Chapter 13: Gender and Psychological Health

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following most closely reflects the definition of psychological disorders that clinical psychologists generally agree upon?

A. a persistent mental disruption that causes impairment in functioning

B. any emotional disturbance that causes distress

C. a prolonged mental state characterized by anxiety

D. significant distress experienced in response to a traumatic event

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: How Are Mental Illnesses Defined, Classified, and Conceptualized?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. If you were looking for an official resource that categorizes disorders based on the primary symptoms, you might look to ______.

A. the APA manual

B. the IRB guidelines

C. the DSM-5

D. the Belmont report

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Are Mental Illnesses Defined, Classified, and Conceptualized?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The ______ approach organizes psychological disorders into internalizing and externalizing categories.

A. cognitive-behavioral

B. sociobehavioral

C. American Psychological Association

D. transdiagnostic

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Transdiagnostic Approach: Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which of the following is an example of an internalizing disorder?

A. antisocial personality

B. anxiety disorders

C. substance abuse

D. impulsivity disorders

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Transdiagnostic Approach: Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following is a core assumption of the transdiagnostic approach?

A. Most psychological disorders are different manifestations of a few underlying dimensions.

B. Psychological disorders are orthogonal to one another.

C. Chronic anxiety is at the core of every psychological disorder.

D. Subconscious thoughts must be accessed to treat disorders effectively.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Transdiagnostic Approach: Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which group of disorders is characterized by blaming and punishing the self?

A. internalizing

B. externalizing

C. personality

D. learning

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Transdiagnostic Approach: Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which of the following disorders are men more likely to develop relative to women?

A. impulsivity disorders

B. bipolar disorder

C. generalized anxiety disorder

D. posttraumatic stress disorder

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Transdiagnostic Approach: Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. ______ propose(s) that as adolescent girls adopt feminine tendencies, they may develop a helpless coping style that increases depressive tendencies.

A. Social psychological theories

B. Response style theory

C. The transdiagnostic approach

D. The gender intensification hypothesis

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Role Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. ______ focuses on the role of rumination in explaining sex differences in internalizing disorders.

A. The expansion hypothesis

B. Response style theory

C. The transdiagnostic approach

D. The gender intensification hypothesis

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Role Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Larissa and Andre both interview for a marketing position and do not get the job. Afterward, Larissa spends more time dwelling on her mistakes during the interview than Andre and becomes more distressed. This pattern would be consistent with which of the following theories?

A. the expansion hypothesis

B. response style theory

C. the transdiagnostic approach

D. the gender intensification hypothesis

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Role Factors

Difficulty Level: Hard

11. Which of the following is negatively correlated with sex differences in depression?

A. gender equality

B. traditional gender roles

C. age

D. poverty rates

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Role Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Women and girls are disproportionately affected by ______, which has profound consequences for mental health.

A. violent crimes

B. stressful jobs

C. sexual abuse

D. social exclusion

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Abuse and Violence Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Sex differences in the personality trait ______ may partly explain the increased frequency of internalizing disorders among women.

A. openness

B. extroversion

C. conscientiousness

D. neuroticism

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Personality Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Which of the following is TRUE of the relationship between estrogen and stress?

A. It buffers against the negative effects of stress.

B. It enhances the sensitivity of the stress response.

C. It is unrelated to stress responses.

D. It causes stress to be more fleeting and intense rather than constant and dull.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Which of the following disorders is men the least likely to experience relative to women on average?

A. ADHD

B. bipolar disorder

C. substance use disorder

D. antisocial personality disorder

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Contributes to Sex Differences in Externalizing Disorders?

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. From an early age, boys are socialized to view expressions of ______ as more acceptable for them to display, potentially contributing to sex differences in externalizing disorders.

A. anxiety

B. jealousy

C. anger

D. interest

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Contributes to Sex Differences in Externalizing Disorders?

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Boys are more likely to experience ______ from their parents, which in turn predicts aggressive behavior and delinquency in youth.

A. punishment involving yelling and physical aggression

B. sexual abuse

C. grounding

D. excessive praise and expectations of success

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Contributes to Sex Differences in Externalizing Disorders?

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Researchers have found evidence that which of the following contribute to sex differences in externalizing disorders?

A. neuroticism

B. coping strategies

C. number of meaningful social roles

D. tendency to ruminate

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Contributes to Sex Differences in Externalizing Disorders?

Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Greater prevalence of ______ traits among adolescent boys may help explain their increased tendencies toward antisocial disorders.

