Radiate Animals – Ch13 | Test Bank – 18th Edition

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MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) The traditional view of cnidarians relative to germ layers is that cnidaria possess

A) only one germ layer, the ectoderm, that differentiates into the two tissue layers.
B) two germ layers, ectoderm and mesoderm.
C) two germ layers, endoderm and mesoderm.
D) two germ layers, ectoderm and endoderm.
E) definitely all three germ layers including the mesoglea as it is derived from ectoderm.

2) The term "cnidaria" is based on the root words that mean

A) stuck in one place.
B) middle glue.
C) little spear.
D) thread bladder.
E) like nettles.

3) Nematocysts are

A) widespread among the animal kingdom but first developed by Cnidaria.
B) formed and used only by Cnidaria although a few other organisms may "steal" them.
C) first found in sponges, most highly developed in cnidarians, but still found as remnants in some higher groups.
D) actually free-living symbionts that are most usually taken up by cnidarians, as are many green algae.
E) None of the choices is correct

4) The fossil record of Cnidaria is

A) about the same as for other primitive animals, beginning in the Cambrian.
B) relatively sparse since their bodies are so soft that they leave no skeleton to fossilize.
C) one of the longest records, with fossils going back over 700 million years.
D) sporadic since the marine environment is not a good substrate to preserve fossils.
E) very recent since most of them have symbiotic relationships with advanced animals such as clown fish.

5) Which of the following is NOT a cnidarian?

A) Corals
B) Planaria
C) Sea anemones
D) Hydrozoa
E) Portuguese man-of-war

6) The __________ stage is best adapted for cnidarians living in colonies while the __________ stage helps in dispersal and survival in open oceans.

A) gastrozooid, dactylozooid
B) lappet, rhopalium
C) medusa, polyp
D) polyp, medusa
E) dactylozooid, gastrozooid

7) Which of the following is NOT a correct association?

A) Nematocyst—stinging organelle
B) Operculum—lid covering the capsule containing the coiled thread
C) Cnidoblast—a developing cnidocyte
D) Cnidocil—poison gland
E) Hydrostatic pressure—pressure inside capsule that forces the nematocyst out

8) Nematocysts are expelled when the

A) osmotic pressure reaches 140 atmospheres.
B) hydrostatic pressure exceeds the osmotic pressure.
C) internal hydrostatic pressure increases when water enters.
D) cnidocil stimulates the cnidocyte to decrease hydrostatic pressure and increase osmotic pressure.
E) None of the choices is correct.

9) Which of the following is NOT a correct description of cnidarian nervous tissues?

A) Hydrozoan medusae have ring nerves.
B) Scyphozoan medusae have marginal sense organs.
C) The nerve net synapses with both the nematocysts and the epitheliomuscular cells.
D) Scyphozoa have both a fast conducting and a slow conducting system to coordinate movements.
E) Cnidaria are the first animals to develop a central nervous system.

10) Cnidarians are found most abundantly in which of the following habitats?

A) Shallow marine habitats
B) Freshwater habitats
C) Deep ocean habitats
D) Estuary habitats
E) None of the choices is correct.

11) The unique feature(s) of a cnidarian nervous system is/are

A) vesicles with neurotransmitters located on both sides of the synapse.
B) nerve impulses are transmitted in both directions across a network of nerves.
C) cnidarian nerves lack any myelin surrounding the axons.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices is correct.

12) A hydra moves by

A) contraction of nematocysts.
B) expelling water from the gastrovascular cavity.
C) contraction of the nerve net.
D) contraction of epitheliomuscular cells in the epidermis.
E) contraction of epitheliomuscular fibers in the mesoglea.

13) How does Hydra reproduce sexually?

A) Separate male polyps and female polyps produce sperm and eggs, respectively, that fuse and grow into a medusa.
B) The swimming medusa stages are male and female and the fertilized eggs develop into planula larvae that become Hydra polyps.
C) The polyp body wall can produce both ovaries and testes that make eggs and sperm respectively.
D) Hydra sperm fertilize an egg in the body wall and this starts the growth of a bud.
E) Hydra do not reproduce sexually since they lost the sexual medusa stage.

14) Throughout most cnidarian groups, the basal or pedal disc serves to

A) be the base of the tentacles.
B) attach the cnidarian to the substrate.
C) generate buds.
D) perform extracellular digestion.
E) harbor sensory cells.

15) The class Hydrozoa contains Hydra, Obelia, and

A) the Portuguese man-of-war.
B) Aurelia.
C) the sea anemones.
D) most of the corals.
E) None of the choices is correct

16) Hydra reproduces asexually by forming

A) buds.
B) nematocysts.
C) gland cells.
D) gametes.
E) gastrozooids.

17) Digestion in hydra is

A) intracellular only.
B) extracellular only.
C) both extracellular and intracellular.
D) neither extracellular nor intracellular.
E) None of the choices is correct.

