Chapter 11: Work and Home

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. In 1974, Sweden became the first country in the world to do what?

A. replace maternity leave with the more inclusive parental leave

B. pass equal pay legislation for women

C. institute quotas for hiring women

D. pass initiatives for increasing diversity in universities

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Work and Home

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of the following has fallen since 1950?

A. average age of first marriage

B. percentage of children living in single-parent households

C. percentage of households where men are the primary breadwinners

D. percentage of households where women are the sole providers

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Have Work and Home Labor Divisions Changed?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following are still true today?

A. Women hold 30% of top executive positions.

B. A gender wage gap remains in a small number of nations.

C. Women still do the majority of housework and childcare throughout the world.

D. Men are still the sole breadwinners in the majority of American households.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Have Work and Home Labor Divisions Changed?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. In the United States, women do ______ housework they did in 1965 while men do about ______ housework they did in 1965.

A. double the; half the

B. half the; double the

C. the same amount of; double the

D. the same amount of; half the

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Trends and Inequities

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What trends in divisions of labor may be contributing to worse levels of individual well-being and marital satisfaction for women?

A. women increasing their presence in the workforce but still doing most housework

B. men robbing women of their caretaking responsibilities

C. women feeling guilty for taking the breadwinner role from their husbands

D. lower levels of men in the workforce causing financial instability for couples

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Trends and Inequities

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Some theorists propose that a stalled gender revolution has occurred as women’s increased gains in the workplace have plateaued because of ______.

A. heterosexual men’s unequal contribution to labor on the home front

B. lack of support from male allies

C. societal backlash

D. sexual harassment

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Trends and Inequities

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which of the characteristics are more typical of household work performed by men?

A. daily routine work

B. ongoing tasks

C. take place inside the home

D. occasional and flexible

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Who Does What?

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Compared to previous generations, a recent norm has emerged favoring ______ parenting.

A. “tough love”

B. scientifically grounded

C. hands-off

D. intensive and time-consuming

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Childcare

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following is a problem with time availability theory’s explanation of divisions of household labor?

A. It doesn’t explain the gender pay gap.

B. It doesn’t explain why women who work outside the home still do more housework than their male partners.

C. It doesn’t explain differences in why women succeed in education more than men.

D. It contradicts findings that stereotype threat affects women’s performance outside of the house.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. ______ proposes couple members trade off income for housework such that whoever makes more money does less housework.

A. The relative income hypothesis

B. Time availability theory

C. The gender ideology hypothesis

D. The maternal gatekeeping hypothesis

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Research showing that women’s income has no bearing on the proportion of housework they do most directly contradicts ______.

A. the relative income hypothesis

B. time availability theory

C. the gender ideology hypothesis

D. the maternal gatekeeping hypothesis

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Jared’s wife makes more money than he does. Jared responds by avoiding “feminine” housework. Jared’s behavior is most consistent with ______.

A. the relative income hypothesis

B. time availability theory

C. the gender ideology hypothesis

D. the maternal gatekeeping hypothesis

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. Linda is reluctant to let her husband help with household and childcare work. She says she enjoys being an expert in domestic work. Linda’s behavior is consistent with ______.

A. the relative income hypothesis

B. time availability theory

C. the gender ideology hypothesis

D. maternal gatekeeping

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Consistent with the gender role ideology hypothesis, unemployed women in male–female couples ______.

A. do an equal amount of housework as their employed husbands

B. perform mostly female-stereotypical household tasks

C. perform mostly male-stereotypical household tasks

D. perform all household tasks, both female- and male-stereotypical

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Women tend to be rated as more effective leaders in what type of domains?

A. jobs that require competence

B. general management positions

C. careers with lots of social interaction

D. female-dominated settings

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender and Leadership

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Male leaders tend to be more likely to adopt which of the following styles?

A. interpersonally oriented

B. collaborative

C. hands-off

D. democratic

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The ______ refers to the invisible barriers that keep women from rising to the upper rungs of the corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications or achievements.