A. agentic

B. callous-unemotional

C. neurotic

D. system justifying

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Personality Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Mark is especially high on sensation and novelty-seeking traits. Which of the following psychological disorders might Mark be more susceptible to developing?

A. posttraumatic stress disorder

B. generalized depressive disorder

C. generalized anxiety disorder

D. antisocial personality disorder

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Personality Factors

Difficulty Level: Hard

21. Prenatal exposure to testosterone affecting which part of the brain would help the most in explaining sex differences in externalizing disorders?

A. the hippocampus involved in memory

B. the hypothalamus involved in regulating the autonomic nervous system

C. the prefrontal cortex involved in impulse control

D. the amygdala involved in emotional behavior and motivation

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. On average, women tend to show advanced functioning of the neurotransmitter ______ which may protect them against disorders characterized by poor impulse control.

A. serotonin

B. dopamine

C. oxytocin

D. norepinephrine

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biological Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which of the following mental illnesses is associated with the highest mortality rate?

A. major depressive disorder

B. generalized anxiety disorder

C. posttraumatic stress disorder

D. anorexia nervosa

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Eating and Body Image Disorders?

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Which of the following groups of people are least likely to develop an eating disorder?

A. women in Eastern cultures

B. transgender people

C. adolescent and young women

D. athletes in aesthetic such as gymnastics

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Eating and Body Image Disorders?

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. ______ argues that being raised in a sociocultural context that routinely sexualizes the female body leads to the dehumanization of women.

A. Infrahumanization

B. Objectification theory

C. The stereotype content model

D. Response style theory

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Objectification Theory, Body Image, and Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. An initial test of objectification theory found that doing what prompted feelings of body shame among women but not men?

A. reading literature

B. thinking about their ideal selves

C. wearing a swimsuit in front of a mirror

D. constructing a hypothetical diet plan

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Objectification Theory, Body Image, and Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Theories regarding women’s mental health and self-objectification often argue that body shame ______ the relationship between self-objectification and psychological well-being.

A. moderates

B. mediates

C. exacerbates

D. attenuates

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Links to Women’s Mental Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Which of the following behaviors is most likely to increase self-objectification for the individual in question?

A. An adolescent watches a lot of foreign films from China.

B. A female adolescent watches a lot of Western television.

C. A male adolescent goes to movie theaters in the United States every weekend.

D. A male adolescent spends a lot of his spare time on YouTube.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer location: Roles of Media and Culture

Difficulty Level: Hard

29. According to objectification theory, the objectification of women is primarily perpetuated by ______.

A. the mass media

B. word-of-mouth

C. authority figures

D. explicit prejudice

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Roles of Media and Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Whether or not the outcomes predicted by objectification theory generalize to non-Western cultures depends upon which of the following?

A. whether non-Western media sexualize women to the same degree as Western media

B. how gender-egalitarian the culture is

C. whether or not women have access to education

D. people’s tendencies to hold system justifying beliefs

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Roles of Media and Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Ferguson’s (2013) objects to some of self-objectification theory by arguing that ______.

A. implicit stereotypes rather than mass media perpetuate objectification

B. only women with specific predispositions suffer negative consequences of media images of thin, idealized women

C. men self-objectify more than women do

D. that it is not the overt sexualization of women in media that leads to object vacation, but rather the power dynamics on display

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Roles of Media and Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Black women tend to score lower on which risk factor for developing eating disorders?

A. thin ideal internalization

B. body shame

C. social anxiety

D. depression

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among Women

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Which of the following attenuates the relationship between thin ideal internalization and eating pathology among racial and ethnic minority women?

A. socioeconomic status

B. living in urban versus rural environments

C. a warm personality

D. a strong ethnic identity

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among Women

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Which of the following best describes why transgender people are at especially high risk of eating disorders?

A. body dissatisfaction resulting when physical features remind them of their assigned sex

B. hormonal imbalances that produce a litany of internalizing disorders

C. general emotional disorders that produce more negative construals of social feedback

D. increased desires to constantly want to alter their appearance

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Identity, Body Dissatisfaction, and Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

35. Women tend to feel shame for not being ______ enough, and men tend to feel shame for not being ______ enough.

A. introverted; extroverted

B. thin; muscular

C. conscientious; open-minded

D. popular; intelligent

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among Men

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which of the following disorders affects men at a higher rate than women?

A. muscle dysmorphia

B. bulimia nervosa

C. binge eating disorder

D. anorexia nervosa

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among Men

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. A replication of the self-objectification study asking participants to look at themselves in swimsuits found that relative to heterosexual men, gay men ______.

