn English as they will no longer be able to distinguish English phonemes.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Section Reference: Language

79. Six-year-old Angela has just moved with her English-speaking family from Toronto to Spain and is being completely engulfed in the new language. Which of the following is most likely true about Angela’s Spanish proficiency?

a) She will have a more difficult time learning Spanish compared to her parents.

b) She will be unable to map the Spanish phrases onto English phrases.

c) She will always have an English accent when she speaks Spanish.

d) She will speak Spanish like a native.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Section Reference: Language

80. Which of the following uses mental imagery?

a) Deciding what sources you need to include in your research paper.

b) Practicing the sales presentation you are giving tomorrow.

c) Reviewing the list you made of the people you want to invite to your wedding.

d) Thinking about driving to your parents’ new home, picturing the layout of the streets.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

81. Dr. Gray shows participants a stylized map of a fictitious university. The map includes landmarks, such as a coffee shop, a library, a Registrar’s office, a bus depot, a gymnasium, classrooms etc. Some of the landmarks are close together, such as the library and the Registrar’s office. Others are far apart, such as the gymnasium, the classrooms, and the bus depot. Dr. Gray removes the map. Participants are asked to imagine walking from one specific landmark to another, either a nearby one or a more distant one. Participants press a key when they have reached the destination in their minds. What should Dr. Gray discover? What would such a result say about mental imagery?

a) Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant landmarks as between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual actions we perform with respect to real objects.

b) Participants should take the same amount of time to travel mentally between distant landmarks as between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the actual actions we perform with respect to real objects.

c) Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant landmarks than between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery reflects the actual actions we perform with respect to real objects.

d) Participants should take longer to travel mentally between distant landmarks than between close landmarks. This result would suggest that mental imagery does not reflect the actual actions we perform with respect to real objects.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

82. Chase is giving Diego directions to the lecture hall where they are both taking a class. As Chase is describing the route, Diego is picturing the different turns and landmarks in his mind. Chase is using _______, and Diego is using ________.

a) narrative; mental imagery

b) mental imagery; narrative

c) episodic memory; mental imagery

d) mental imagery; spatial navigation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

83. Wyatt and Savannah are cousins. Both are attending their grandfather’s funeral. To get to the funeral home Wyatt gets directions from Google Maps and from that memorizes a set of verbal instructions about where to turn and what landmarks to watch for. Savannah gets a visual image based on an image of a city map in her head. Which brain areas are most active in both Wyatt and Savannah?

a) Wyatt’s right hemisphere is more active than is Savannah’s right hemisphere.

b) The left hemisphere is more than the right in each.

c) Both hemispheres are equally active in each.

d) Savannah’s right hemisphere is more active than her left hemisphere.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

84. Dr. Patel shows child participants familiar with the series The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe, a map of Narnia. The map includes landmarks form the stories, such as the White Witches Castle, the Lamp Post, Cair Paravel, the Stone Table, Aslan’s Howe, and the Great Woods. Some of the landmarks are close together, and others are far apart. Dr. Patel lets the children examine the map and then takes it away. The children are then asked to imagine walking from one landmark to another, either a nearby one or a more distant one. Participants press a key when they have reached the destination in their minds. What should Dr. Patel find? What would such a result say about mental imagery?

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

85.How do we know that mental imagery CANNOT be the only means we have of representing thoughts?

a) We know that most people rely primarily on language to represent thoughts.

b) There are many concepts that do not have an adequate mental image.

c) Most thoughts are too dynamic to represent with a static mental image.

d) Prior to the development of language, thoughts are very basic and limited.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

86. According to Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis, __________________.

a) some cultures are smarter than others

b) our vocabulary determines how we perceive and categorize the world

c) our perceptions determine our words

d) our perception of the world changes as our language develops

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

87. Sapir and Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis would argue that

a) our thoughts dictate what words end up in the vocabulary of our language.

b) the words available for us to use in our language greatly influences our thinking.

c) thinking about saying a word activates the same brain area that would be involved in speaking the word.

d) our concepts are organized in different levels according to our cultural backgrounds.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

