Sharing Personal Information West Ch.8 Exam Questions

Test Bank

Chapter 8: Sharing Personal Information

Multiple Choice

1. The process of intentionally telling another person personal information that they would have trouble finding out otherwise is referred to as ______.

a. self-knowledge

b. private information

c. self-disclosure

d. public information

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Definition of Self-Disclosure: Opening Up

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which statement is an example of self-disclosure?

a. “I feel really nervous before going to parties.”

b. “I just got these new boots.”

c. “I always order the spaghetti at this restaurant.”

d. “I go running in the park every morning.”

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Definition of Self-Disclosure: Opening Up

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. People sometimes think of self-disclosure as a(n) ______ in which one person tells another something of consequence.

a. catharsis

b. process

c. event

d. story

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Process

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Rania tells her friend Victoria she’s unhappy in her job. Over the course of several months, Rania slowly discloses her dreams of becoming a pilot. Which element of self-disclosure does this scenario most reflect?

a. Self-disclosure involves intentionality.

b. Self-disclosure is a process.

c. Self-disclosure involves risk.

d. Self-disclosure involves trust.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Definition of Self-Disclosure: Opening Up

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Lena knows she needs to tell her fiancé about the extent of her anxiety, but she is uncomfortable having such a serious conversation out of the blue. Instead, she decides to start the conversation in a light-hearted way. Lena’s decision most reflects which element of self-disclosure?

a. Self-disclosure is a process.

b. Self-disclosure involves risk.

c. Self-disclosure involves trust.

d. Self-disclosure involves intentionality.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Intentionality and Choice

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. The parts of ourselves that we present to others are ______.

a. public information

b. electronic identities

c. open selves

d. body artifacts

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Private Information and Risk

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. In the “life as theater” metaphor, where is private information kept?

a. onstage

b. in the house

c. backstage

d. in the lobby

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Private Information and Risk

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Lulu feels comfortable telling only her best friend, Magda, about her fear of dogs. Magda is Lulu’s ______.

a. open self

b. emotional communicator

c. relational upper

d. frenemy

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Trust

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Information that sounds personal but is easy for the speaker to share is known as ______.

a. history

b. story

c. public information

d. private information

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Disclosure Is Subjective

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. True self-disclosure, or ______, involves risk on the part of the teller.

a. public information

b. history

c. private information

d. story

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Disclosure Is Subjective

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. “I’m so glad I finally told my mother about my thoughts. It’s like a huge weight has come off me, and I feel so much better,” says Brian. Brian is likely experiencing ______.

a. trust

b. catharsis

c. capitalization

d. emotional afterglow

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: To Experience Catharsis and Improve Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. “Pat and I were so happy to reveal that our adoption went through while we were with family. It made the good news so much more enjoyable,” says Lindsay. Lindsay is experiencing ______.

a. catharsis

b. emotional afterglow

c. capitalization

d. trust

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: To Experience Catharsis and Improve Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Sidney Jourard’s 1959 statement that self-disclosure promotes ______ was largely ignored at the time but has since been proven true.

a. trust

b. self-awareness

c. psychological health

d. physical health

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: To Improve Physical Health

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. Ahmed didn’t realize he wanted to go back to school until he was telling Sonia about his new interest in accounting. Ahmed is experiencing which benefit of self-disclosure?

a. an improvement in physical health

b. an increase in self-awareness

c. an improvement in psychological health

d. an escalation in a relationship

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: To Achieve Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Nedelka and Jim spent their first volunteer shift together organizing boxes. They got along right away, but they felt like they suddenly became friends after they each admitted to secretly enjoying organizing things. Nedelka and Jim are experiencing which benefit of self-disclosure?

a. maintenance of an existing relationship

b. an increase in self-awareness

c. a cathartic release of negative emotions

d. initiation of a relationship

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: To Initiate a Relationship

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which revelation represents an attempt to use self-disclosure to escalate a relationship?

a. deep romantic feelings on a third date

b. long-held resentment to a family member

c. good news to others who will also be happy

d. a dream to a beloved spouse

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: To Escalate a Relationship

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Which is a reason that people choose to keep information private?

a. to escalate a relationship

b. to improve health

c. to avoid rejection

d. to achieve self-awareness

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reasons Not to Self-Disclose

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. We will likely keep information a secret if we believe it will cause someone to ______ us.

a. fail

b. change

c. question

d. reject

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: To Avoid Hurt and Rejection