A. felt less body shame

B. self-objectified in front of an audience but not in front of a mirror

C. were more likely to self-objectify

D. felt no more or less body shame

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among Men

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Relative to racial and ethnic minority individuals, LGBTQ individuals are especially at risk for negative mental health outcomes resulting from ______

A. rejection by parents and family

B. poor nutrition

C. discrimination

D. low socioeconomic status

Learning Objective: 13.4: Describe the unique mental health vulnerabilities experienced by LGBTQ individuals.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victimization, Discrimination, and Rejection

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Eisenberg and Resnick (2006) found what to be the single best protector against suicidal behavior among both sexual minority and heterosexual adolescents?

A. neurotic personality traits

B. physical activity

C. number of friends

D. positive connections with parents and family

Learning Objective: 13.4: Describe the unique mental health vulnerabilities experienced by LGBTQ individuals.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victimization, Discrimination, and Rejection

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Pervasive body image problems may actually be rooted in objectification by the male gaze specifically, which refers to ______.

A. the tendency to glorify masculine appearance

B. a sexual mode of viewing others that reflects men’s power

C. focusing on men featured in pictures more than women

D. a bias among males to avoid eye contact during social interactions

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among Men

Difficulty Level: Easy

41. LGBTQ adults who live in states that ______ experience disproportionately high rates of mood and anxiety disorders.

A. are located in the south

B. are more rural than urban

C. do not provide legal protections based on sexual orientation

D. provide poor access to affordable health care professionals

Learning Objective: 13.4: Describe the unique mental health vulnerabilities experienced by LGBTQ individuals.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutional Discrimination: A Hostile Environment

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Sometimes, sexual minorities may experience self-directed, prejudiced attitudes increasing risks for a variety of mental illnesses. One example of such negative, self-directed attitudes is ______.

A. minority stress

B. cognitive dissonance

C. internalized transphobia

D. sexual anxiety

Learning Objective: 13.4: Describe the unique mental health vulnerabilities experienced by LGBTQ individuals.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Internalized Stigma: Homophobia and Transphobia From Within

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. The idea of double stigma--in which occupying more than one stigmatized group has compounding, negative impacts upon mental health--is directly supportive of which theory?

A. the expansion hypothesis

B. response style theory

C. minority stress theory

D. the gender intensification hypothesis

Learning Objective: 13.4: Describe the unique mental health vulnerabilities experienced by LGBTQ individuals.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Internalized Stigma: Homophobia and Transphobia From Within

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Which of the following is TRUE regarding the utilization of psychological help services in the United States?

A. Men are less likely to seek help for mental health problems than women.

B. Sex differences in seeking help for mental health problems are larger when seeking help from mental health professionals than from informal sources (e.g., self-help groups).

C. Men who more strongly endorse male role norms hold more positive attitudes toward seeking mental health help.

D. Men, but not women, underutilize psychological help services.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Evaluate the roles of sex and gender in help-seeking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sex Differences in Rates of Help-Seeking

Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Based on research investigating mental health help-seeking behavior among men, a man from which of the following backgrounds would you expect to be most likely to seek help for a mental illness?

A. competitive sports

B. urban community

C. the military

D. rural community

Learning Objective: 13.5: Evaluate the roles of sex and gender in help-seeking.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sex Differences in Rates of Help-Seeking

Difficulty Level: Hard

46. Which of the following may reduce mental health help-seeking behavior specifically among Black women?

A. strong Black woman schemas

B. cultures of masculinity

C. socioeconomic status

D. internalized, double stigma

Learning Objective: 13.5: Evaluate the roles of sex and gender in help-seeking.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Help-Seeking

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Women and men tend to experience similar levels of which of the following?

A. depression

B. happiness

C. anxiety

D. experience of negative emotions

Learning Objective: 13.6: Understand how sex and gender relate to happiness and well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subjective Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. What best describes the influence sex and gender have upon overall happiness and life satisfaction?

A. Men tend to report higher happiness and women report higher life satisfaction.

B. Across cultures, women report slightly higher subjective well-being than men.

C. Across cultures, men report slightly higher subjective well-being than women.

D. Gender has no substantial impact on happiness or life satisfaction.

Learning Objective: 13.6: Understand how sex and gender relate to happiness and well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Subjective Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. Gina constantly worries about other people to the extent that she neglects her own needs and rarely makes decisions with her own best interest in mind. As a result, Gina finds herself chronically in a state of high anxiety. Gina’s anxiety ultimately stems from ______.