88. Which of the following suggests that our language determines the nature of our thought?

a) behaviourist theory

b) linguistic relativity hypothesis

c) interactive linguistic hypothesis

d) cultural relativity theory

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

89. If one culture has many more words to describe a specific concept, such as colour, it

a) means they can describe the concept in a way that it is better understood.

b) means they are better able to differentiate between the colours.

c) means they have a better understanding of the concept.

d) does not mean they have a better understanding of the concept of colour.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

90. According to the strict version of the linguistic relativity hypothesis, what would you predict about the ability of someone to discriminate different temperatures if they spoke a language that only had two words for temperature, hot and cold?

a) They would be far superior at discriminating between different temperatures.

b) They would not be able to discriminate between different temperatures.

c) They would have an easier time discriminating between different temperatures that are at the extreme ends of the spectrum, such as very hot or very cold.

d) They would only be able to discriminate between those temperatures that appear in their native language, but not temperatures that are at the extreme ends of the spectrum, such as very hot or very cold.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

91. According to a common myth, the Inuit have multiple words for “snow” that influence the complexity of their thoughts about it. Which hypothesis addresses this myth?

a) confirmation bias

b) functional fixedness

c) cognitive control

d) linguistic relativity

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

92. Seven-year-old Maryam knows that a human being is an animal. How would Maryam know this?

a) Knowledge of basic concepts is innate.

b) Knowledge of basic concepts has a genetic basis.

c) Knowledge of basic concepts is learned within the first year of life.

d) Knowledge of basic concepts is learned through experience and culture.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe how thought and language are related and summarize the linguistic relativity hypothesis.

Section Reference: The Relationship between Language and Thought

93. Which of the following illustrates controlled processing?

a) driving as a novice driver

b) driving as an experienced driver

c) taking a shower

d) walking out to your car from your front door

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

94. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of controlled processing?

a) It relies on a limited-capacity system.

b) It requires effort.

c) It requires more attention.

d) It allows us to process stimuli faster.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

95. Every day on her way to work, Elodie walks past a bakery. As she is training for a marathon, she must fight with herself not to go in and buy some of their wonderful chocolate chip cookies. In this example, Elodie is exhibiting

a) executive function.

b) executive restraint.

c) controlled processing.

d) cognitive control.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

96. Controlled processing

a) allows us to direct thought and action according to our intentions.

b) occurs without awareness.

c) is not susceptible to attentional disruptions.

d) is effortless.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

97. Samuel is looking for his very tall friend in an orange hat among the crowd at the Canada Day parade. Samuel’s behaviour is an example of

a) attentional control.

b) cognitive control.

c) automatic processing.

d) controlled processing.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

98. Logan was injured playing football and now shows impairments in the ability to control and direct mental activities. Logan may suffer from _____.

a) metacognitive dysfunction

b) attention dysfunction syndrome

c) dysexecutive syndrome

d) executive function disorder

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

99. Professor Wang is concerned about a student in his class. This student always requests extensions on assignments and, even then, cannot seem to organize the material for his papers or plan out what he wants to say. Professor Wang suspects that the student might have

a) metacognitive dysfunction.

b) attention dysfunction syndrome.

c) executive function disorder.

d) dysexecutive syndrome.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

100. Which of the following children is NOT correctly matched by age and outcome regarding cognitive control?

a) Elijah – age 7 years – saves some cookie for his friend Marcus, who is still outside

b) Camille – age 3 years – grabs a toy from her friend Mason

c) Hinata – age 5 years – gives up his turn to play on a video game so his friend Nadra can have more time to play

d) Farid – age 11 years – saves all his prize tokens at the video game room, waiting to trade them in after he amasses a large number, so he can get a better prize

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

101. Which of the following is NOT an example of cognitive control?

a) Saying “no” to a donut with your coffee because you are trying to lose weight.

b) Jumping in fright when someone jumps out from behind a door.

c) Learning how to make pottery.

d) Ignoring your demanding child in the backseat of your car to concentrate on the road.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

