Verified Test Bank Chapter 16 Socioemotional Development in

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 16 Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

1) ________ is a self-portrait composed of many pieces.

A) Self-esteem

B) Identity

C) Self-concept

D) Morality

2) Whether the person is conservative, liberal, or middle-of-the-road, these define the person's ________ identity.

A) intellectual

B) vocational

C) political

D) ethnic

3) The career and work path the person wants to follow defines the individual's ________ identity.

A) intellectual

B) vocational

C) political

D) ethnic

4) Which part of the world or country is a person is from and how intensely the person identifies with his or her cultural heritage defines a that person's ________ identity.

A) intellectual

B) vocational

C) political

D) ethnic

5) Latoya is 15 years old. She is most likely in which of the following developmental stages, according to Erik Erikson?

A) Intimacy versus isolation

B) Identity versus identity confusion

C) Integrity versus despair

D) Industry versus inferiority

6) Erik Erikson's fifth developmental stage, which individuals experience during adolescence, is

A) intimacy versus isolation.

B) identity versus identity confusion.

C) integrity versus despair.

D) industry versus inferiority.

7) Erik Erikson defines ________ as the gap between the security of childhood and the autonomy of adulthood.

A) identity confusion

B) identity moratorium

C) psychosocial confusion

D) psychosocial moratorium

8) Erik Erikson would say that an adolescent who becomes withdrawn and isolated from his or her peers and family, or who loses his or her identity in the crowd, is likely suffering from identity

A) foreclosure.

B) confusion.

C) moratorium.

D) diffusion.

9) Adolescents who do not successfully resolve their identity crisis suffer what Erikson calls identity

A) foreclosure.

B) confusion.

C) moratorium.

D) diffusion.

10) Harry has not been able to successfully resolve his identity crisis. He has immersed himself in the world of his peers and lost his identity in the crowd. Erik Erikson would say that Harry is suffering from identity

A) foreclosure.

B) confusion.

C) moratorium.

D) diffusion.

11) In which of the following identity statuses, proposed by James Marcia, has an individual not yet experienced a crisis nor made a commitment?

A) Identity foreclosure

B) Identity achievement

C) Identity moratorium

D) Identity diffusion

12) James Marcia defines crisis as a period of identity development in which adolescents

A) struggle toward academic excellence.

B) lose their self-confidence.

C) experience an emotional trauma.

D) explore alternatives.

13) James Marcia defines commitment as a period of identity development in which adolescents

A) personally invest in identity.

B) gain self-confidence.

C) find a support system of significant others.

D) develop an inferiority complex.

14) Most researchers now use the term ________ in place of James Marcia's term "crisis."

A) exploration

B) confusion

C) turbulence

D) inquisition

15) Jodi, a 15-year-old female, has been experimenting with different sexual orientations. According to James Marcia, Jodi is experiencing identity

A) crisis.

B) diffusion.

C) foreclosure.

D) commitment.

16) Identity ________ is the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.

A) achievement

B) inquisition

C) diffusion

D) foreclosure

17) Identity ________ is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis.

A) achievement

B) inquisition

C) diffusion

D) foreclosure

18) Identity ________ is the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or only vaguely defined.

A) achievement

B) moratorium

C) diffusion

D) foreclosure

19) Identity ________ is the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.

A) achievement

B) moratorium

C) diffusion

D) foreclosure

20) "Hey, what can I say—my college major is undeclared. I just don't know what I want to do yet and I don't particularly want to explore it right now. I'm not going to pressure myself into making a decision when what I really want to do is have fun." What is the identity status of this college student, according to James Marcia?

A) Identity achievement

B) Identity inquisition

C) Identity diffusion

D) Identity foreclosure

21) In James Marcia's theory, an adolescent who has not experienced a crisis but has made a commitment is experiencing identity

A) diffusion.

B) foreclosure.

C) moratorium.

D) achievement.

22) Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in the state college near their hometown and study to become an engineer. Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself, and he will probably do what they advise. What is the identity status of Ramon, according to James Marcia?

