Reproductive Process – Ch7 | Test Bank – 18th Ed

View Product website:

https://selldocx.com/docx/reproductive-process-ch7-test-bank-18th-ed-1509

Student name:__________

CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) Check all of the following that describe the forms of reproduction found in animals.

A) sexual reproduction
B) asexual reproduction
C) budding
D) binary fission
E) gemmulation
F) fragmentation

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
2) Which is NOT true about reproduction?

A) Gametes are produced by meiosis and may be specialized as eggs or sperm
B) Only the germ line reproduces by mitosis
C) Asexual reproduction is most advantageous when the environment is not changing
D) A hermaphrodite produces both male and female gametes in different specialized gonads
E) Somatic cells serve to provide support and protection for the germ line

3) Which is NOT true about asexual reproduction?

A) There is only one parent
B) It is less commonly found among vertebrates
C) It can occur by budding or by division and regeneration
D) A large number of offspring can be produced in this way in a short time
E) It produces variation that allows the species to adapt quickly to changing environmental conditions

4) What is the critical difference between gemmulation and fragmentation?

A) Gemmulation is sexual and fragmentation is asexual
B) Gemmulation is haploid and fragmentation is diploid
C) If sponges fragment, it is called gemmulation
D) Fragmentation involves providing a resistant layer of cells for a capsule; gemmulation is merely breaking off chunks of tissue to grow a new organism
E) Gemmulation involves providing a resistant layer of cells for a capsule; fragmentation is merely breaking off chunks of tissue to grow a new organism

5) Offspring produced by asexual reproduction that all have the same genotype are called

A) germ cells.
B) buds.
C) clones.
D) gonads.
E) gemmules.

6) Since humans have two individual organisms to bear eggs or sperm separately, we are in the biological sense

A) asexual.
B) bisexual.
C) monoecious.
D) hermaphroditic.
E) parthenogenetic.

7) Animals that have both male and female organs in the same individual are called

A) asexual.
B) bisexual.
C) monoecious.
D) dioecious.
E) parthenogenetic.

8) Which of the following are primary sex organs?

A) Penis and vagina
B) Scrotum and uterus
C) Vas deferens and oviducts
D) Testes and ovaries
E) All of the choices are primary sex organs

9) By possessing both male and female organs, hermaphrodites

A) are asexual.
B) lose all advantages to sexual reproduction.
C) gain the ability to mate with any other individual of their species, not just the half that are the opposite sex.
D) gain the ability to choose to be either sexual or asexual.
E) always have the ability to self-fertilize if no other members of their species are around.

10) Parthenogenesis is

A) asexual but haploid by means of internal self-fertilization.
B) an asexual means of reproduction involving budding.
C) asexual reproduction by splitting or fission into several new individuals.
D) reproduction where eggs develop into mature individuals without fertilization.
E) sexual reproduction by cross-fertilization between hermaphrodites.

11) When an egg is formed without meiosis, merely a mitotic division, it is

A) ameiotic parthenogenesis.
B) meiotic parthenogenesis.
C) anti-parthenogenesis.
D) hermaphroditism.
E) bisexual reproduction.

12) In whiptail lizards, only females exist. Two females court and one assumes the posture of the missing male lizard to stimulate the other female to ovulate. No fertilization can occur, so this is a case of

A) hermaphroditism.
B) bisexual reproduction.
C) parthenogenesis.
D) sexual reproduction since mating behavior is required.
E) a need for further research since only primitive animals reproduce asexually.

13) In the case of the whiptail lizards, unisexual species were compared with a fully sexual species. Results indicated that

A) the unisexual lizard populations were slower growing because they lacked diversity.
B) both strategies had the same levels of population growth.
C) the unisexual lizard populations were faster growing because all individuals produced eggs.
D) more variability is always good despite environmental conditions.
E) the more evolved animals always reproduce sexually.

14) What is the most likely evolutionary explanation for the whiptail desert lizards evolving a female only reproduction?