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Research suggests that discussing problems with their friends, also called ______, can increase the risk of depression in adolescents.

a. reciprocity

b. the dyadic effect

c. co-rumination

d. emotional contagion

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: To Avoid Stress and Depression

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Jared decides not to tell his friend Madeleine that he’s going on a hunting trip, since he knows how she feels about hunting. He thinks it would only damage their friendship. Jared is choosing not to self-disclose in order to ______.

a. avoid stress

b. protect a relationship

c. keep his image intact

d. avoid rejection

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: To Avoid Conflict and Protect a Relationship

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. After they got engaged, Clay told all of his coworkers while Elizabeth only confirmed it if someone noticed her ring. Clay and Elizabeth are exhibiting ______ differences in self-disclosure needs.

a. individual

b. relational

c. age-related

d. emotional

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Individual Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

22. The ability to elicit disclosures from others is referred to as ______.

a. secrecy

b. responsiveness

c. capitalization

d. co-rumination

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individual Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

23. When they first started dating, Jess and Rory stayed up all night telling each other secrets. Now that they’ve been together for several years, they rarely have private information the other doesn’t already know. Jess and Rory are exhibiting which factor affecting self-disclosure?

a. gender differences

b. individual differences

c. relational patterns

d. cultural differences

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Relational Patterns

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. “I think Aline and I are going to be really close friends. We just ‘clicked’ right away,” says Jen. Based on Jen’s description, you would expect her relationship with Aline to be characterized by which patterns?

a. an immediately high incidence of self-disclosure

b. a long period of friendship before a sudden increase in self-disclosure

c. increasing self-disclosure after getting to know each other

d. a stable, low level of self-disclosure without decreasing satisfaction

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Relational Patterns

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. A high incidence of self-disclosing almost immediately in the relationship is referred to as ______.

a. responsiveness

b. intentionality

c. co-rumination

d. clicking

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Relational Patterns

Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Greater levels of self-disclosure are expected in ______ cultures, like those in North America and Western Europe.

a. low-context

b. high-context

c. individualistic

d. collectivistic

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Culture and Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Cultures that derive meaning mainly from activity and overall context, not verbal explanation, are referred to as ______.

a. low-context

b. high-context

c. individualistic

d. collectivistic

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Culture and Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Collectivistic and individualistic cultures value ______ differently.

a. reciprocality

b. self-disclosure

c. catharsis

d. relational patterns

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture and Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Medium

29. A person embodying both masculine and feminine traits is referred to as ______.

a. self-aware

b. dualistic

c. bisexual

d. androgynous

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sex and Sex Role

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Researchers found that ______ channels did not necessarily increase the amount of personal disclosure by users.

a. online

b. offline

c. mediated

d. face-to-face

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Channels

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Which of these is one of the four principles of self-disclosure?

a. Reciprocal self-disclosures are rare.

b. Self-disclosures lead to catharsis.

c. We disclose a lot in a few encounters.

d. Self-disclosing entails risk.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Principles of Self-Disclosure

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Most of Arthur and Yousef’s friendship involves jogging together and simple chitchat over coffee, but one weekend Yousef tells Arthur about his mother’s recent cancer diagnosis. Arthur and Yousef’s relationship reflects which of the four principles of self-disclosure?

a. Self-disclosures occur between two people in a close relationship.

b. Self-disclosing is reciprocal.

c. We disclose a lot in a few encounters.

d. Self-disclosures occur gradually over time.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: We Disclose a Great Deal in Few Interactions

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Paolo is extremely close to his twin sister. He knows he can tell her anything. Paolo’s relationship with his sister reflects which of the four principles of self-disclosure?

a. Self-disclosures occur between two people in a close relationship.

b. Self-disclosing is reciprocal.

c. We disclose a lot in a few encounters.

d. Self-disclosures occur gradually over time.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Occur Between Two People in a Close Relationship

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. Theodore believes he has experienced “the bus rider phenomenon.” Which of these might have happened to him?

a. He disclosed private information to the person next to him on a plane.

b. He and a new acquaintance at work immediately “clicked.”

c. He revealed secrets about himself anonymously on an online forum.

d. He and a friend disclosed information of equal intimacy.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Occur Between Two People in a Close Relationship

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Research suggests that the self-disclosures of one member of a pair will ______ self-disclosures by the other.

a. be competitive with

b. be more risky than

c. be reciprocated with

d. be consciously compared to

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Are Reciprocal

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Our tendency to return another’s self-disclosure with one of equal intimacy is called ______.