A. crystal castle

B. glass ceiling

C. looking glass

D. prism prison

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Glass Ceilings, Glass Cliffs, Glass Escalators, and Sticky Floors

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The “think manager think male” effect refers to ______.

A. the stereotype that men are more qualified than women for upper-level management

B. the positive outcomes of priming masculine traits upon manager performance

C. the positive relationship between masculine managerial styles and business performance

D. the observation that serving in upper-level management prompts people to adopt more masculine traits

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Glass Ceilings, Glass Cliffs, Glass Escalators, and Sticky Floors

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. A male educator advancing more quickly into a school leadership position than a female educator is an example of ______.

A. glass ceilings

B. sticky floors

C. glass cliffs

D. glass escalators

Learning Objective: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Answer Location: Glass Ceilings, Glass Cliffs, Glass Escalators, and Sticky Floors

Cognitive Domain: Application

Difficulty Level: Hard

20. ______ refers to barriers that keep low-wage workers from ascending from the bottom.

A. Glass ceilings

B. Sticky floors

C. Flat ceilings

D. Discrimination

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Glass Ceilings, Glass Cliffs, Glass Escalators, and Sticky Floors

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Observations that companies more often select female over male leaders under risky, unfavorable conditions is evidence for the ______ effect.

A. glass ceilings

B. sticky floors

C. flat ceilings

D. glass cliff

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Glass Ceilings, Glass Cliffs, Glass Escalators, and Sticky Floors

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Sully is studying the effects of gender bias in perceptions of managerial competence. She manipulates the amount of qualifications present on resumes as well as the gender of the resume’s owner. She then has participants evaluate the resumes in terms of managerial competence, finding that the resumes belonging to women require a higher number of qualifications to be judged as equally competent as the resumes belonging to men. This finding would most closely support which of the following biases?

A. the maternal wall

B. the tight rope bias

C. the prove it again bias

D. the tug-of-war bias

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Workplace Bias Based on Sex

Difficulty Level: Hard

23. The observation that women who behave assertively are often viewed as less likable while women who behave warmly may appear to lack competence is crucial to which of the following biases?

A. the maternal wall

B. the tight rope bias

C. the prove it again bias

D. the tug-of-war bias

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Workplace Bias Based on Sex

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Which of the following biases most directly may make it more difficult for women in the workplace to support one another?

A. the maternal wall

B. the tight rope bias

C. the prove it again bias

D. the tug-of-war bias

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Workplace Bias Based on Sex

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Any behavior that derogates or humiliates an individual on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, or gender identity is referred to as which of the following?

A. sex-based harassment

B. sexual assault

C. queen bee syndrome

D. bystander intervention

Learning Objective: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Doman: Knowledge

Answer Location: Workplace Bias Based on Sex

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Displaying which of the following behaviors or traits during a job interview will most likely lead to more negative evaluations targeting male, but not female, interviewees?

A. assertiveness

B. extroversion

C. modesty

D. sociability

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bias Against Men

Difficulty Level: Hard

27. Research suggests that which of the following men will be most likely to suffer sex-based harassment in the workplace?

A. men who are hypermasculine

B. introverted man

C. men who are physically unfit

D. highly feminine men

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Bias Against Men

Difficulty Level: Hard

28. On average, which of the following social groups will likely be stereotyped as the most feminine?

A. Lesbian women

B. Asian women

C. Black women

D. Gay men

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Workplace Bias Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Race, and Disability Status

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Which of the following most closely maps onto the gender wage gap in the United States?

A. Women earn 25% of what men make.

B. Women earn 50% of what men make.

C. Women earn 75% of what men make.

D. Women earn 100% of what men make.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is the Gender Wage Gap?

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. For which of the following groups is the gender wage gap the largest in the United States?

A. Latinx women

B. Black women

C. White women

D. Asian women

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is the Gender Wage Gap?

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. In college, men tend to more heavily populate the ______ majors, while women tend to dominate the ______ majors.