A) This species is probably going extinct
B) This is not related to evolution but a biochemical anomaly
C) This is not at all unusual since most reptiles are asexual
D) The desert is uniform, and variation is of little or no advantage and a waste in energy
E) Such a switch in mating behavior is easily understood as a crossing-over in chromosomes

15) Gonads arise from

A) proliferation of the SRY gene.
B) genital ridges growing into the coelomic lining on the sides of the hindgut.
C) somatic tissues.
D) different tissues; testes from mesoderm and ovaries from endoderm.
E) a continuous line of meiotic cells.

16) Gametogenesis is the

A) union of an egg and a sperm.
B) formation of eggs by the female and sperm by the male.
C) cleavage of the embryo.
D) menstrual cycle in the female.
E) None of the choices is correct

17) In the male reproductive system, the Sertoli (sustentacular) cells

A) become sperm cells through meiosis.
B) activate the sperm cells so they can swim rapidly.
C) nourish the cells that become sperm cells.
D) regulate the rate of semen production.
E) produce an alkaline fluid added to the semen.

18) The _______ undergo the first meiotic division in the production of sperm.

A) sertoli (sustentacular) cells
B) primary oocytes
C) spermatids
D) primary spermatocytes
E) spermatogonia

19) The final product of spermatogenesis is four

A) sertoli (sustentacular) cells.
B) primary oocytes.
C) spermatids.
D) primary spermatocytes.
E) spermatogonia.

20) The ______ of the sperm is lined with mitochondria and expends the energy to propel the sperm.

A) acrosome
B) head
C) tail
D) mid-piece
E) none of the choices is correct

21) The acrosome functions to

A) house enzymes that help a sperm head "digest" its way into an egg.
B) increase the sperm's motility.
C) direct the sperm to the egg.
D) transport the chromosomes out of the egg.
E) store energy for swimming to the egg.

22) In oogenesis, the sequence of the development of an egg is

A) ootid, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, oogonium, ovum.
B) primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, oogonium, ovum.
C) oogonium, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ootid, ovum.
D) oogonium, ootid, primary oocyte, secondary oocyte, ovum.

23) Polar bodies are best characterized as

A) follicles that did not become the graafian follicle.
B) one haploid nucleus from the first meiotic division and one haploid nucleus from the second meiotic division.
C) two haploid nuclei from the first meiotic division.
D) two haploid nuclei from the second meiotic division.
E) three haploid nuclei; one from the second division and one from the first that then divided again to form two.

24) Reptile and bird eggs have

A) no chorion.
B) no amnion.
C) no extra-embryonic membranes because the young are inside an egg.
D) a placental connection since these are advanced animals.
E) a large yolk to support all early development.

25) During oogenesis, the egg grows in size by accumulating _______ reserves to support future growth and development after fertilization.

A) hormone
B) sugar
C) water
D) mitochondrial
E) yolk

26) The egg grows in size well beyond the surface-area-to-volume restrictions of other single cells because it

A) is the germ line and is therefore not restricted by this law.
B) relies on a placenta to exchange gases and nutrients.
C) has a gradually diminishing metabolic rate and often relies on supporting cells to supply nutrition.
D) lacks mitochondria.
E) does not become living until it is fertilized; this is the definition of "life."

27) Placental mammals are

A) oviparous.
B) ovoviviparous.
C) larviparous.
D) viviparous.
E) nefarious.

28) A rattlesnake holds its eggs internally and the young hatch and crawl out, appearing to be born live; the rattlesnake is

A) oviparous.
B) ovoviviparous.
C) larviparous.
D) viviparous.
E) nefarious.

29) A strange system of reproduction, where there are no permanent reproductive organs and gametes arise from the lining of the body cavity and spill through ruptures of the body wall is found in some

A) insects.
B) marsupial mammals.
C) polychaete annelid worms.
D) whiptail lizards.
E) birds.

30) In reptiles and birds, a common chamber forming the opening of the reproductive, excretory and digestive systems is called the

A) vulva.
B) aedeagus.
C) cloaca.
D) labia majora.
E) copulatrix.

31) Which is NOT part of the mammalian male reproductive system?

