Ch15 – Polyzoa & Kryptrochozoa | Test Bank – 18e

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CHECK ALL THE APPLY. Choose all options that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1) As part of a laboratory assignment, you must identify the most specific clade to which an unknown lophotrochozoan belongs. You note the presence of a lophophore. What is the most specific clade for this creature?

A) Trochozoa
B) Polyzoa
C) Brachiozoa
D) There is not enough information to more specifically identify a clade for this creature.

2) You are assigned the job of sorting out trochozoan specimens. You encounter a shelled specimen. To which phyla might this animal belong? Check all that apply.

A) Brachiopoda
B) Phoronida
C) Nemertea
D) Mollusca

MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
3) Which group is so specialized that they are only found on the mouth parts of marine decapods in the northern hemisphere?

A) Micrognathozoans
B) Rotifers
C) Cycliophorans
D) Acanthocephalans
E) Entoprocts

4) Phoronid worms

A) are relatively large and usually over 30 cm in length.
B) are tube-dwelling marine animals.
C) are most common in deep tropical oceans near thermal vents.
D) spend a lot of time scavenging across the sea floor.
E) are a serious threat to oyster beds.

5) Which is NOT a correct description of the function of the phoronid lophophore?

A) It can be extended for feeding and completely withdrawn for protection.
B) The mouth lies between the two ridges of the lophophore.
C) Each ridge of a lophophore has hollow ciliated tentacles that are extensions of the body wall.
D) Cilia on the tentacles direct the water current down the ridges and toward the mouth.
E) All of the choices are correct.

6) The digestive system of a phoronid worm has

A) cilia in the stomach area of the U-shaped gut.
B) water passing over the anus and nephridiopores before entering the gut.
C) an anus that lies ventral to the mouth and inside the lophophore.
D) All of the choices are correct.
E) None of the choices is correct.

7) The phoronid circulatory system

A) is a closed system but lacks a heart.
B) has hemoglobin dissolved in the plasma.
C) is an open system with pulsatile organs circulating the hemolymph.
D) is an open system with no heart and is dependent upon the hemoglobin enclosed in nucleated cells.
E) is missing and all food and wastes readily diffuse through the lophophore.

8) Reproduction and development in phoronid worms involves

A) monoecious species.
B) dioecious species.
C) asexual species.
D) a radial cleavage pattern.
E) All of the choices are correct.

9) Why are entoprocts not included with the ectoprocts since they look nearly identical and were both called bryozoans in earlier times?

A) Entoprocts are now known to be cnidarians.
B) Entoprocts are acoelomates and lack sexual reproduction.
C) Entoprocts are all parasites that lost more advanced characters and only secondarily resemble ectoprocts.
D) The fossil record shows they were never related.
E) Entoprocts are pseudocoelomates and have the anus within the tentacular crown.

10) The __________ is the secreted body wall of an ectoproct, together with its secreted exoskeleton.

A) adhesive sac
B) statoblast
C) cystid
D) polypide
E) zoecium

11) The __________ includes the lophophore, digestive tract, muscles, and nerve centers.

A) adhesive sac
B) statoblast
C) cystid
D) polypide
E) zoecium

12) How can you distinguish an ectoproct from a hydroid?

A) The hydroid colony is very small, perhaps a few millimeters long, while the ectoproct is centimeters long.
B) The hydroid has the anus within the tentacular crown and the ectoproct has the anus outside the crown.
C) The hydroid lacks any complex digestive gut including any anus.
D) The hydroid has more complex musculature and innervation.
E) Only hydroids form moss-like colonies.

13) The respiratory system of an ectoproct involves

A) tracheae.
B) gills that form another layer under the tentacles.
C) amebocytes loaded with hemoglobin pigment.
D) circulation of water by opening and closing the epistome.
E) no system at all, merely diffusion across the body surface.

14) Ectoproct colonies have modified zooids to

A) assist in reproduction.
B) disperse the colony.
C) secrete more exoskeleton.
D) protect the colony and sweep away foreign particles.
E) All of the choices are zooid specializations.

15) Reproduction and development in ectoprocts involves

A) hermaphrodites.
B) radial cleavage.
C) brooding of eggs inside the coelom or in special ovicells.
D) metamorphosis to the adult form.
E) All of the choices are correct.

16) The lophophore contains an extension of the

A) protocoel.
B) metacoel.
C) mesocoel.
D) pseudocoel.
E) None of the choices is correct.

17) Statoblasts are usually formed

A) in the winter.
B) in the spring.
C) in freshwater ectoprocts.
D) anytime the pools begin to dry up.
E) when the colony ages.

18) Brachiopoda

A) are called bryozoans.
B) have a mantle and two valves (shells).
C) live in deep ocean bottoms.
D) are wormlike burrowers.
E) are colonial.

19) Entoprocts

A) are mostly freshwater.
B) are wormlike.
C) have an incomplete digestive tract.
D) have a crown of ciliated tentacles.
E) are a major disease agent.

20) Ectoprocta live in

A) only freshwater sediment.
B) bivalved shells they secrete.
C) colonies and form protective masses.
D) secreted tubes in sand or attached to rocks.
E) echinoderm intestines as parasites.

21) The lophophorate phyla are grouped together because

A) they all belong to the deuterostome branch of the bilateral animals.
B) they all possess a specialized crown of tentacles specialized for sedentary filter feeding.
C) they all lack a true coelom.
D) all appear to be derived from the Entoprocta ancestors.
E) they simply do not fit anywhere else.