102. Neil is working on a Sudoku puzzle. The Sudoku puzzle is an example of a(n) ______________ problem.

a) coherent

b) algorithmic

c) well-defined

d) ill-defined

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

103. “Convert to a mixed numeral: 18/5,” states one problem in a fifth-grader’s arithmetic text. This is a(n) ___ problem. The ___ state is 3 3/5.

a) well-defined; terminal

b) well-defined; goal

c) ill-defined; terminal

d) ill-defined; goal

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

104. Isaac is saving enough money to take his partner on a surprise cruise. He has worked out how much money this will cost and has a plan how much money he will need to save each month. Isaac estimates that if he saves for eighteen months, he will have enough to take the trip. Isaac has a(an) _____:

a) well-defined problem

b) ill-defined problem

c) heuristic

d) algorithm

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

105. Esme must decide whether to attend her local university, which will decrease her costs, or a university in another province which, although it has a better standing, has higher tuition, and will cost her much more for living expenses. Esme is facing a(n) ______________ problem.

a) ill-defined

b) well-defined

c) ambiguously-defined

d) indeterminate

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

106. Kevin has just moved to a new city and is wondering where he might meet new friends. Kevin has a(n) _____________ problem.

a) socially-defined

b) ill-defined

c) well-defined

d) undefined

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

107. Algorithm is to problem solving as ______________.

a) recipe is to cake

b) shoes are to feet

c) reliability is to validity

d) morpheme is to grammar

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

108. The first step in solving a problem is

a) to figure out the goal.

b) to develop a representation of the problem.

c) to think of similar problems encountered in the past.

d) to identify the difference between the current state and the goal.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

109. Kanna has decided to sew herself a pair of pants. She has bought a pattern which will give her step-by-step instructions as to how to make the pants. Kanna will be using a(n)

______________ to make her pants.

a) formula

b) rule set

c) algorithm

d) heuristic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

110. A(n) _____ is a logical step-by-step procedure that will always produce a solution.

a) hypothesis

b) heuristic

c) algorithm

d) subgoal

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

111. Although most students dislike homework, it is especially important to have homework in math-based courses so that

a) students develop heuristics that will allow them to reach the right answer.

b) students develop heuristics that will allow them to complete the questions faster.

c) students learn the algorithms that will allow them to complete similar problems in the future.

d) students learn the algorithms that will increase the probability that they will sometimes find the answers to the problems.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

112. A machine can perform millions of calculations per second. This characteristic allows it to use what type of problem-solving strategy?

a) insight

b) functional

c) algorithmic

d) heuristic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

113. Which of the following is NOT a heuristic strategy in problem solving?

a) working backwards

b) insight

c) forming subgoals

d) searching for analogies

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

114. Which of the following is true of heuristics?

a) they allow people to make rapid and efficient judgments.

b) they are formulas for problem solving.

c) they are ways of eliminating lesser preferred options.

d) they are fixed paths to a goal state.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

115. Ben wants to find a new job. In an effort to attain this goal, he decides to look on two different websites for every job that he qualifies for, and then narrow down the options. This is an example of using ________ to solve a problem.

a) an algorithm

b) heuristics

c) a prototype

d) confirmation bias

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

116. Lael is weighing several job offers. She multiplies each job’s score on several criteria by the importance of the criteria, then sums the products. In the terminology of problem solving, Lael is attempting to use a(n) ___ to make her decision.

a) schema

b) analogy

c) algorithm

d) heuristic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

117. Simple rules used in problem solving, which do not guarantee a solution but do offer a likely short-cut to it are called __________________.

a) algorithms

b) prototypes

c) heuristics

d) rules of thumb

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

118. The representativeness heuristic hinders problem solving because it ignores _____ in favour of small sets of specific data already known to the person.

a) confirming information

b) prototypical information

c) base-rate information

d) hypothetical information

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

119. Inkar is at the drive-thru to pick up lunch for her and a friend with a budget of $20. She quickly scans the menu and performs a rough tally of her total to make sure that they’re good to order the items they wanted. What kind of strategy is Inkar using?