18) The Portuguese man-of-war has long tentacles with many nematocysts. These tentacles are called

A) dactylozooids.
B) gastrozooids.
C) gonophores.
D) pneumatophores.
E) colloblasts.

19) The most conspicuous medusa stage is found in the class

A) Hydrozoa.
B) Scyphozoa.
C) Anthozoa.
D) Ctenophora.
E) Cubozoa.

20) The presence of amoeboid cells and fibers in the mesoglea, as well as the lack of a velum, would indicate that a medusa was in the class

A) Hydrozoa.
B) Scyphozoa.
C) Anthozoa.
D) Ctenophora.
E) Cubozoa.

21) The correct sequence in the life cycle of the jellyfish Aurelia is

A) planula, ephyra, scyphistoma.
B) scyphistoma, planula, ephyra.
C) planula, scyphistoma, ephyra.
D) ephyra, planula, scyphistoma.
E) None of the choices is correct.

22) Which of the following is a characteristic of stauromedusans?

A) They have a solitary polyp body.
B) The top of the polyp has nine extensions.
C) Polyps reproduce asexually.
D) The planula swims initially and then becomes sessile.
E) They do not have a mouth.

23) The function of the rhopalium is

A) digestive.
B) respiratory.
C) food capture.
D) sensory.
E) reproductive.

24) Which of the following associations of cubozoan traits is NOT correct?

A) Velarium—where the subumbrellar edge turns inward
B) Pedalium—a flat, tough blade at the base of each tentacle
C) Ephyrae—a major stage of cubozoans between polyps and medusae
D) Medusae—in cross section, almost square
E) None of the choices is correct.

25) Which association of anthozoan traits is NOT correct?

A) Hexamerous—parts in multiples of six
B) Octomerous—parts in multiples of eight
C) Coupled—septa matched across gastrovascular cavity
D) Hydrostatic skeleton—hard coral secretions
E) Pedal laceration—small pieces break off and regenerate new anemones

26) A pharynx and mesenteries are structures found in

A) Hydra.
B) sea anemones.
C) Aurelia.
D) Obelia.
E) cubozoans.

27) The function of the siphonoglyph is

A) to form water currents into the gastrovascular cavity.
B) to sting the prey.
C) to aid in swimming.
D) to maintain balance or orientation.
E) reproduction.

28) To help overcome prey, some sea anemones have ____________ with nematocysts and gland cells that protrude through the mouth or pores.

A) acontia threads
B) siphonoglyphs
C) pedal lacerations
D) strobila
E) pneumatophores

29) Hermaphroditic sea anemones that produce sperm first and eggs later, to prevent self-fertilization, are called

A) asexual.
B) pre-testicular.
C) postgynous.
D) protandrous.
E) precocious.

30) A living anemone must detect non-living debris that floats by from potential food that also move past it. How does it detect the difference?

A) The anemone recognizes DNA in living things.
B) The anemone has a feeding response to certain chemicals such as glutathione and asparagine.
C) The anemone responds to vibrations that match the frequency of prey.
D) There is a feeding response to certain chemicals such as glutathione and asparagine; additionally the anemone responds to vibrations that match the frequency of prey.
E) The anemone samples everything that moves and discard the inorganic debris.

31) Sea anemones and corals lack

A) a sexual stage.
B) an asexual stage.
C) a polyp stage.
D) a medusa stage.
E) None of the choices is correct.

32) A/An __________ is close to the land and has either no lagoon or a very shallow lagoon.

A) atoll
B) barrier reef
C) bank or patch reef
D) fringing reef
E) reef crest

33) A/An __________ encircles a lagoon but there is no central island.

A) atoll
B) barrier reef
C) bank or patch reef
D) fringing reef
E) reef crest

34) Which statement about cnidarians is NOT true?

A) Reproduction is both sexual and asexual.
B) Some forms are sessile and others are motile.
C) They live in either marine or freshwater environments.
D) Tentacles are used to capture prey and to transfer the prey to the mouth.
E) The body plan is tube-within-a-tube, with a distinct mouth and anus.

35) Hermatypic corals have mutualistic algal cells in their tissues called

A) coralline algae.
B) zooxanthellae.
C) kelp.
D) Euglena.
E) colloblasts.

36) Ctenophores capture food by using

A) nematocysts.
B) collenchyme.
C) colloblasts.
D) comb plates.
E) statocysts.

37) If you removed the statocyst from a ctenophore, the most likely symptom you would notice would be

A) they would sting other ctenophores.
B) disorientation or swimming in a haphazard manner.
C) inability to expel wastes.
D) prevention of respiration.
E) lack of reproduction.

38) Your lab group must identify the class of an unknown cnidarian. The cnidarian is colonial, and the colony has a nonliving covering with living stalks that occur underneath the covering. There are hydranths and gastrozoids in the colony. To which class does this colony belong?

