Indigenous Youth Crime In Canada Test Bank Ch.11

CHAPTER 11

Indigenous Youth Crime in Canada

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to the authors of Chapter 11, crime, as it affects offenders and victims, can best be defined as ________.
   1. a violation of the criminal law
   2. an act committed against the Queen
   3. harm and harmed relationships
   4. a violation of social norms
   5. a failure to respect values
2. According to the authors of Chapter 11, crimes committed by Indigenous peoples are expressions of ________.
   1. traumatization and victimization
   2. anomie, strain, or normlessness
   3. feelings of being lost
   4. All of the above
   5. Both a and b
3. Racism, broken treaties, assimilation attempts, and domination are examples of ________.
   1. conflict between Indigenous peoples and settlers
   2. the shared experience of Indigenous peoples
   3. the history of European colonialism
   4. All of the above
   5. Both a and b
4. The effects of intergenerational trauma include ________.
   1. poverty
   2. underemployment
   3. family violence
   4. dropping out of school
   5. All of the above
5. The problem with most intervention strategies put into place to reduce Indigenous youth crime is that they ________.
   1. focus mainly on substance abuse problems
   2. deal mainly with family violence
   3. ignore the root causes of Indigenous crime
   4. All of the above
   5. Both a and c
6. While youth 12 to 17 years old who self-identified as Indigenous represent 7 per cent of the Can­adian population, in 2011–2012 they made up about ________.
   1. 26 per cent of youth admitted to remand
   2. 39 per cent of youth admitted to custody
   3. 46 per cent of youth who received probation
   4. All of the above
   5. Both a and b
7. ________ are included among the factors studied as causes and influences of youth crime.
   1. Biological/genetic influences
   2. Psychological influences
   3. Demographic influences
   4. All of the above
   5. Both b and c
8. The diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is especially challenging in Indigenous communities because ________.
   1. it is a relatively new disorder
   2. assessments ideally involve a team of specialists
   3. FASD symptoms often overlap with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms
   4. All of the above
   5. Both b and c
9. Recent studies in Saskatchewan and Manitoba report that at least ________ of young offenders are born with FASD.
   1. 20 per cent
   2. 35 per cent
   3. 50 per cent
   4. 60 per cent
   5. 65 per cent
10. Indigenous over-incarceration has also led to the strong con­nection that exists between ________.
    1. imprisonment and recidivism
    2. street and prison gangs
    3. drugs in prison and on the streets
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and b
11. Part of the attraction to gangs for young people from all ethnic groups is ________.
    1. media sensationalization
    2. marginalization
    3. excitement
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and b
12. For many Indigenous youth, gangs promise ________.
    1. a substitute family
    2. money and excitement
    3. prestige and status
    4. All of the above
    5. Both b and c
13. The recruitment of Indigenous youth to gangs by parents and other family members is a sign of ________.
    1. irresponsible parenting
    2. coercion and intimidation
    3. gang entrenchment in some communities
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and c
14. It has been argued that Indigenous gang prevention strategies that target individual-level issues and risk factors are ________.
    1. often effective
    2. only Band-Aid solutions
    3. effective only with young children
    4. useless
    5. None of the above
15. The Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996) argued that the starting point for healing the relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada was to recognize Indigenous people as ________.
    1. a minority group with problems that need fixing
    2. political entities with a unique place in Canada
    3. having been cheated by the federal government
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and b
16. ________ is included among the shared beliefs and values of Indigenous people.
    1. Resisting injustice with force
    2. A connection with nature
    3. Peacemaking and respecting community
    4. All of the above
    5. Both b and c
17. _________ is included among the shared beliefs and values of Indigenous people.
    1. The importance of circles and ceremonies
    2. Healing broken relations with mainstream society
    3. Resisting justice as force
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and b
18. The First Nations Community Justice Guidebook has successfully incorporated ________.
    1. integration of history
    2. practices with a strong sense of community
    3. twelve elements representing each hour on the clock
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and b
19. When comparing Western justice to traditional Indigenous justice, which of the following statements is false?
    1. The Western system is adversarial, whereas Indigenous justice is non-confrontational.
    2. Everyone is free to give their statement in Western culture, whereas the Indigenous justice system only allows certain witnesses.
    3. In the Western justice system you are expected to tell the “whole truth” whereas in the Indigenous system it is believed to be impossible to know the whole truth.
    4. The function of Western justice is to protect society, whereas the function for Indigenous justice is to restore harmony.
    5. All of the above
20. The ________ category characteristic of FASD can result in unknowingly adding false statements in court.
    1. language
    2. social communication
    3. attention
    4. memory
    5. intellect
21. According to a 2016 Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives (CCPA) study, what percent of Indigenous children living on reserve live in poverty?
    1. 20 per cent
    2. 30 per cent
    3. 40 per cent
    4. 50 per cent
    5. 60 per cent
22. According to a 2016 Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives study, which province has the highest rates of Indigenous children living in poverty?
    1. British Columbia
    2. Alberta
    3. Saskatchewan
    4. Manitoba
    5. Ontario
23. According to the text, what percentage of Indigenous people aged 15 and over reported that they or their households had been a victimized in the past year?
    1. 8 per cent
    2. 18 per cent
    3. 28 per cent
    4. 38 per cent
    5. 48 per cent
24. Indigenous females have a violent victimization rate that is at least ________ times greater than that of non-Indigenous females.
    1. two
    2. three
    3. four
    4. five
    5. six
25. The proportion of Indigenous youth in provincial/territorial custody relative to their proportion in the population is about ________ times higher for Indigenous male youth and ________ times higher for Indigenous female youth.
    1. two; three
    2. three; four
    3. four; five
    4. five; seven
    5. eight; ten