a) heuristic

b) working backwards

c) algorithm

d) mental set

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

120. Reagan and Sheng were trying to help their friend, Kaitlyn. Kaitlyn had fallen and hit her head and her friends thought she might have a concussion. Neither Regan nor Sheng were familiar with Kaitlyn’s neighbourhood. Sheng was on Google Maps and was methodically checking to see what emergency clinics were nearby. Reagan was looking to see which of the two malls in the area housed an emergency clinic, as she recalled that Kaitlyn had been to an emergency clinic in a mall that was close by one other time. Which statement best describes the problem solving strategies of Reagan and Sheng?

a) Both Reagan and Sheng are using algorithms.

b) Both Sheng and Reagan are using heuristics.

c) Sheng is using a heuristic, whereas Reagan is using an algorithm.

d) Sheng is using an algorithm, whereas Reagan is using a heuristic.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

121. Heuristic is to algorithm as _____ is to _____.

a). methodical; estimate

b) guaranteed correct answer; probable solution

c) factual; risk

d) short cut; time-consuming

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

122. Navya and Beatriz are looking to buy cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans is the better buy. Navya attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each contains. Beatriz suggests that “the larger size is usually a better buy.”Navya is using a(n) ___; Beatriz, a(n) ___.

a) heuristic; algorithm

b) algorithm; heuristic

c) schema; algorithm

d) heuristic; schema

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

123. While he is at school, Parker’s new kitten found a ball of string and “chased” it all around his apartment. When he arrives home the string is wound all around his furniture. Which problem solving strategy would most likely help Parker untangle the string from his furniture?

a) forming subgoals

b) working backwards

c) searching for analogies

d) insight

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

124. Javika went grocery shopping. She bought 3 cans of soup for $1.85 each, a box of crackers for $4.39, and two loaves of bread for $3.39 each. After paying the cashier, she received $3.28 back in change. How much money did she give the cashier? This question would be best solved by using the ___method.

a) forming subgoals

b) working backward

c) trial and error

d) using an analogy

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

125. Aiden is car shopping with a budget of $25,000. He knows the most important feature in the new car would be four-wheel drive. He also needs the car quickly, which means he will NOT have time to factory order anything. What would be the MOST effective problem solving method in this situation?

a) work backwards from the solution

b) availability heuristic

c) representativeness heuristic

d) an algorithm

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

126. Darnell is trying to decide who he should ask to supervise his research project. He talks to a number of his professors about their research, he reads their publications to see if the research interests him, and he talks to other students that were supervised by each professor. Darnell has been using the strategy of __________ to solve the problem of who he should ask to supervise his research project.

a) working backwards

b) searching for analogies

c) forming subgoals

d) insight

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

127. Marcella’s computer is not working. She remembers that when her cell phone broke last month she was able to find a shop that specialized in cell phone repair. She decides to look on-line to see if there are any shops that specialize in computer repair. Which problem-solving strategy is Marcella using to have her computer fixed?

a) forming subgoals

b) working backwards

c) searching for analogies

d) an algorithm

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

128. Solving a problem quickly without any apparent intensive effort or concentration is called _________.

a) an analogy

b) using subgoals

c) a heuristic

d) insight

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

129. Adele analyzed and reanalyzed her data set and could not make any sense of it. She finally gave up and went to a movie. On the drive home she suddenly realized what the problem was. Adele’s time at the movie provided her with a(n) _____ allowing Adele to experience a sudden solution known as _____.

a) encoding period; intuition

b) incubation period; insight

c) retrieval period; insight

d) discernment period; intuition

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

130. Anna said she could not put batteries in her new technology because she did not have a screwdriver. What problem-solving difficulty did not prompt her to find another device she could use to serve the same purpose?

a) confirmation bias

b) working backwards

c) functional fixedness

d) lack of imagination

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

131. When you use a knife as a screwdriver, you have _________________.

a) overcome functional fixedness

b) made use of the availability heuristic

c) overcome the representativeness heuristic

d) confirmed the linguistic relativity hypothesis

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

132. An artist who makes bracelets runs out of metal and beads with which to work. She decides to use safety pins to create jewelry. Which problem-solving barrier has she overcome?

