Chapter 4: How Do We Learn Gender? Gender and Socialization

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. The process through which individuals learn the gender norms of their society and come to develop an internal gender identity is known as ______.

A. gender norms

B. gender identity

C. gender socialization

D. socialization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The expectation that men shouldn’t cry demonstrates which of the following concepts?

A. gender identity

B. gender socialization

C. gender norms

D. gender sexualization

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. When an individual develops an internalized understanding of how they personally relate to expectations around femininity or masculinity, they are developing ______.

A. gender identity

B. gender socialization

C. gender norms

G. gender sexualization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. How do intersex children inform our understanding of gender socialization?

A. Intersex children challenge prevailing understandings of sex categorization.

B. Intersex children are evidence of a strict binary between male and female.

C. Intersex children demonstrate the alignment between biological sex and gender identity.

D. Intersex children provide a clear distinction between how to categorize biological sex.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sorting It All Out: Gender Socialization and Intersex Children

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The same, undifferentiated organ in embryos which develops into either a penis or clitoris is called a ______.

A. hermaphrodite

B. gender schema

C. genital tubercle

D. primary sex marker

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genital Tubercles and Ambiguous Genitalia

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. What percentage of babies are estimated to be born with ambiguous genitalia that can be categorized as intersex?

A. .1%

B. 5%

C. .02%

D. 2%

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genital Tubercles and Ambiguous Genitalia

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Sociologists of gender call attention to intersex children and gender assignment because these processes shed light on which broader debate within the discipline?

A. theory versus data

B. masculine versus feminine

C. gender theory versus queer theory

D. nature versus nurture

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Can We Learn From the Stories of Intersex People?

Difficulty Level: Medium

8 In the 1990s, Anne Fausto-Sterling suggested that there should be how many sex categories?

A. three (homosexual, heterosexual, bisexual)

B. five (male, merm, true hermaphrodite, ferm, female)

C. four (gay, straight, bisexual, queer)

D. one (human)

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Can We Learn From the Stories of Intersex People?

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following terms refers to the people, groups, and institutions that impact the socialization of individuals?

A. targets

B. genders

C. agents

D. socializers

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Some Theories of Gender Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. When a child’s behavior is rewarded with praise and affirmation, the child learns that behavior will be received positively. Which theoretical perspective helps explain this?

A. social construction theory

B. social learning theory

C. social essentialist theory

D. social gender identity theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Learning Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. According to the text, which of the following is an example of a sex-typed behavior that is considered appropriate for girls, but not for boys?

A. reading

B. drawing

C. crying

D. playing

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sex-Typed Behaviors

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. Piaget's analysis of children's active role in their own socialization is best categorized under which of the following theories?

A. gender schema theory

B. social learning theory

C. cognitive development theory

D. psychoanalytic theory

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cognitive-Development Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. At what age do children acquire a gender identity?

A. 6–9 months

B. 9–12 months

C. 2–3 years

D. 5–7 years

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stages of Gender Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. By the age of 5, children develop the knowledge that society sees their gender as permanent and unchanging. Which of the following terms describes this phase?

A. gender constancy

B. gender stability

C. gender congruency

D. gender schema

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Stages of Gender Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. When an 8-year-old child sees a female wearing short hair and baggy clothes and is able to understand that the woman is still fundamentally female, that child has developed ______.

A. gender constancy

B. gender stability

C. gender congruency

D. gender schema

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Stages of Gender Socialization

Difficulty Level: Hard

16. Which of the following is true of cognitive development theory?

A. It primarily locates the process of socialization with the agents.

B. It primarily locates the process of socialization with the targets.

C. It primarily locates the process of socialization with the media.

D. It primarily locates the process of socialization with the family.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Stages of Gender Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. Which theory suggests that gender is the lens through which we see and make sense of the world?

A. gender schema theory

B. social learning theory

C. cognitive development theory

D. psychoanalytic theory

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is a Schema?

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Imagine a presidential race between two candidates: a man and a woman. The man is praised for his bold and assertive attitude, while the woman is chastised for not being nice or accommodating enough. This is an example of ______.

A. gender identity

B. androcentrism

C. gender schema

D. gender polarization

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Characteristics of Gender Schemas

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. The way in which a child modifies her own sense of self to incorporate some ability, attribute, or power she sees in others, usually a parent, defines which of the following terms?

A. ego boundaries

B. social identification

C. secondary socialization

D. psychoanalytic identification

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Psychoanalytic Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. According to psychoanalytic theory, young boys develop strong ego boundaries because they ______.

A. envy the mother’s feminine gender identity

B. develop a masculine identity based on their hormones

C. are born possessing a stronger sense of independence than girls

D. must sever identification with their mothers to become masculine

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Gender of Ego Boundaries

Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of the following refers to the process by which an infant learns the norms of society?

A. primary socialization

B. historical socialization

C. secondary socialization

D. master status socialization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Early Years: Primary Socialization Into Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The United Nations has found that in some countries such as India and Pakistan, female infant mortality rates are higher than expected, suggesting that daughters may be less valued. Yet in Kenya, the Mukogodo breastfeed girls longer than boys and attend more to the medical needs of girls. This example illustrates which of the following about gender socialization?