True or False Questions

1. The term Indigenous refers only to individuals who identify as First Nations.
2. Values from Indigenous knowledge and experience inform us that expressions of anomie are essentially about broken relationships.
3. Shared community and individual healing must occur concurrently.
4. Educational institutions are based on academic or vocational streams that reflect capitalist and neoliberal values.
5. Research has not yet established a significant link between victimization and future criminalization.
6. Female Indigenous youth are not as overrepresented in youth custody as male Indigenous youth.
7. The term at risk rests on the premise of deficit.
8. Children with FASD who appear in court have difficulty understanding legal terms.
9. It is likely that FASD is being over-diagnosed.
10. FASD appears to increase the risk of victimization.
11. Because of the nature of their disorder, children with FASD are less likely to become involved with gangs.
12. Youth with FASD who belong to gangs are less at risk of victimization.
13. Cultural loss has forced some Indigenous youth to seek an alternative source of cultural identity.
14. Some research suggests that many Indigenous youth first join a gang inside prison.
15. Some research suggests that intervention strategies to deter generational gang membership may work.
16. Intergenerational trauma is a root contributing factor of youth crime and gangs in Indigenous communities.
17. An increasing number of studies are now seeking to under­stand through the voices of youth and young adults how they perceive themselves as learners within the socially-constructed experience of schooling.
18. In Regina, Saskatchewan many staff report that Indigenous youth will commit crimes just to escape their harsh realities of their world on the outside.
19. From an Indigenous perspective, especially Indigenous youth, the best step toward healing would involve the dominant culture breaking down the barriers it created.
20. A wide assortment of behavioural problems and personality and mood disorders has been determined to be influenced by genes.
21. FASD largely comes to the attention of police and the courts rather than the health system.
22. According to one study mentioned in your text, over half of the participants in this study of Indigenous youth who were in conflict with the law had been at some point earlier in the care of social services.

Short Answer Questions

1. Although the suffering of victims of crime is obvious, how is it possible that offenders also feel personal suffering?
2. What is the approach taken in this chapter to understanding Indigenous youth crime?
3. What is an alternative way of viewing crime, as it affects offenders and victims, other than defining it as an act committed against the Queen or about a law broken? How can this alternative definition of crime be applied to understanding Indigenous youth crime?
4. What is it about underlying contributing factors to Indigenous youth crime that sets them apart from other criminal events? Provide an example that illustrates this.
5. If we adopt an Indigenous perspective to understanding youth misbehaviour, why is it more difficult to accept “get tough” approaches to crime and easier to explore alternatives to dealing with the problem of crime?
6. What is intergenerational trauma? What are its effects?
7. What effect do traumatic events have on human relationships and a person’s sense of self-identify?
8. What are the mostly likely reasons for the disproportionate representation of Indigenous youth in the youth justice system?
9. How do the chapter authors explain the link between victimization and Indigenous youth crime?
10. What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)? How does it exemplify the victimization–criminalization connection regarding Indigenous youth crime?
11. Why is it valuable to investigate the extent to which Indigenous youth are gang involved?
12. How are some Indigenous youth recruited to gangs by their family members?
13. Why is an understanding of intergenerational trauma a useful framework for contextualizing the social-structural and individual-level risk factors that contribute to Indigenous youth joining gangs?
14. From an Indigenous perspective, what must be done in order to take a vibrant and meaningful step toward healing the relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples?
15. What did the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples (1996) argue should be the starting point for healing relations between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples in Canada?
16. What are some of the common shared beliefs and values of Indigenous peoples?

1. Identify and discuss three contrasting Indigenous and non-Indigenous values?
2. What did Rupert Ross learn about Indigenous justice when he worked as a Canadian Crown prosecutor in Indigenous communities?
3. What do the chapter authors suggest is needed in order to address more effectively the problem of Indigenous youth crime?
4. How does marginalization of Indigenous youth relate to their involvement in crime?

Essay Questions

1. How have historical relations between Canadians of European ancestry and the first peoples of North America had an impact on Indigenous youth’s common experience of traumatization, victimization, and criminalization?
2. How has the term at risk been defined? What are the various risk and protective factors that may be related to Indigenous youth crime?
3. Describe how the cognitive and behaviour characteristics of youth suffering from FASD can affect how they act in court as offenders, victims, and witnesses.
4. Why are Indigenous youth attracted to gangs?
5. Why is adopting a healing perspective a more appropriate approach for dealing with Indigenous youth crime?
6. What are the factors associated with crime amongst Indigenous youth? How do biology, psychology, and socio-cultural factors influence the criminal involvements of Indigenous youth?