A) Identity diffusion

B) Identity foreclosure

C) Identity moratorium

D) Identity achievement

23) Tara has decided from an early age to follow in her mother's footsteps and become a family physician. She has neither experienced any conflict regarding her career choice nor considered other possible careers. What is the identity status of Tara according to James Marcia?

A) Identity diffusion

B) Identity foreclosure

C) Identity moratorium

D) Identity achievement

24) Eriksonian researcher James Marcia argues that Erikson's theory of identity development contains four statuses of identity. Which of the following is one of these four statuses?

A) Identity inquisition

B) Identity stagnation

C) Identity evolution

D) Identity diffusion

25) According to James Marcia, adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are either absent or only vaguely defined are in the status of identity

A) diffusion.

B) foreclosure.

C) moratorium.

D) achievement.

26) According to James Marcia, individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment are in the status of identity

A) foreclosure.

B) diffusion.

C) moratorium.

D) achievement.

27) According to James Marcia, an adolescent who is in the status of identity achievement is one who

A) has not gone through an identity crisis and shows little interest in such matters.

B) has made a commitment but has not gone through an identity crisis.

C) is in the midst of an identity crisis but has not yet made any commitments.

D) has already gone through an identity crisis and has made a commitment.

28) Rachel is a high school junior who has explored several employment and education alternatives. She has chosen to attend the community college near home to become a diesel mechanic. What is the identity status of Rachel according to James Marcia?

A) Identity diffusion

B) Identity foreclosure

C) Identity moratorium

D) Identity achievement

29) Which of the following is a dimension of individuality that refers to the ability to have and to communicate a point of view?

A) self-assertion

B) mutuality

C) separateness

D) permeability

30) Jason was confused about whether to be a doctor or not. After a lot of deliberation and experimentation, he finished medical school and became a successful doctor for several years. After a time, he decided he was not happy as a doctor and began to explore alternatives, eventually going back to school for art and becoming a successful artist. Jason's experience is an example of the ________ cycle in identity development.

A) social referencing

B) YOYO

C) MAMA

D) cognitive dissonance

31) A family atmosphere that promotes both ________ is important in an adolescent's identity development.

A) exploration and foreclosure

B) individuality and connectedness

C) exploration and connectedness

D) individuality and foreclosure

32) Self-assertion and separateness are two dimensions of

A) self-concept.

B) identity achievement.

C) individuality.

D) self-esteem.

33) Mutuality and permeability are two dimensions of

A) identity diffusion.

B) self-concept.

C) individuality.

D) connectedness.

34) Lisa makes a new friend who is gay. At first, Lisa does not approve of homosexual behavior, but she relates warmly to her friend and soon changes her mind about it. Lisa is demonstrating

A) group identity.

B) individuality.

C) connectedness.

D) identity assimilation.

35) When connectedness is strong and individuation weak, adolescents often have an identity ________ status.

A) achievement

B) moratorium

C) foreclosure

D) diffusion

36) ________ involves openness to others' views.

A) Mutuality

B) Self-assertion

C) Separateness

D) Permeability

37) Research has shown that the capacity to explore one's identity during adolescence and emerging adulthood is linked to the

A) quality of one's friendships and romantic relationships.

B) amount of free time one has between work and school.

C) amount of computer/screen time one spends on the weekends.

D) time one spends reading in the library.

38) In terms of identity formation, which of the following is TRUE?

A) There is no connection between identity formation and romantic relationships.

B) The greater the number of friends, the easier it is to form an identity.

C) Friends often provide a safe context for exploring identity-related experiences.

D) The quality and attachment of a romantic relationship does not seem to impact identity formation.

39) Which of Marcia's identity statuses may be more adaptive to an adolescent or emerging adult in East Asia than in the United States?

A) Identity diffusion

B) Identity foreclosure

C) Identity moratorium

D) Identity achievement

40) In terms of identity formation, adolescents and emerging adults from East Asian countries tend to focus on

A) developing secure romantic relationships to assist them in identity formation.