a. reciprocity

b. the dyadic effect

c. clicking

d. co-rumination

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Are Reciprocal

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. When Elena told Ron about her frustrating relationship with her mother, Ron revealed he also had a strained relationship with his parents. Elena and Ron’s conversation reflects which of the four principles of self-disclosure?

a. Self-disclosures occur between two people in a close relationship.

b. Self-disclosing is reciprocal.

c. We disclose a lot in a few encounters.

d. Self-disclosures occur gradually over time.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Are Reciprocal

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. A better response than responding with a matching self-disclosure, according to research, is ______.

a. sending I-messages

b. listening silently

c. concealing information

d. responding with empathy

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Are Reciprocal

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Jasna tells Jeremy when they first start dating that she’s uncomfortable with him putting his hands on her shoulders. A few months later, she reveals that this is because she was once in an abusive relationship. Jasna’s increasing self-disclosure to Jeremy reflects which principle?

a. Self-disclosures occur between two people in a close relationship.

b. Self-disclosing is reciprocal.

c. We disclose a lot in a few encounters.

d. Self-disclosures occur gradually over time.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Occur Over Time

Difficulty Level: Easy

40. The principle that self-disclosures occur over time is reflected in which scenario?

a. Matthew reveals increasingly intimate information about himself as he gets to know Larissa.

b. Matthew discloses similarly intimate information about himself when Larissa tells him a secret.

c. Matthew only feels comfortable disclosing intimate information to Larissa after they are very close.

d. Matthew tells Larissa intimate information only occasionally; usually they engage in small talk.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Occur Over Time

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. The theory that explains how and why people decide to reveal or conceal private information to others is called ______.

a. Social Penetration Theory

b. Symbolic Interactionism Theory

c. Communication Privacy Management Theory

d. Social Information Processing Theory

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Communication Privacy Management Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Which theory is also known as “the ideology of intimacy”?

a. biological theory of emotion

b. Communication Privacy Management Theory

c. Social Penetration Theory

d. impression management theory

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Communication Privacy Management Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Which statement reflects a tenet of Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM)?

a. Sharing information has not only psychological benefits, but physical ones, as well.

b. All information about a person can be pictured as a series of layers, like an onion.

c. Self-disclosure to create intimacy is the most important factor in a relationship.

d. Withholding information can be as valuable for relationships as self-disclosure.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Communication Privacy Management Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) accounts for the culture- and gender-based ______ that dictate when and how people share information with others.

a. norms

b. differences

c. rules

d. risks

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Communication Privacy Management Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM) considers people to be ______ of information about themselves.

a. guardians

b. conduits

c. shepherds

d. owners

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Communication Privacy Management Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Maxine discloses to her friend Torvald that she is thinking of quitting her job. According to Communication Privacy Management Theory (CPM), Maxine and Torvald now ______ the information.

a. share

b. protect

c. co-own

d. disclose

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Communication Privacy Management Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. Which scenario is an example of boundary turbulence?

a. Manuela does not reciprocate Adrian’s self-disclosure with the same intimacy level.

b. Manuela reveals information about Adrian that Adrian didn’t want anyone else to know.

c. Manuela shares intimate information in order to escalate her relationship with Adrian.

d. Manuela chooses not to reveal information because she is afraid Adrian will reject her.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Communication Privacy Management Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

48. Which theory says that people, like onions, have many layers?

a. Impression Management Theory

b. Communication Privacy Management Theory

c. Social Information Processing Theory

d. Social Penetration Theory

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Penetration Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. According to Social Penetration Theory, ______ involves knowing information about another across several different topics.

a. depth

b. breadth

c. reciprocity

d. “co-owning”

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Penetration Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. According to Social Penetration Theory, ______ involves knowing how another feels about intimate topics.

a. depth

b. breadth

c. reciprocity

d. “co-owning”

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Penetration Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

51. “I feel scared at the idea of spending so much time apart. I don’t want to lose you,” says Renée. Renée is exhibiting which skill for self-disclosure effectiveness?

a. Choose the appropriate context.

b. Use I-statements.

c. Be sure your disclosure is relevant.

d. Estimate the risks and benefits.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Use I-Statements

Difficulty Level: Easy

52. Which statement is an example of using I-statements to own one’s feelings?

a. “I feel the benefits of coming out to my family outweigh the risks.”

b. “I feel so ashamed that I never visited my grandmother before she died.”

c. “I feel certain that my partner will listen respectfully and empathically.”

d. “I feel that telling my sister about my mental health will deepen our relationship.”