A. highest paying; most rewarding

B. highest paying, lowest paying

C. most difficult; easiest

D. most physically demanding; most emotionally demanding

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. The tendency of male-dominated fields to be devalued as women enter them in large numbers as described by the phenomenon ______.

A. occupational feminization

B. occupational segregation

C. feminized salary negotiation

D. glass ceiling effects

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Evidence that even just 1 year out of college, women working full time earn less than their male peers, even when majoring in the same field, suggests that which of the following may be key in explaining the gender wage gap?

A. occupational feminization

B. occupational segregation

C. education level

D. salary negotiation

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Small and colleagues’ (2007) research study on sex differences in salary negotiation found that framing interviews explicitly as ______ may inhibit women from requesting a higher salary.

A. a negotiation

B. a formal discussion

C. an informal discussion

D. noncompetitive

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Women who ______ during job interviews tend to be evaluated more negatively than men who do so.

A. are socially awkward

B. negotiate for a better salary

C. behave in a feminine manner

D. mention having friends in high-status positions

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Research following graduates from the same prestigious law school found what trajectory for the gender wage gap?

A. started small then increased gradually over time

B. started somewhat large, then decreased gradually over time

C. showed no change over time

D. increased during the early stages of careers then decreased during the later stages

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of the following contributors to the gender wage gap most directly explains increases in the wage gap over the trajectories of people’s careers?

A. the tug-of-war bias

B. occupational segregation

C. the motherhood penalty

D. glass ceiling effects

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Which of the following contributor to the gender wage gap is currently on the rise, especially among men?

A. overwork

B. occupational segregation

C. the motherhood penalty

D. glass ceiling effects

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

39. Which of the following statements is most likely TRUE about the gender wage gap?

A. Various gender biases do not contribute to it.

B. Choices that contribute to the gap are also influenced by gender norms.

C. When controlling for variables reflecting personal choice, the wage gap goes away.

D. Salary negotiation is the only personal choice variable that contributes to it.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Conclusions About the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Early research on work–life balance was largely influenced by ______.

A. feminist ideology

B. essentialist biases

C. evolutionary theory

D. the scarcity hypothesis

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Balance, Conflict, and Enrichment

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Perceiving more work–family conflict is associated with ______ for both men and women.

A. negative mental and physical health outcomes

B. the increased presence of women in the workplace

C. decreased likelihoods of having children

D. relational independence

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Balance, Conflict, and Enrichment

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. One problem with the scarcity hypothesis’s application to understanding work–life balance is that it suggests ______.

A. working outside the home will necessarily lead to declines in parenting abilities

B. that as women enter the workplace men’s jobs will suffer

C. working outside the home will necessarily lead to increased life satisfaction

D. women will resent men for taking on their caretaking roles

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer location: Balance, Conflict, and Enrichment

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. ______ refer(s) to instances when having a fulfilling, rewarding job produces positive spillover into the home and having a satisfying home life causes positive spillover into work.

A. Work–family balance

B. Work–life enrichment

C. Learned industriousness

D. Flow states

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Balance, Conflict, and Enrichment

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. Which of the following is an outcome of flexible work arrangements?

A. increased turnover intentions

B. increased job satisfaction

C. higher absenteeism

D. increased work–life conflict

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. People who take advantage of flexible work arrangements are often perceived as ______.

A. more dedicated to their job

B. less likely to be promoted

C. less likely to leave their job

D. less likable

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. When asked about their intentions to use flexible work arrangements, men report valuing workplace flexibility ______ women and anticipate actually using flexible work arrangements ______ women.

A. the same as; less than

B. less than; less than

C. more than; less than

D. the same as; more than

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Vandello and colleagues (2013) found that college men report being less likely to take advantage of flexible work arrangements because ______.

A. they feel like it is irresponsible

B. of fear of being perceived as less masculine

C. they don’t want to communicate a poor work ethic

D. they find consistent work schedules easier to maintain

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. The Results-Only Work Environment (ROWE) developed by Cali Ressler and Jody Thompson at Best Buy is an intervention designed to increase ______.