B) identification and imitation of others within their cultural group.

C) self-oriented identity formation based on individual autonomy.

D) developing a unique identity that will set them apart from others within their culture.

41) According to research, which individual is likely to delay his or her identity exploration the longest?

A) Hannah from the United States

B) Mikel from Canada

C) Chan from Germany

D) Antonio from Italy

42) When ethnic minorities identify with both their own culture and the major culture to which they now belong, it is called

A) bicultural identity.

B) dual identity.

C) dual citizenship.

D) flexible identity.

43) Which of the following is NOT a positive outcome associated with taking pride in one's ethnic group?

A) lower rates of substance abuse

B) reduced psychiatric problems

C) positive and diverse friendships

D) increase in suicidal ideation

44) Low parental monitoring has been linked to all of the following EXCEPT

A) early graduation from high school.

B) juvenile delinquency.

C) alcohol use.

D) drug use.

45) Greater amounts of adolescent disclosure to parents has been found to be linked to all of the following EXCEPT

A) antisocial and rule-breaking behavior in the child.

B) parents asking questions.

C) high trust in the parent-child relationship.

D) high levels of parental acceptance.

46) The ________ parenting style was linked higher levels of parent-adolescent attachment.

A) authoritative

B) authoritarian

C) permissive

D) uninvolved

47) According to recent research, which of the following is NOT a group that expects early development of autonomy?

A) adolescents

B) single parents

C) non-Latino Whites

D) mothers of Mexican-origin girls

48) Reginald, a teenager, gets into a lot of arguments with his parents. If these arguments are typical of normal parent-adolescent conflicts, they are most likely to be about

A) whether Reginald uses drugs or alcohol.

B) Reginald's delinquent behavior.

C) what Reginald will do with his life.

D) Reginald's everyday family life.

49) Conflict between parents and children often escalates during

A) late adulthood.

B) early adolescence.

C) late adolescence.

D) early childhood.

50) Which of the following is a positive developmental function of the everyday conflicts that characterize parent-adolescent relationships?

A) They teach adolescents that their parents are not perfect.

B) They help adolescents' transition toward autonomy.

C) They convince adolescents that their parents are usually right.

D) They help adolescents achieve identity foreclosure.

51) Marie and her parents frequently engage in prolonged, intense, repeated, and unhealthy conflict. They seem to fight about almost everything. Compared to other adolescents, Marie is

A) less likely to marry early.

B) more likely to drop out of school.

C) more likely to live at home beyond age 25.

D) less likely to abuse drugs.

52) The old model of parent-adolescent relationship differs from the new one in that the old model

A) suggests that parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.

B) emphasizes that the parents are important support systems and attachment figures.

C) suggests that the adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds have some important connections.

D) suggests that parent-adolescent conflict is moderate rather than severe.

53) The new model of parent-adolescent relationship differs from the old one in that the new model

A) suggests that the adolescent-parent and adolescent-peer worlds are isolated.

B) emphasizes that the parents are important support systems and attachment figures.

C) suggests that intense, stressful parent-adolescent conflict occurs throughout adolescence.

D) emphasizes that as adolescents mature, they detach themselves from parents.

54) In contrast to other psychoanalytic theorists who focused almost exclusively on parent-child relationships, ________ argued that friends are also important in shaping the development of children and adolescents.

A) Erik Erikson

B) Lawrence Kohlberg

C) James Marcia

D) Harry Stack Sullivan

55) Harry Stack Sullivan believed that one's need for intimacy with peers shows a dramatic increase during

A) early adolescence.

B) early childhood.

C) late adolescence.

D) late childhood.

56) Conformity to peers—especially to their antisocial standards—peaks around the

A) first and second grades.

B) fifth and sixth grades.

C) eighth and ninth grades.

D) eleventh and twelfth grades.

57) Aaron is in the eighth grade. Some of his close friends have recently started engaging in vandalism and writing graffiti on the walls at school. What is Aaron most likely to do?

A) He is likely to stop spending time with these friends and join a more positive peer group.