A) testes.
B) epididymis.
C) penis.
D) prostate.
E) cervix.

32) Mammalian sperm mature inside the

A) seminal vesicles.
B) ejaculatory duct.
C) vas deferens.
D) epididymis.

33) In mammals, the ______ carries both sperm and urine.

A) vas deferens
B) urethra
C) fallopian tube
D) ureter
E) seminiferous tubule

34) A cross-section through the testes would show

A) large chambers lined with wiggling sperm.
B) small tubules lined with developing sperm.
C) flat layers of tissue lined with developing sperm.
D) individual sperm follicles with all future immature sperm present.
E) none of the choices is correct.

35) In larger terrestrial animals, the testes are in the scrotum rather than in the abdomen because

A) there is lack of room in the abdomen.
B) this provides for a shorter sperm path.
C) this provides a more direct blood supply.
D) it provides greater protection to the testes.
E) it keeps the temperature lower for sperm development.

36) Which of the following is NOT involved in production of semen?

A) seminal vesicles.
B) bulbourethral gland.
C) graafian follicle.
D) testes.
E) prostate gland.

37) Which association concerning structures in the human male is NOT correct?

A) Testes-produce sperm
B) Testes-produce testosterone
C) Vas deferens-carries urine
D) Prostate gland-seminal fluid
E) Urethra-conducts sperm

38) The path of the sperm from the site of production to exiting the male body proceeds from

A) testes to urethra to vas deferens to penis.
B) urethra to vas deferens to seminal vesicles to testes.
C) seminiferous tubules to epididymis to vas deferens to urethra.
D) seminiferous tubules to vas deferens to epididymis to urethra.
E) vas deferens to seminiferous tubules to epididymis to urethra.

39) Which is NOT part of the human female external genitalia?

A) hymen.
B) clitoris.
C) labia minora.
D) labia majora.
E) uterus.

40) The female clitoris is homologous to the male

A) vas deferens.
B) glans penis.
C) scrotum.
D) prostate gland.
E) testes.

41) An egg moves down an oviduct by

A) whip-like flagellar action.
B) cilia of nurse cells surrounding the egg.
C) drifting on the current of body fluids.
D) muscle contraction and ciliary motion.
E) suction from the uterine contractions.

42) Fertilization in humans normally occurs in the

A) uterus.
B) vagina.
C) outer third of the oviduct.
D) abdominal cavity between ovary and oviducts.
E) ovarian follicle at time of ovulation.

43) You are explaining the menstrual cycle to your study group partners. During this conversation you indicate the the ______ is the inner lining of the uterus that is discharged during menstruation.

A) endometrium
B) perimetrium
C) myocardium
D) endocardium
E) oviduct

44) The route of sperm moving through the female reproductive tract is

A) vagina → uterus → oviduct → cervix.
B) urethra → vagina → oviduct → cervix.
C) urethra → uterus → cervix → fallopian tube.
D) cervix → fallopian tube → vagina → uterus.
E) vagina → cervix → uterus → oviduct.

45) The two major female hormones are

A) androgen and estrogen.
B) testosterone and progesterone.
C) FSH and cortisol.
D) testosterone and estrogen.
E) progesterone and estrogen.

46) Male sexual behavior is promoted by

A) inhibin.
B) testosterone.
C) estrogen.
D) ecdysone.
E) progesterone.

47) Secondary sexual characteristics in the male are developed and maintained by

A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) testosterone.
D) estrogen.
E) progesterone.

48) A metabolite of testosterone that has important hormone effects is

A) FSH.
B) TSH.
C) anti-testosterone.
D) dihydrotestosterone.
E) progesterone.

49) You are a fertility specialist working with a 32 year old female that has not been able to conceive. You explain to your patient that intercourse on the ________ day of a 28-day uterine cycle provides the best opportunity for fertilization because that is when ovulation typically occurs.

A) first day
B) 4 th day
C) 14 th day
D) 22 nd day
E) last day

50) An egg is ovulated from a

A) primary follicle.
B) tertiary follicle.
C) corpus luteum.
D) graafian follicle.
E) secondary follicle.