a) functional fixedness

b) confirmation bias

c) representative heuristic

d) recognition heuristic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

133. Elise wants to get an apple from a tree but realizes that she won’t be able to since she only has a baseball bat with her, rather than a ladder or step stool. The fact that Elise thinks that the baseball bat can only be used to play baseball is referred to as __________________.

a) functional rigidity

b) problem-solving rigidity

c) functional fixedness

d) solutional unpreparedness

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

134. Which of the following best describes the relationship between mental set and functional fixedness?

a) Mental set is a type of functional fixedness.

b) Functional fixedness is a type of mental set.

c) They are both heuristics.

d) Both are strategies used for solving problems.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

135. We take evidence that is consistent with our beliefs more seriously than evidence that is inconsistent with our beliefs. This is known as the

a) confirmation bias.

b) availability heuristic.

c) representativeness heuristic.

d) selection bias.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

136. The tendency to seek out and pay attention only to information that fits with pre-existing beliefs, while ignoring contradictory evidence is called ______________.

a) the confirmation bias

b) fundamental fixation

c) a mental set

d) divergent thinking

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

137. Julien believes that women are bad drivers, and he points out any and every instance when he sees a woman driving badly. This tendency to search for information that confirms his expectations is know as

a) the confirmation bias

b) algorithm

c) a mental set

d) divergent thinking

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

138. Dr. Shelton is measuring the effects of eating a Mediterranean Diet on a group of overweight men. Over time he was able to demonstrate that his patients were significantly thinner than they had been before going on the diet. Dr. Shelton concluded that the effect was due entirely to the diet. However, he failed to consider other explanations for his findings. For example, many of the participants were exercising and others were just eating less food in general. What error is Dr. Shelton making?

a) inductive reasoning

b) reductive hypothesis testing

c) confirmation bias

d) framing

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

139. Roman is working on a research paper for his history class. While he is looking through books and articles, he finds some information that supports his thesis. However, when he finds an article disproving his thesis, he says the source is NOT reliable and moves on. This is an example of

a) confirmation bias.

b) functional fixedness.

c) creativity.

d) divergent thinking.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

140. When confronted with a problem, sticking with strategies that have worked in the past instead of trying new or more effective solutions is called _________________.

a) mental rigidity

b) a mental set

c) functional rigidity

d) a functional set

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

141. A _____ is tendency to use problem-solving strategies that have worked in the past; _____ is a type of _____.

a) mental set; functional fixedness; mental set

b) functional fixedness; mental set; functional fixedness

c) metacognition; confirmation bias; metacognition

d) confirmation bias; metacognition; confirmation bias

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

142. Nayla is a slender woman who is graceful, soft-spoken, and athletic. Rachel mistakenly guesses that Nayla is a ballet dancer, rather than a CEO of a Fortune 500 company. Rachel used ____________ in her judgement of Nayla.

a) a mental set bias

b) a confirmation bias

c) the availability heuristic

d) the representativeness heuristic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

143. Estimating the probability of something based on how well the circumstances match your prototype for that event or object is called ________________.

a) functional fixedness

b) the availability heuristic

c) the representativeness heuristic

d) a mental set

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

144. Felicity is rolling a die and incredibly, she ends up rolling the number six 8 times in a row. When asked about the likelihood that her 9^th throw will also be a six, she says that she has likely run out of those by now, and so she thinks it is very unlikely that she will throw another six (of course, Felicity is wrong; all tosses have a 1 in 6 chance of being a six). What obstacle to problem solving is Felicity facing?

a) representativeness heuristic

b) availability heuristic

c) mental set

d) confirmation bias

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

145. Psychologists have shown that the speed with which something comes to mind has an influence on how frequently we believe that event or incident occurs. This approximation used to make decisions is known as _____.

a) prospective cognition

b) bounded rationality

c) the representativeness heuristic

d) the availability heuristic

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

146. Angela works as a welder for a construction company. The men she works with are very surprised to learn that, in her spare time, Angela practices ballet dancing. The men’s surprise reflects the

a) availability heuristic.

b) representativeness heuristic.