B) He is more likely to discuss such behavior with his parents than he was in the fifth grade.

C) He is more likely to report his friends' behavior to the principal of the school than he was in the fifth grade.

D) He is more likely to join his friends in these behaviors than when he was in fifth grade.

58) ________ are small groups that range from 2 to about 12 individuals and average about 5 to 6 individuals. Their members are usually of the same sex and about the same age.

A) Clusters

B) Cliques

C) Clans

D) Crowds

59) Adolescents are more likely to confirm to peers when they

A) are sure about their social identity.

B) have high self-esteem.

C) are in the presence of someone they perceive to have higher status than themselves.

D) experience low levels of social anxiety.

60) Six individuals of the same sex and same age who typically hang around together would be known as a

A) clique.

B) crowd.

C) club.

D) cluster.

61) Which of the following statements BEST characterizes a clique?

A) Typically, members of a clique belong to different age groups.

B) Cliques are bigger than crowds and less personal.

C) A clique is a small group that ranges from 2 to about 12 individuals.

D) Generally, members of a clique do not spend much time together.

62) Which of the following statements is MOST likely to be TRUE regarding a crowd?

A) Adolescents are usually members of a crowd based on reputation.

B) Cliques are bigger than crowds and less personal.

C) A crowd is a small group that ranges from 2 to about 12 individuals.

D) Adolescents in a crowd share ideas and hang out together.

63) According to the study conducted by Brown & Lohr, members of which of the following crowds are most likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) jocks (athletically oriented)

B) normals (middle-of-the-road students who made up the masses)

C) druggies (known for illicit drug use)

D) nobodies (low in social skills or intellectual abilities)

64) According to the study conducted by Brown and Lohr, members of which of the following crowds are most likely to have the lowest self-esteem?

A) jocks (athletically oriented)

B) normals (middle-of-the-road students who made up the masses)

C) populars (well-known students who lead social activities)

D) nobodies (lacking in social skills or intellectual abilities)

65) Which of the following is a characteristic of crowds?

A) Crowds are smaller than cliques.

B) Members of a crowd always spend a lot of time together.

C) Members of a crowd have a common ethnic origin.

D) Crowds are less personal than cliques.

66) Adolescents are usually members of a ________ based on reputation, and they may or may not spend much time together.

A) cluster

B) clique

C) clan

D) crowd

67) In a school, a group of people who are good at sports is referred to as "jocks." In this case, "jocks" is an example of a

A) cluster.

B) cartel.

C) clan.

D) crowd.

68) A reputation-based group of adolescents who engage in a similar activity, such as sports, is known as a

A) clan.

B) crowd.

C) cartel.

D) cluster.

69) The first stage of developing romantic relationships in adolescence happens at about 11 to 13 years of age. Which of the following is a characteristic of this stage?

A) Romantic relationships formed now typically last one year or more.

B) Casual dating emerges between individuals who are mutually attracted.

C) Serious romantic relationships develop, involving strong emotional bonds.

D) Infatuations are common and are often shared with a same-sex friend.

70) Dating and romantic relationships at an unusually early age are most likely to be linked with

A) high academic achievement.

B) more participation in class discussions.

C) less popularity with peers.

D) adolescent pregnancy.

71) In terms of romantic relationships among sexual minority youth, which of the following is TRUE?

A) Most gay and lesbian youth have had same-sex romantic relationships.

B) Most gay and lesbian youth only date same-sex peers.

C) Few gay and lesbian youth have had same-sex romantic relationships.

D) Few gay and lesbian youth date other-sex peers.

72) For many gay and lesbian youth, dating other-sex peers is

A) prohibited and may cause them intense shame.

B) more common for males than for females.

C) a way to explore and clarify their sexual orientation.

D) discouraged by both same-sex and other-sex peers.

73) According to your text, marriages that begin online are

A) more likely to end in divorce.

B) linked to higher levels of marital satisfaction.

C) characterized as belonging to a different category than offline marriages.

D) never work out, because of identity impersonation.