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Use I-Statements

Difficulty Level: Hard

53. Jade knows she could improve her self-disclosures if she owned her feelings and experiences. Which strategy should she use?

a. Be consistent and focused.

b. Choose the appropriate context.

c. Predict the listener’s response.

d. Use I-statements.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Use I-Statements

Difficulty Level: Hard

54. ______ in self-disclosure requires clearness and accuracy.

a. Consistency

b. Appropriateness

c. Reciprocity

d. Honesty

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Be Honest

Difficulty Level: Easy

55. Although Keegan told Anita about his concerns, he thinks he downplayed them and did not accurately reflect their depth. Keegan should improve on which self-disclosure skill?

a. Use I-statements.

b. Be honest.

c. Be sure your disclosure is relevant.

d. Estimate the risks and benefits.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Be Honest

Difficulty Level: Medium

56. “I am really angry about the changes to the curriculum,” says Logan, laughing. Logan’s self-disclosure is an example of lack of ______.

a. consistency

b. relevance

c. honesty

d. owning

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Be Consistent and Focused With Your Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Difficulty Level: Medium

57. When your nonverbal communication adds meaning and doesn’t distract from your message, you display ______.

a. honesty

b. consistency

c. reciprocity

d. empathy

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Be Consistent and Focused With Your Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Difficulty Level: Easy

58. When you assess the appropriateness of the disclosure to the situation itself, you ______.

a. estimate risks

b. are consistent

c. choose the appropriate context

d. are relevant

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Choose the Appropriate Context

Difficulty Level: Easy

59. When your disclosure fits naturally into conversation, you are successfully exhibiting which skill?

a. Be consistent.

b. Choose the appropriate context.

c. Be sure your disclosure is relevant.

d. Use I-statements.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Be Sure Your Disclosure Is Relevant

Difficulty Level: Easy

60. Monica wonders if she should tell her current boyfriend that she had lunch with her ex-boyfriend Richard, or if it will just put needless strain on their relationship. She is trying to ______.

a. be consistent with her nonverbal communication

b. choose the appropriate context

c. be sure her disclosure is relevant

d. estimate the effect of the disclosure

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Estimate the Effect of the Disclosure on Your Relationship

Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False

1. Disclosures are processes that occur on a continuum.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Process

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. We cannot control how we share our private information.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Intentionality and Choice

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Social media raises many questions about the concept of privacy.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Private Information and Risk

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. A disclosure is considered story based on the listener’s reaction.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Disclosure Is Subjective

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. The hidden self encompasses information that others know about you, although you’re unaware of it.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Johari Window

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The process of hearing ourselves disclose helps clarify our self-concepts.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: To Achieve Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Reciprocal self-disclosure during initial encounters usually results in positive feelings.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: To Initiate a Relationship

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Self-disclosure is rarely a risk to a relationship.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: To Avoid Hurt and Rejection

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Most people have the same needs for openness.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Individual Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Long-term relationships are usually characterized by initially low self-disclosures followed by a spike up before a leveling off of openness.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Relational Patterns

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Explicit verbal disclosures are necessary in high-context cultures.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Culture and Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Self-disclosure is one of the most common forms of communication.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: We Disclose a Great Deal in Few Interactions

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. People tend to return another’s self-disclosure with one that matches it in level of intimacy.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Are Reciprocal

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Disclosures generally happen incrementally over time.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Occur Over Time

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Sidney Jourard believed disclosing to create intimacy with another was the most important factor for relationship health.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Communication Privacy Management Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Boundary turbulence arises when someone contradicts clear, explicit rules about sharing private information.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Communication Privacy Management Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Social Penetration Theory views people in terms of layers representing all the information about them.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Penetration Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Honest self-disclosure involves nonconflicting nonverbal communication.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Be Consistent and Focused With Your Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Relevancy means that the disclosure fits naturally into the conversation.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Be Sure Your Disclosure Is Relevant

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Issues of self-identity provide compelling reasons to withhold disclosures.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Estimate the Effect of the Disclosure on Your Relationship

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Explain the difference between history and story in self-disclosure.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Definition of Self-Disclosure: Opening Up

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Talia is an open book to others but lacks awareness about herself. Describe the relative sizes of the panes in Talia’s Johari Window.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Johari Window

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Give an example of a situation that allows people to experience capitalization through self-disclosure.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: To Experience Catharsis and Improve Psychological Health