A. work flexibility

B. workplace diversity

C. the glass ceiling

D. overtime work

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Which of the following describes one of the key findings of Allen and colleagues’ (2014) study of paid leave policies across 12 industrialized nations?

A. Having paid parental leave had little association with work–family conflict.

B. Paid sick leave did not correlate with work–family conflict.

C. Paid sick leave predicted increase work–family conflict.

D. Paid parental leave predicted significantly less work–family conflict.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. Longitudinal studies across nations have revealed that more generous paid parental leave programs predict which of the following?

A. rates of teenage pregnancy

B. an increased likelihood of infant death

C. rates of higher education among parents

D. higher earnings by age 30 among children of working parents

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. A gender wage gap no longer exists in the majority of first world countries.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Have Work and Home Labor Divisions Changed?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Research shows that new couples begin by sharing housework duties evenly, but husbands gradually decrease their share of household work over the years even if the wife makes more money and works longer hours.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Trends and Inequities

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Same-sex couples tend to share household responsibilities more equally than heterosexual couples.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Who Does What?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Evidence indicates that since 1960, women’s hours per week spent on childcare have increased by about 50%, and men’s have tripled.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Childcare

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Women in male–female relationships who work full-time outside the home do an equal amount of housework as their male partners.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. More balanced divisions of housework shares no relationship with positive outcomes for women, such as mental health.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Having more women in top executive positions correlates with better financial outcomes in countries around the world.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Leadership

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Over half of transgender individuals report experiencing at least one type of bias or discrimination in the workplace.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Workplace Bias Based on Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity, Race, and Disability Status

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. On average, women earn less than men in every country around the world.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is the Gender Wage Gap?

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The gender wage gap only exists in male-dominated occupations.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Is the Gender Wage Gap?

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. When women enter previously male-dominated fields in large numbers, the pay for those fields tends to increase.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Men report greater reluctance to move for a better job in a different city than women do.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Men who have children work 50+ hr weeks more frequently than men without children.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Men tend to experience higher levels of work–family enrichment than women do.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Balance, Conflict, and Enrichment

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Research across industrialized nations reveals mixed evidence for the impact of paid parental leave upon work–life balance.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Briefly explain how divisions of labor among married couples may contribute to a stall the gender revolution.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Trends and Inequities

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Describe how women and men typically divide household labor in heterosexual relationships. What kind of household tasks are most typically performed by men which are more typically performed by women?

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Who Does What?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Describe the kind of sex differences, if any, revealed by meta-analyses in leader effectiveness.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. How do the leadership styles typically adopted by women differ from those typically adopted by men?

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and leadership

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Explain the difference between a glass ceiling and a glass cliff effect.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Glass Ceilings, Glass Cliffs, Glass Escalators, and Sticky Floors

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. In what way may gender roles sometimes produce bias against men in the workplace?

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Workplace Bias Based on Sex

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Briefly describe what longitudinal studies have revealed about how parental leave relates to both work–family conflict and outcomes for children.

Learning Objective: 11.4: Analyze the challenges and benefits of work–life balance and relevant factors, such as parental leave and flexible work arrangements.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Flexible Work and Family Leave Policies

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain how time availability theory and the relative income hypothesis explain how couples decide to divide housework. What are the limitations of each of these theories? Describe how gender role ideologies explain these divisions of labor and how they address the limitations of time availability theory and the relative income hypothesis.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Evaluate factors that influence the gendered division of labor in the home.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Predictors of the Division of Domestic Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Describe the four pervasive gender biases in the workplace identified by Joan Williams and Rachel Dempsey (2014), explaining how they may inhibit women’s progress in the workplace. Detail two research studies that provide evidence for two of these biases.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Describe subtle workplace gender biases that create and reinforce status differences between dominant and subordinate groups.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Workplace Bias Based on Sex

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Choose three possible explanations of the gender wage gap that are not directly related to discrimination. Describe the extent to which each helps to explain the wage gap, the evidence in favor of each, and its limitations.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Explain the gender wage gap and the various theories that account for it.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Possible Explanations for the Gender Wage Gap

Difficulty Level: Medium