A. It is culturally uniform.

B. It varies by culture.

C. It is the primary responsibility of social institutions.

D. It is most impactful at the individual level.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Primary Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. According to the text, which of the following demonstrates Sweden’s high commitment to gender equality?

A. Men and women have the same life expectancy.

B. Clothing stores dedicate equal space to boys’ and girls’ clothing sections.

C. Preschools are required to counteract traditional gender patterns.

D. Preschools discourage the practice of gender attribution.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender-Neutral Preschools in Sweden

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. According to Preves’s study on intersex children, participants reported that the impact of numerous medical procedures during childhood resulted in ______.

A. parental neglect

B. physical abuse

C. sexual abuse

D. psychological abuse

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Doctors Teaching Gender: Intersex Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Activities or behaviors that have the potential to be seen as violating gender norms in some way are called which of the following?

A. sexual identity

B. gender transgression

C. androcentric resistance

D. patriarchal dividend

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Importance of Peer Groups

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Phillip was marginalized by other boys at camp because of his small stature, lack of coordination, feminine appearance, and preference for activities like jump rope. Phillip can be said to have entered the ______.

A. gender transgression zone

B. hegemonic masculinity zone

C. gender bending zone

D. gender marginality zone

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Importance of Peer Groups

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Our dominant ideas about what it means to be a man and the influence of these ideas over the behaviors of men is known as which of the following?

A. doing gender

B. androcentrism

C. hegemonic masculinity

D. patriarchal legitimation

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Importance of Peer Groups

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The all-encompassing system of criminalization molded by the synchronized, systematic punishment by social control institutions is known as ______.

A. the youth control complex

B. hegemonic masculinity

C. the young male syndrome

D. hyper-criminalization

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Varieties of Peer Culture

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Agism has differing effects on men and women because ______.

A. there is more emphasis placed on women’s attractiveness

B. as women age, they replace beauty with career success

C. men lose more esteem as they age

D. women gain greater wisdom over the life course

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Happens to Gender as We Age?

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Men with Alzheimer’s often experience feelings of emasculation when they are in a care-receiving role. According to the text, why is this?

A. Caregiving is seen as more masculine in nature.

B. Loss of control over routine activities challenges men’s identity.

C. Men feel ashamed for not seeking preventative care earlier in life.

D. Men are unlikely to assimilate caregiving into their sense of masculinity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Gender of Caregiving and Alzheimer’s

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Gender identity is defined as the set of rules for what is appropriate masculine and feminine behavior in a particular culture.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender and Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Intersex children are those whose genital tubercle is between 1.0 cm and 2.5 cm at birth.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Genital Tubercles and Ambiguous Genitalia

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Anne Fausto-Sterling suggested that humans should be categorized as three sexes which include male, female, and hermaphrodite.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Can We Learn From the Stories of Intersex People?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The person being socialized is the agent of socialization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Some Theories of Gender Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Jean Piaget emphasized children's passive role in their own socialization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cognitive-Development Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. When children begin to think of themselves as feminine or masculine, that particular gender schema is associated with their sense of identity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: What Is a Schema?

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Doctors serve as agents of socialization for intersex children.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Doctors Teaching Gender: Intersex Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The experiences of immigrants in the United States demonstrate the importance of the nation as an agent of socialization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Learning to Be American: Socialization Through Immigration

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Men are more likely to assimilate caregiving into existing ideas about masculinity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Gender of Caregiving and Alzheimer’s

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. According to the life-course perspective, individual biographies unfold interactively based on exposure to new social settings.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Happens to Gender as We Age?

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Unlike gender, age is a fixed social category that is consistent across cultures.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: What Happens to Gender as We Age?

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. A girl who is being bullied by other girls in her class because she likes to play soccer with the boys is experiencing gender identity.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Importance of Peer Groups

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. At the Egalia preschool in Sweden, teachers speak to all children using gender-neutral pronouns.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender-Neutral Preschools in Sweden

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The intersex people interviewed for Preves’s study generally felt that the sex reassignment surgeries they underwent in childhood helped them develop a strong sense of gender identity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Doctors Teaching Gender: Intersex Socialization

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Research on Pakistani and Filipina immigrant women reveal that secondary socialization can have a powerful influence on our gender experiences.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Hybrid Identities

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Explain how variations in particular social and cultural contexts are important for understanding the process of gender socialization. Provide an example that demonstrates this perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Gender and Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Define each of the following concepts: gender socialization, gender norms, and gender identity. How are they interrelated?

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender and Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. What are the key differences between primary socialization and secondary socialization? Choose one of these phases of socialization and provide examples of how it occurs at the individual, interactional, and institutional levels.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Early Years: Primary Socialization Into Gender | Learning Gender Never Ends: Secondary Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Compare and contrast the main stages of gender socialization.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Stages of Gender Socialization

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss how the gender socialization of intersex children differs from the gender socialization of children whose sex falls in the sex binary. Who are the agents of socialization for intersex children? How does “doing gender” differ for the two groups?

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sorting It All Out: Gender Socialization and Intersex Children

Difficulty Level: Medium