c) confirmation bias.

d) base-rate bias.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

147. “You always clam up when I ask you what’s wrong,” Iris tells her boyfriend. Iris is probably making this frequency judgment because she can remember a few times when her boyfriend would not tell her what was bothering him. Iris is using the ___ heuristic.

a) representativeness

b) availability

c) frequency

d) confirmation

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

148. Jayce lives in Vancouver and wants to visit his grandparents in Charlottetown. Although it will use most of his remaining holidays, Jayce has decided to take the time to drive rather than to fly. Jayce has memories of horrific plane crashes, especially at this time of year, and refuses to get on a plane. Jayce's decision not to fly, based on his belief that driving is safer, is affected by _____.

a) means-end processing

b) parallel processing

c) the availability heuristic

d) the representativeness heuristic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

149. Judging the likelihood or probability of events based on how easily similar events can be recalled is known as the ________________ heuristic.

a) representativeness

b) availability

c) prototypical

d) probability

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

150. Overestimating your risk of dying in an airplane crash because you just watched news coverage of a crash is most related to the ______________ heuristic.

a) availability

b) representativeness

c) confirmation

d) convergence

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

151. Luis is looking for an apartment. Before going out to look at apartments, he makes a list of all the features he wants – number of bedrooms, distance to work, proximity to shopping, etc. Luis is choosing an apartment based on its ________.

a) logical function

b) reasonable function

c) utility

d) bounded rationality

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

152. When would we be LEAST likely to use the decision making model of bounded rationality?

a) when we do not know a lot about some of the options

b) when we are in a hurry to decide

c) when there are only a few alternatives to choose from

d) when we are busy with other things that take priority

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

153. Jordan’s car was parked on the street and struck by a careless driver. The car was a write-off and Jordan had to buy another quickly as she depended on a car for getting to and from school and work. Jordan had liked her other car but knew she could do better. She had insurance money and a bit of savings but little information about what to look for in a car. So, Jordan went ahead and bought the exact same car she had before. Jordan made her decision based on

a) the availability heuristic.

b) the representative heuristic.

c) bounded rationality.

d) an algorithm.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

154. Terrance has decided to buy a new television. After looking at a few models on the internet and asking a few friends, he decides which television he wants. When he gets to the store, the salesclerk tells him that, for the same price, she can offer him a much better television than the one he chose. Terrance still chooses the one he had decided on before he came into the store. Terrance has made his decision based on

a) the availability heuristic.

b) the representative heuristic.

c) bounded rationality.

d) an algorithm.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

155. Kahneman argued that decision making often involves _____ processes that can be driven by our _____.

a) irrational; emotions

b) flawed; assumptions

c) decisive; metacognitive abilities

d) rational; bounded rationality

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

156. Colette and Micah were looking at engagement rings. Colette found one she really loved but it was outside their price range, so they decided to keep looking. As they were leaving the store another couple who had been looking near them asked to see the ring. Micah immediately rushed over to the salesperson and said they were prepared to buy the ring right away. What motivated Micha’s decision to buy the ring?

a) bounded rationality

b) a possessive sense of ownership

c) Micah’s anticipation of how he would feel if Colette missed out on getting the ring

d) jealousy that someone else might get to enjoy the ring

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

157. “It is better to rely on logical reasoning than on emotions or instincts when making decisions.” Which of the following supports this statement?

a) Decisions are based in part on how individuals anticipate they will feel if they make a bad choice.

b) In real life, decisions are often based on fast and frugal approaches.

c) We successfully use bounded rationality to make decisions with the resources and time available.

d) Individuals often do better on games with an element of chance when they claim to be operating on a “hunch.”

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

158. Which of the following best captures the influence on our decisions of how we think we will feel in the future as a result?

a) A good shot at happiness trumps potential disappointment.

b) Potential disappointment trumps a good chance at happiness.

c) Potential happiness trumps a good chance of disappointment.

d) Likely disappointment trumps potential happiness.