A) Hydrozoa
B) Myxozoa
C) Scyphozoa
D) Anthozoa

39) What would happen to an aquatic community if members of the class Myxozoa were removed from that community?

A) The remaining community members would be overcome by parasitic infections.
B) Other species would be unaffected, as myxozoans are solitary.
C) Some of the fish species would increase in number.
D) Tubifex worms would become locally extinct.

40) Cnidarians are all aquatic, but if a terrestrial cnidarian existed, could it have functional nematocysts?

A) No, because the mechanism for nematocyst discharge relies on water pressure changes.
B) No, because the mechanism for discharge relies on water-soluble chemicals.
C) Yes, because the mechanism for discharge relies on gas pressure changes.
D) Yes, because the mechanism for discharge relies on other organelles.

41) Predict what would happen to hermatypic corals if their mutualistic algae were removed?

A) The reef structure could degenerate.
B) The corals could not obtain nutrients.
C) The larvae of the corals would not have a place to mature.
D) The corals could not complete their life cycle.

42) What would be the effect of a mutation that caused the lack of comb plates on a ctenophoran?

A) The ctenophoran would be unable to move efficiently.
B) The ctenophoran would be unable to reproduce.
C) The ctenophoran would be unable to feed.
D) The ctenophoran would be unable to produce light.

43) As part of your laboratory study, you charged with the identification of an unknown animal. You realize it either belongs to the phylum Cnidaria or the phylum Ctenophora. What would not be a feature that you could use to distinguish the two phyla?

A) The presence of polyp and medusa body forms
B) Cnidocytes
C) Comb plates
D) Radial symmetry

44) What would happen to a ctenophoran if the functional ability of the colloblasts is lost?

A) Reproduction would cease.
B) Prey could not be gathered.
C) Locomotion would cease.
D) Bioluminescence would increase.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
45) Nematocysts are stinging organelles that are contained inside cells called __________.

46) The morphological type of cnidarian that is adapted to a sedentary or sessile life is the polyp, and the type that is best adapted for floating or free-swimming existence is the __________.

47) The body wall of a hydra consists of an outer epidermis and an inner gastrodermis with __________ between them.

48) Water in the gastrovascular cavity serves as a __________ skeleton.

49) The tall secretory cells around the pedal disc and mouth of hydra are the __________ cells.

50) The mesoglea of scyphozoans has amoeboid cells and fibers and is called a __________.

51) The small organs of equilibrium in scyphozoan jellyfishes are called __________, and these are borne in more complex sense organs called rhopalia.

52) Gastric filaments bearing __________ are found in scyphozoan medusae.

53) The polypoid stage of scyphozoans is called __________.

54) A distinguishing characteristic of cubozoan medusae is the presence of flattened blades called __________ at the base of the tentacles.

55) Septa extending from the body wall to the pharynx in sea anemones are designated primary septa or __________.

56) The long thread-like structures that help to overcome prey and provide defense in sea anemones are called __________ threads.

57) Corals important in formation of coral reefs have zoxanthellae in their tissues and are known as __________ corals.

58) The gastrodermal tubes that run through the extensive mesoglea of alcyonarians are called __________.

59) The part of a coral reef that slopes down into the lagoon is the reef __________ or fore reef slope.

60) Ctenophores are propelled by eight plates bearing long, fused __________.

61) "Glue" cells in ctenophores that function in catching small animals are called __________.

62) The free-swimming __________ larva is similar to an adult ctenophore and develops directly into an adult.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
63) Describe the trigger mechanism and the process by which nematocysts are ejected at terrific pressure.

64) Consider that you are a biology teacher with limited budget and want to order hydra that can last across many seasons and some irregularity in food supply due to school holidays. You can order regular white hydra or green hydra. Without any further information, which do you order and why?

65) Describe how food absorption in sponges differs from food absorption in Cnidaria.

66) Describe the evidence for the likely order of appearance of life-cycle stages in the evolution of Cnidarians. Evaluate the validity of conclusions that are drawn from this evidence.

67) Explain why the presence of a gelatinous layer between the ectoderm and endoderm in ctenophores and cnidarians make understanding the branching order of these phyla difficult.

68) Analyze the controversy over distinguishing the body symmetry of cnidarians.

69) Discuss the evidence for the phylogenetic placement of Ctenophores and Cnidarians in the metazoan tree.

70) Discuss the evolution of the Mesozoa, the Parazoa, and the Cnidaria. What are the common features shared by these groups?

71) Offer an explanation as to why myxozoans have one of the smallest genomes in the animal kingdom. Include features of the life cycle of the myxozoans in your answer.

72) Compare and contrast the staurozoans and the myxozoans. Include features of the life cycle in your analysis.

73) Analyze the placement of the myxozoans into to the phylum Cnidaria. What features led to this arrangement, and why might they be questioned?