74) Which of the following statements about cultural variations in adolescent experiences is TRUE?

A) Two-thirds of Asian Indian adolescents accept their parents' choice of a marital partner for them.

B) Youth in the United States are marrying at younger ages than in past generations.

C) Youth in Russia are marrying at older ages than in past generations.

D) In the Middle East, most adolescents interact freely with the opposite sex in school.

75) Which of the following statements about cultural variations in adolescent experiences is TRUE?

A) In the Philippines, many female adolescents sacrifice their own futures by migrating to the city to earn money that they send home to their families.

B) Youth in the United States are marrying at younger ages than in past generations.

C) Youth in Russia are marrying at older ages than in past generations.

D) In the Middle East, most adolescents interact freely with the opposite sex in school.

76) In most cultures, the rite of passage is designed to

A) provide adolescents an entry into their profession of choice.

B) test whether adolescents have completed the stage of puberty.

C) test whether adolescents know enough about sexuality to begin selecting mates.

D) mark the adolescent's transition to maturity and achievement of adult status.

77) Freshmen joining a school group called the Shifters undergo a week-long initiation involving learning the group's history, wearing group-specific items, and participating in special ceremonies that last all night long. This experience most resembles a

A) test of identity.

B) gang moratorium.

C) rite of passage.

D) diffusion of acceptance.

78) A ________ is a ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another.

A) rite of passage

B) test of identity

C) rite of image

D) test of achievement

79) The closest thing to a culture-wide rite of passage in the United States is the

A) first date.

B) college initiation ritual.

C) high school graduation ceremony.

D) 18th birthday.

80) Researchers too often have given ethnic explanations for aspects of adolescent development that were instead largely due to

A) race.

B) genetics.

C) cultural mores.

D) socioeconomic status.

81) Which of the following is NOT mentioned in your text as a variation that impacts the development of children from immigrant families?

A) whether one or both parents are foreign born

B) whether the child was born in the host country

C) the ages of the children when immigration occurred

D) the ethnicity of the family

82) Which of the models used to describe whether children and adolescents in immigrant families are more vulnerable or more successful in adapting to life in the host country proposes that many of these adolescents show a higher level of well-being and fewer problems than native-born youth?

A) immigrant risk model

B) immigrant paradox model

C) immigrant transition model

D) immigrant dependency model

83) According to your text, a recent trend in the use of technology among adolescents is

A) multitasking, or using several media concurrently.

B) watching satellite television as compared to cable television.

C) eliminating video games as a potential distraction to homework.

D) choosing to call friends on the phone as opposed to texting them.

84) Research suggests that heavy multitaskers are more likely to

A) get more done than low multitaskers.

B) be depressed and anxious than low multitaskers.

C) show higher levels of social well-being.

D) engage in face-to-face communication.

85) Which of the following terms refers to an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal?

A) early adopter

B) juvenile delinquent

C) boundary spanner

D) naive preparator

86) Which of the following statements about juvenile delinquency is accurate?

A) Having siblings is related to higher levels of delinquency.

B) Juvenile delinquency is more exclusively a problem of low-SES status than it was in the past.

C) Arrest rates of adolescent males for delinquency are much higher than arrest rates among adolescent females.

D) Juvenile delinquency rates for property offenses are usually lower than rates for other offenses.

87) If Jodi and Jerry, parents of three teens, want to decrease the likelihood of juvenile delinquency among their children, they should

A) monitor their children's routines and behavioral patterns.

B) sometimes be tough and sometimes be lenient with their children.

C) give their children complete freedom to learn to behave independently.

D) harshly discipline their kids at 8 to 10 years of age.

88) As compared to late-onset (after 11 years) antisocial behavior, early-onset (before 11 years) antisocial behavior is

A) associated with less negative developmental outcomes.

B) more frequently associated with mental health problems.

C) less likely to persist into emerging adulthood.

D) less frequently associated with relationship problems.

89) Cognitive factors such as low self-control, low intelligence, poor decision making, and ineffective social information processing have all been linked to

A) juvenile delinquency.