Difficulty: Hard

Bloomcode: Evaluation

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

159. Which of the following situations is correcting matched with an emotional decision on decision-making and its outcome, as backed by research?

a) Dylan bought a car that he knew would need a lot of repair work and knew he would regret buying it later but bought it anyway as he was tired of looking at cars.

b) Jayden found a fifty dollar bill on the street. There was no way to know who had lost it. Jayden’s mother told him he could share the money with his brother, or she would take it all for groceries Jayden cheerfully gave his brother half of the money.

c) Brayden was in a good mood. He decided on a whim to buy a last minute vacation to Mexico. He was later content with his decision.

d) Makayla bought the brand of yogurt that was advertised as 25% fat rather than another brand advertising that it was 75% fat free.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

160. Hearing that almost 10% of the Canadian public have been prescribed an antidepressant may not sound that troubling to some people. However, if told instead that almost one in every ten people in Canada has been prescribed an antidepressant, people might be more concerned. What factor is influencing how individuals respond to this information?

a) a confirmation bias

b) framing effects

c) mental set

d) the availability heuristic

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

161. Shannon is trying to determine how she might earn a better grade on her next German vocabulary test. She realizes that mental images seem to help her remember lists of unfamiliar items, so she tries to form a distinct image in her mind for each word she tries to learn. Shannon is demonstrating

a) metacognition only.

b) problem-solving only.

c) both problem-solving and metacognition.

d) both decision-making and metacognition.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

162. Metacognition includes all of the following EXCEPT

a) learning a new skill.

b) source memories.

c) self-reflection.

d) theory of mind.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

163. When we think about our own identities, how we influence other people, and our relative self-worth, we are engaging in _______________.

a) theory of mind

b) self-reflection

c) egocentrism

d) source memory

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

164. Guy suffered damage to his hippocampus in a rock climbing accident. Now, he cannot seem to think accurately about his own memories. Guy appears to have a condition known as

a) theory of mind deficit.

b) dysexecutive syndrome.

c) source amnesia.

d) self-reflection disorder.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

165. The age at which children will begin to lie in order to avoid punishment is ____. This behaviour indicates the development of ____________.

a) 3; self-reflection

b) 3; theory of mind

c) 4; self-reflection

d) 4; theory of mind

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

166. When we infer what someone else is thinking by watching or hearing about that person’s actions, it is known as

a) theory of mind.

b) directed reflection.

c) self-reflection.

d) empathy.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Comprehension

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

167. Chloé is playing hide-and-seek with her 3-year-old nephew. Given what you know about the metacognitive abilities of 3 year old children, what could Chloé’s nephew do when he is trying to hide?

a) Cover the Chloé’s eyes and think he is hiding.

b) Cover his own eyes and think he is hiding.

c) Hide in plain view by standing very still.

d) Hide out of sight of Chloé.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Application

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

168. Rory is under seven years of age and has developed theory of mind. This allows Rory to be aware of his own mental state and of the mental state of others. Which of the following would be true of Rory?

a) Rory must be at least 4 or 5 years old.

b) Rory will show an increase in jealousy and an inability to share.

c) Rory will overcome source amnesia.

d) Rory will stop lying to avoid punishment.

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

169. Young children are not good at examining their memories and evaluating current information in the context of the past. This cognitive immaturity makes them prone to all the following EXCEPT _____.

a) source amnesia

b) false memories

c) meaningfully reflecting on memories

d) lying

Difficulty: Medium

Bloomcode: Analysis

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

170. Obsessive compulsive disorder and schizophrenia are alike in that both

a) are characterized by difficulties controlling one’s thoughts.

b) involve disruption of memories.

c) involve delusions and hallucinations.

d) are characterized by confusion.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

171. Learning, memory, problem-solving, language, and decision-making are just a few examples that involve

a) mentality.

b) intelligence.

c) creativity.

d) cognition.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

172. A mental disorder characterized by disorganized thoughts, lack of contact with reality, and delusions and/or hallucinations is

a) depression.

b) schizophrenia.

c) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

d) phobias.

Difficulty: Easy

Bloomcode: Knowledge

Learning Objective: Describe and summarize research on thinking processes, including problem solving, decision making, and metacognition.

Section Reference: Thought

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