51) The luteal phase occurs

A) on day 15.
B) during days 6 - 13.
C) on day 14.
D) during days 15 - 28.
E) anytime through the cycle.

52) _____________ is closely associated with maturation of the egg.

A) Follicle stimulating hormone
B) Testosterone
C) Luteinizing hormone
D) Progesterone
E) Human chorionic gonadotropic hormone

53) The luteal phase of the uterine cycle is associated with

A) low FSH, high estrogen, developing follicle, and an increase in uterine lining.
B) high LH, high estrogen, developing follicle, and uterine lining breakdown.
C) an increase in LH, increase in progesterone, corpus luteum present, and the endometrium is shed.
D) a decrease in LH, increase in progesterone, corpus luteum present, and a secretory uterine lining.
E) a decrease in LH, decrease in progesterone, corpus luteum present, and a secretory uterine lining.

54) The hormone inhibin

A) decreases sexual urges.
B) triggers ovulation in females.
C) prevents or inhibits erection.
D) serves in a negative feedback manner at the anterior pituitary.

55) Male athletes who consider taking synthetic testosterone to add muscle are warned that this may shrink the testes. Why would this effect occur?

A) this is the natural effect of testosterone; it normally shrinks testes.
B) synthetic chemicals act differently than natural hormones.
C) a guilt reaction in the brain causes the opposite hormone action.
D) testosterone converts to dihydrotestosterone that has the opposite effect.
E) the pituitary detects high levels of testosterone in the bloodstream and, not knowing that it is not self-produced, reduces FSH and LH.

56) In Latin, the root word(s) for "yellow body" is/are

A) placenta.
B) vagina.
C) corpus luteum.
D) uterus.
E) endometrium.

57) Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) the follicles in the ovary produce luteinizing hormone.
B) the corpus luteum produces progesterone.
C) a surge of LH is believed to promote ovulation.
D) LH stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum.

58) Luteinizing hormone stimulates the

A) seminiferous tubules of the testis.
B) pituitary to produce FSH.
C) follicle to produce inhibin.
D) corpus luteum to produce progesterone.

59) Approximately how many mature egg cells are released by a woman during her fertile years?

A) 20.
B) 120.
C) 400.
D) several thousand.
E) several million.

60) Following ovulation, a ruptured follicle

A) differentiates into the corpus luteum.
B) disappears and all of its cells disintegrate.
C) passes on as waste material down the oviduct with the egg.
D) mends itself and begins the maturation of another egg.
E) becomes a part of the epithelial covering of the ovary.

61) What initiates menstrual flow?

A) the pituitary triggers it.
B) luteinizing hormone activity is at its peak.
C) estrogen activity is at a peak.
D) progesterone production is highest.
E) both progesterone and estrogen decline to low levels.

62) Estrogen and progesterone provide feedback control on the

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) testes.
D) anterior pituitary.
E) prostate gland.

63) On day 12, the human uterine cycle is mainly under the influence of

A) thyroxin.
B) estrogen.
C) progesterone.
D) epinephrine.
E) testosterone.

64) Days 6-13 of a 28-day uterine cycle are considered the

A) secretory phase.
B) menstrual period.
C) proliferative phase.
D) ovulation period.
E) fertilization period.

65) The secretory phase is part of the

A) sexual cycle.
B) pituitary cycle.
C) testicular cycle.
D) ovarian cycle.
E) uterine cycle.

66) Follicle-stimulating hormone is produced in the

A) ovary.
B) uterus.
C) anterior pituitary.
D) hypothalamus.
E) interstitial (leydig) cells.

67) After an egg erupts from a follicle, the surrounding tissue that remains to secrete hormones becomes the

A) oocyte.
B) stroma.
C) corpus luteum.
D) primary follicle.
E) corpus cavernosum.

68) Which is NOT true about estrogen?

A) estrogen stimulates release of FSH.
B) estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken.
C) estrogen causes the endometrium to become vascular and glandular.
D) estrogen causes a positive feedback on the hypothalamus to secrete GnRH.
E) estrogen causes a negative feedback on the anterior pituitary gland.