B) multitasking with technology.

C) higher academic achievement.

D) resistance to depression and suicidal ideation.

90) Who among the following is MOST likely to be depressed?

A) Marie, a 10-year-old female

B) Tony, an 11-year-old male

C) Lashay, a 16-year-old female

D) Dave, a 15-year-old male

91) Who among the following is LEAST likely to be depressed?

A) Mike, a 12-year-old male

B) Tony, a 15-year-old male

C) Harry, a 21-year-old male

D) Dave, an 18-year-old male

92) Which of the following has been suggested as a reason adolescent females are depressed more often than adolescent males?

A) Puberty comes later for girls, and that makes them feel more stressed.

B) Females have a more negative view of their own body than do males.

C) Males face more discrimination at school than females.

D) Females are not good at ruminating about their problems.

93) Who among the following is MOST likely to engage in a successful suicide?

A) Mike, a 12-year-old male

B) Tony, a 15-year-old male

C) Harry, a 21-year-old male

D) Dave, an 18-year-old male

94) Who among the following is MOST likely to attempt suicide?

A) Marie, a 10-year-old female

B) Tony, an 11-year-old male

C) Lashay, a 16-year-old female

D) Dave, a 15-year-old male

95) Who among the following is MOST likely to succeed in committing suicide?

A) Marie, a 10-year-old female

B) Tony, an 11-year-old male

C) Lashay, a 16-year-old female

D) Dave, a 15-year-old male

96) Suicidal behavior is MOST likely to occur in

A) middle childhood.

B) late childhood.

C) adolescence.

D) emerging adulthood.

97) Krista is an adolescent who is depressed and is considering suicide. Of the following, she is

A) most likely to use a gun as a method of attempting suicide.

B) most likely to take an overdose of pills as a method of attempting suicide.

C) more likely to actually commit suicide than an adolescent boy.

D) more likely to actually commit suicide than attempt it unsuccessfully.

98) Which of the following groups of adolescents reported the lowest incidence of suicide attempts?

A) Native American/Alaska Native females

B) African American males

C) Latino females

D) Asian American males

99) Which of the following groups of adolescents is MOST likely to report that they have attempted suicide?

A) Native American/Alaska Native females

B) African American males

C) Latino females

D) Asian American males

100) Which of the following is linked to lower levels of suicidal ideation in adolescents?

A) participation in sports

B) being a victim of traditional bullying

C) being a victim of cyberbullying

D) having a parent with depression

101) What is identity? Describe its various aspects.

102) According to Erik Erikson's theory, what are the consequences of an adolescent failing to resolve an identity crisis?

103) What is a psychological moratorium?

104) Describe the four statuses of identity an individual can have, according to James Marcia. What basis does Marcia use for this classification?

105) Meiko is a first-generation immigrant who moved to the United States in her twenties. Her daughter, Oshin, was born in the United States. Identify the differences in their experiences in developing an ethnic identity.

106) Briefly describe parental monitoring.

107) Your cousin Jennifer is concerned about how she is going to cope with the "terrible teen" years of her son Harry, who is entering adolescence. She has asked for your advice. Suggest a few parenting strategies to her.

108) Describe the nature of friendship in adolescence.

109) Describe the effect of peer pressure on adolescents.

110) What are cliques?

111) Describe the characteristics of crowds.

112) What characterizes romantic relationships in sexual minority youth?

113) Define a rite of passage. Give examples of any activities in the United States that might be considered rites of passage. What significance do rites of passage play in the United States?

114) What are the three stages that characterize the development of heterosexual romantic relationships in adolescence?

115) Define and describe the concept of juvenile delinquent and the crimes that most often occur in juvenile delinquency.

116) List at least four causes of juvenile delinquency.

117) By about age 15, adolescent females have a rate of depression that is more than twice that of adolescent males. List a few reasons for this gender difference.

118) List at least four factors related to adolescent depression.

119) How does the suicidal behavior of female adolescents differ from that of male adolescents?

120) Describe the psychological profile of a suicidal adolescent.