A. unmitigated agency

B. unmitigated communion

C. internalized stigma

D. neuroticism

Learning Objective: 13.6: Understand how sex and gender relate to happiness and well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Communion, Agency, and Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Hard

50. Balanced authenticity argues that ______ has a litany of positive mental health benefits.

A. flexibly exhibiting both feminine and masculine tendencies

B. diet and exercise

C. engaging in both private reflection and social interactions daily

D. mindfulness meditation

Learning Objective: 13.6: Understand how sex and gender relate to happiness and well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Communion, Agency, and Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. The United States has among the highest lifetime rates of psychological disorders in the world.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Feeling sad and lonely for several weeks after a breakup qualifies as a psychological disorder.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: How Are Mental Illnesses Defined, Classified, and Conceptualized?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Depressive and anxiety disorders are examples of internalizing disorders.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Transdiagnostic Approach: Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. In general, women have higher rates for internalizing disorders and men have higher rates for externalizing disorders.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Transdiagnostic Approach: Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Sex differences in mental illness emerge as a result of gender intensification during adolescence in the United States.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Role Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Sex differences in depression tend to be smaller in some cultures that place great value and importance on homemaker roles.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Role Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Across cultures, women tend to score higher on neuroticism than men.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Personality Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Meta-analyses reveal a large effect size for boys’ lower levels of effortful control.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Personality Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Evidence from neuroscience suggests that prenatal testosterone exposure may explain sex differences in externalizing disorders via its impact upon the formation of the hippocampus.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biological Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Anorexia nervosa carries the highest mortality rate of all mental illnesses.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Roles Do Sex and Gender Play in Eating and Body Image Disorders?

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Women who use more social media in the United States report higher levels of self-objectification.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Roles of Media and Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Greater exposure to idealized images of men’s bodies also encourages men to self-objectify.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among Men

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Researchers have found many sex differences in the presence of genes that contribute to internalizing disorders.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Biological Factors

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Studies reveal that nearly 90% of women who meet diagnostic criteria for mood or anxiety disorders seek help for it.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Evaluate the roles of sex and gender in help-seeking.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex Differences in Rates of Help-Seeking

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. There is little evidence of a consistent sex differences in subjective well-being.

Learning Objective: 13.6: Understand how sex and gender relate to happiness and well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Subjective Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Briefly describe the transdiagnostic approach to categorizing psychological disorders.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Define psychological disorders and explain the major approaches to classifying them.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Transdiagnostic Approach: Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain how rumination may help explain sex differences in internalizing disorders.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Role Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Sex differences in what brain structure may play a role in developing certain externalizing disorders? Identify the region and explain why it may have such an impact.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Biological Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Define self-objectification and explain the relevance of the results from Fredrickson and colleagues’ (1998) “swimsuit study.”

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Objectification Theory, Body Image, and Eating Disorders

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What is muscle dysmorphia and what type of body image concerns drive body shame among men and women, respectively?

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Eating Disorders Among Men

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Describe race differences within women regarding mental health help-seeking behaviors. Explain the contribution of the Strong Black Woman Schema in your answer.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Evaluate the roles of sex and gender in help-seeking.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intersectionality and Help-Seeking

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What does Yi Wang (2016) mean by “balanced authenticity,” and what does it suggest about the relationship between feminine and masculine tendencies and mental health?

Learning Objective: 13.6: Understand how sex and gender relate to happiness and well-being.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Communion, Agency, and Well-Being

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain how gender role factors may contribute to increased susceptibility to internalizing disorders among women. Include in your answer a discussion of gender intensification hypothesis and response style theory (along with evidence relevant to each).

Learning Objective: 13.2: Analyze the various factors (e.g., gender roles, abuse, personality, and biology) that contribute to sex differences in rates of internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender Role Factors

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain the contributions of Western media to self-objectification and describe evidence that supports its impact upon women’s self-objectification. To what extent do these media effects generalize to Eastern cultures? Why or why not?

Learning Objective: 13.3: Explain the roles of gender and self-objectification in eating and body image disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Roles of Media and Culture

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe sex differences in rates of seeking mental health help. Identify one explanation from gender psychology that may account for disparities in mental health help-seeking between men and women. Finally, describe how these differences vary across different racial and ethnic groups.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Evaluate the roles of sex and gender in help-seeking.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sex Differences in Rates of Help-Seeking | Intersectionality and Help-Seeking

Difficulty Level: Medium