22) The brachiopods live in

A) freshwater sediment.
B) bivalved shells they secrete.
C) colonies and form protective masses.
D) secreted tubes in sand or attached to rocks.
E) echinoderm intestines as parasites.

23) The lophophore is

A) an arrangement of ciliated tentacles.
B) an efficient feeding device.
C) extended from a ridge that surrounds the mouth but not the anus.
D) a respiratory surface for the exchange of gases.
E) All of the choices are correct.

24) The coelom of a lophophorate is divided into

A) two parts: the anteriocoel and posteriocoel.
B) three parts: the protocoel, mesocoel, and metacoel.
C) four parts: the left and right supracoel and subcoel.
D) two parts: the basicoel and the exterocoel extending into the tentacles.
E) a interior hypocoel and a surrounding pericoel.

25) The larval stages of all three lophophorate phyla are

A) also sessile, having budded off from the parent.
B) parasitic on other animals.
C) trochophores.
D) bilateral planula larvae.
E) free-swimming.

26) Lamp shells are not included in Mollusca because they

A) clearly do not resemble any mollusk.
B) lack a hard shell.
C) have a dorsal-ventral shell and gather food on tentacles.
D) lack a coelom.
E) have a fossil record that shows they are totally unrelated.

27) The fossil record of brachiopods shows

A) they have only recently branched off from molluscan bivalves.
B) they have existed nearly unchanged in design since the Ordovician times.
C) they have evolved rapidly to displace many molluscs.
D) they have never been common and are now going extinct.
E) they are now much bigger than they were in earlier times.

28) The pedicel of a brachiopod functions

A) as a lophophore.
B) to close the two shells.
C) as a stalk to attach it to the substrate.
D) as a respiratory structure.
E) in reproduction.

29) Brachiopods reproduce and develop

A) with separate sexes.
B) usually with external fertilization.
C) with radial cleavage.
D) both with and without metamorphosis.
E) All of the choices are correct.

30) The valves of brachiopods are

A) secreted by the mantle.
B) dorsal and ventral.
C) hinged in some with a tooth-and-socket arrangement.
D) All of the choices are correct.

31) Nemerteans differ from flatworms in that nemerteans possess

A) an incomplete digestive tract.
B) male and female reproductive structures in the same body.
C) an eversible probsoscis.

32) Although they are trochozoans, molluscs and annelids are discussed separately from the brachiopods, nemerteans, and phoronidans. Explain why the molluscs and annelids separated in this discussion.

A) Molluscs and annelids have greater internal and external complexity compared to the rest of the trochozoan phyla.
B) Neither the molluscs nor the annelids are worm-like.
C) There is no similarity in molecular characters between the molluscs and annelids and the rest of the trochozoan phyla.
D) Molluscs and annelids lack a proboscis, while the phoroids, nemerteans, and brachiopods possess a proboscis.

33) If a cycliophoran population was very low in its unusual but favorable habitat, what type of larvae would you expect to be produced?

A) Pandora
B) Chordoid
C) Trochophore
D) Pilidium

34) Predict what would happen to a nemertean that lost its proboscis.

A) The nemertean would no longer be able to feed.
B) The nemertean would no longer have chemosensory abilities.
C) The nemertean would be unable to obtain oxygen.
D) The nemertean would be unable to move.

35) How does a closed circulatory system specifically benefit a nemertean?

A) It facilitates rapid hunting responses.
B) It makes larger body size possible.
C) It supports greater internal complexity.
D) All of the choices are correct.

FILL IN THE BLANK. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
36) The three lophophorate phyla are Phoronida, Ectoprocta, and __________.

37) A phoronid larva is a/an __________.

38) The chamber in which each zooid of an ectoproct colony lives is called a __________.

39) Resistant capsules containing germinative cells formed by freshwater ectoprocts are __________.

40) The lophophorate animals that have their bodies covered by a mantle belong to the phylum __________.

41) The fleshy stalk of a brachiopod is the ___________.

42) The formation of the coelom in articulate brachiopods is by __________ development.

43) Colonies of Ectoprocts begin from a single zooid called an __________.

SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
44) Some nemerteans produce eggs in which all larval stages develop. In what sort of environment would this be favorable? Explain the advantages and disadvantages of this concept.

ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
45) Explain why the Brachiopoda are not included with the phylum Mollusca, class Bivalvia since they do have a mantle that secretes two shells.

46) Why are these groups with diverse lifestyles (some with shells and some without, some colonial and some solitary, etc.) considered together? Be sure to list the structures and behaviors they have in common and discuss their evolutionary relationships.

47) Compare the developmental features of the lophotrochozoans. Do they share a similar body plan?

48) Explain why ectoprocts and entoprocts are no longer classified within the phylum Bryozoa.

49) Explain the importance of the lophophore as a taxonomic character. What taxa does it unite, and what other characters correlate with this grouping?

50) Examine the coelom of the nemertean. Include in your answer an analysis of why it is not a typical coelom.

51) Compare and contrast the internal and external features of members of the class Enopla with members of the class Anopla.

52) Discuss why there are so many more fossilized brachiopod species than there are living brachiopod species. Include references to their internal and external features as well as reference to their habitat.

53) Compare and contrast solitary and colonial entoprocts. Include anatomical features of both groups in your response.