69) What would be associated with animals that produce litters?

A) The uterus would be designed for more implantation sites
B) More nipples and mammary gland tissue would be present
C) More eggs are triggered to develop than in humans
D) There may be a tendency to have identical twins from division of the fertilized egg
E) All of the choices would be possible with an animal that regularly produces litters

70) Menstruation begins because

A) the pituitary triggers it.
B) luteinizing hormone is at its peak.
C) estrogen activity peaks.
D) progesterone production is highest.
E) progesterone and estrogen levels decline.

71) Milk production in humans is triggered in breasts after several days of ____ and ____ production by the ____.

A) estrogen, testosterone, ovaries
B) prolactin, human placental lactogen, hypothalamus
C) prolactin, human placental lactogen, anterior pituitary
D) oxytocin, estrogen, hypothalamus
E) oxytocin, androgen, anterior pituitary

72) The peptide hormone ______ produced by the ______ allows expansion of the pelvis by increasing flexibility of the pubic symphysis.

A) estrogen, ovaries
B) prolactin, hypothalamus
C) prolactin, anterior pituitary
D) relaxin, hypothalamus
E) relaxin, placenta

73) Which statement is incorrect regarding hCG?

A) hCG appears in the bloodstream after implantation
B) hCG is produced by the placenta
C) hCG stimulates the corpus luteum
D) hCG stimulates the anterior pituitary gland
E) hCG helps maintain estrogen and progesterone levels in the blood

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
74) The kidney of male reptiles, birds, and mammals develops an independent duct, the _______, to carry away nitrogenous waste.

75) Animals with both male and female organs in the same individual are called monoecious or ____________.

76) In mammals, the type of breeding cycle in which the female is receptive to the male only at restricted times of the year is the ________ cycle.

77) Most vertebrates and many invertebrates have separate sexes, a condition that is called dioecious or _______ ________.

78) Development of an embryo from an egg without the participation of a spermatozoa is called _________.

79) The outermost layer of differentiating sex cells in the testes, called ________, divide by ordinary mitosis.

80) In reptiles and birds the reproductive and excretory ducts empty into the ________.

81) The proximate cues that trigger labor are not fully understood; however, ________ appears to be involved.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
82) Compare meiotic and ameiotic parthenogenesis and provide an example of each.

83) Discuss how internal fertilization and the production of shelled eggs were important in the development of animals capable of living on land.

84) Why is the haplo-diploid system of bees, wasps, and ants considered to involve parthenogenesis?

85) Describe the differences between asexual and sexual reproduction, and conditions under which each would be advantageous and disadvantageous.

86) Detail the sequence of events that lead a human male embryo with a Y chromosome in its cells to differentiate into normal male anatomy.

87) Describe two other systems for determining the sex of offspring besides the XX-XY system described for humans, and give an example of the organism(s) that use the system.

88) Contrast the cloaca of birds and reptiles with the vulva of a mammal.

89) Trace the path taken by human sperm cells as they develop and leave the body, providing the identity of each accessory gland that adds fluids to the semen, and the function of those fluids, in the order they are encountered.

90) Describe the path taken by a human egg cell as it develops and implants on the wall of the uterus.

91) Describe the stages of the menstrual cycle, including the hormonal control of the ovarian cycle.

92) Birds never developed an internal placental system but are confined to laying eggs. Consider the many physiological burdens and limitations imposed by bearing live young, and then consider all of the adaptations of birds for flight. Given that birds arose from dinosaur-like ancestors that also laid eggs, but birds managed to evolve a high metabolism and other specialized features, discuss one physiological reason that probably limits birds from ever evolving viviparity.

93) A larger number of synthetic estrogens are showing up in the environment. Speculate on what physiological effects this may have on male animals.

94) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of sexual versus asexual reproduction.

95) Is asexual reproduction likely to happen more when the environment is "stable" or in a state of "flux"? Explain.

96) Fish and amphibians tend to have less complex reproductive systems than some reptiles, birds and mammals. Why do you think this might be the case?