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Whenever you speak to your friend Sara, you find yourself telling her everything. Identify and explain the quality Sara possesses that encourages your self-disclosures.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Individual Differences

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. “As soon as we met, Daniel and I just ‘clicked’,” says Willow. Describe what this means in terms of self-disclosure.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Relational Patterns

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Sharon tells Rebecca about a time when she cheated on a test. Rebecca discloses that she once helped some classmates steal an answer sheet. Identify and explain the principle of self-disclosure Sharon and Rebecca are exhibiting.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Are Reciprocal

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. When Nelson and Chin first became friends, Nelson disclosed that he gets a little anxious occasionally. Now that they have known each other for a while, Nelson feels comfortable telling Chin that sometimes he feels so paralyzed by anxiety that he is unable to leave his house in the morning. Identify and explain the principle of self-disclosure Nelson and Chin are exhibiting.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Are Reciprocal

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. “I know a lot of individual facts about Peter but nothing particularly intimate,” says Theo. Describe Theo’s relationship with Peter in terms of Social Penetration Theory.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Penetration Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Abdul wants to communicate that his grandmother’s death deeply affected him. “A beloved grandmother’s death is a huge event. It would leave emotional scars on anyone,” he says. Identify the skill(s) in which Abdul needs improvement and describe how he could rephrase his statements to engage in true self-disclosure.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Use I-statements

Difficulty Level: Hard

10. Alicia decides to reveal her pregnancy during her sister’s wedding. Identify the self-disclosure skill(s) in which Alicia needs improvement.

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Predict How Your Listener Will Respond

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. The relative sizes of the boxes in a Johari Window differ from person to person. Describe your own Johari Window and explain your choices.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Definition of Self-Disclosure: Opening Up | Intentionality and Choice

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Shawn feels like he has made a new friend in Pia, but he does not want to tell her that he was arrested for drunk driving when he was in his early twenties. Explain Shawn’s choice in terms of risk.

Learning Objective: 8-1: Understand the complexity of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Private Information and Risk

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Your friend Rima has been hiding her unhappiness at school from her mother for several months. As time goes on, Rima is only feeling increasingly depressed and lethargic. Using your knowledge of the reasons for revealing and concealing personal information, provide Rima with a summary of the pros and cons of revealing her unhappiness to her mother.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Reasons for Revealing Personal Information

Difficulty Level: Hard

4. Give an example from your own life when you had to choose whether or not to disclose something to a close friend or loved one. Examine the risks and benefits that you weighed and identify the factor that ultimately swayed you.

Learning Objective: 8-2: Explain the reasons for engaging and not engaging in self-disclosures

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reasons for Revealing and Concealing Personal Information

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Your friend Ulric is concerned about the quality of his long-term relationship with Mara. “We used to stay up every night talking. We told each other everything. I feel like we just don’t have nights like that anymore,” Ulric says. Advise Ulric based on your knowledge of the relational patterns of self-disclosure.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Relational Patterns

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Research comparing self-disclosure in online and offline channels has been inconclusive. Compare and contrast your own self-disclosure tendencies in online and offline channels. Provide explanations for similarities or differences.

Learning Objective: 8-3: Identify the effects of individual differences, relational issues, culture, sex and sex role, and channel on self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Channels

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Explain the principle that self-disclosing is reciprocal and provide an example from your own life to illustrate this reciprocity.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Are Reciprocal

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. “Alex told me about his experience with an eating disorder, so I told him about my own struggle with binge-eating,” says Camellia. Identify the principle of self-disclosure that Camellia exhibited. Was her response optimal for her relationship with Alex? Describe another potential way of responding and its benefits for their relationships.

Learning Objective: 8-4: Describe the principles of self-disclosure

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Self-Disclosures Are Reciprocal

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Provide an example from your own life when you chose to maintain your privacy instead of openness. Explain your choice in terms of Communication Privacy Management Theory.

Learning Objective: 8-5: Present explanations for self-disclosing behavior

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Penetration Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Your long-term friend Ericka is planning to reveal to her new boyfriend, Bruce, the emotional effects of her father’s absence from her childhood. She wants some advice for how to make sure that this disclosure is effective. What advice would you give Ericka, based on your knowledge of effective self-disclosure skills?

Learning Objective: 8-6: Use a variety of techniques to enhance effectiveness in self-disclosing

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Skill Set for Effective Disclosing

Difficulty Level: Hard