Ch.9 Complete Test Bank Youth Justice & Critical Criminology

CHAPTER 9

Critical Criminology and Youth Justice in the “Risk Society”: Issues of Power and Justice

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Critical criminologists focus attention on ________.
   1. social reform
   2. social change
   3. social exclusion
   4. All of the above
   5. Both a and c
2. Critical criminology ________.
   1. has little in common with feminist scholarship
   2. is in many ways similar to mainstream criminology
   3. seeks to examine and alter inequalities
   4. All of the above
   5. None of the above
3. ________ refers to the exclusion of certain groups from mainstream society who routinely suffer as the result of gross inequalities.
   1. Law and order
   2. Recidivism
   3. Marginalization
   4. Deconstructionism
   5. Ethnography
4. ________ are most likely to report being a victim of violent crime.
   1. Girls between the ages of 14 and 18
   2. Individuals between the ages of 15 to 24
   3. People aged 65 and older
   4. Men aged 18 and older
   5. Women between the ages of 24 and 45
5. In Canada, Indigenous peoples are ________ more likely than non-Indigenous people to be the victim of sexual offending.
   1. two times
   2. four times
   3. five times
   4. seven times
   5. 10 times
6. ________ Indigenous children live below the poverty line.
   1. One in 10
   2. One in eight
   3. One in six
   4. One in four
   5. One in two
7. According to the Aboriginal Healing Foundation, ________ bears much of the burden for the economic, cultural, and political inequalities faced by Indigenous people today.
   1. the residential school system
   2. lack of adequate housing
   3. the high cost of food
   4. family violence
   5. All of the above
8. Inner-city spaces and core areas, such as Winnipeg’s North End, are often ________.
   1. under-policed
   2. over-policed
   3. revitalized
   4. neglected
   5. Both a and d
9. ________ argued that “justice is a messianic promise of a more just future to come.”
   1. Karl Marx
   2. Henri Lefebvre
   3. Jacques Derrida
   4. Michel Foucault
   5. David Harvey
10. The idea that language can be unbolted to reveal its silent, hidden, or repressed elements is most closely associated with ________.
    1. governmentality
    2. ethnography
    3. deconstruction
    4. literary criticism
    5. None of the above
11. According to Derrida, to understand what is going on at the heart of language, we must comprehend the silent components of our language that assign meaning, or what he calls ________.
    1. hidden meaning
    2. trace
    3. deconstruction
    4. ensemble
    5. de-sedimenting
12. In Chapter 9, Minaker and Hogeveen discuss the word hospitality to illustrate the underlying meaning of the concept of ________.
    1. trace
    2. deconstruction
    3. ensemble
    4. de-sedimenting
    5. power
13. According to Derrida, justice is ________.
    1. elusive
    2. impossible
    3. meaningless
    4. All of the above
    5. Both b and c
14. Writing from a governmentality perspective, Ericson and Haggerty have argued that the police function as part of a ________ for governing youth.
    1. surveillance system
    2. instrument of power and authority
    3. risk communication system
    4. data collection instrument
    5. deterrence threat
15. ________ has had the greatest influence on the way in which critical criminologists understand the concept of power.
    1. Derrida
    2. Foucault
    3. Beck
    4. Giddens
    5. Hayward
16. Foucault suggests that power is ________.
    1. repressive
    2. negative
    3. creative
    4. flexible
    5. Both a and b
17. ________ can be used as an example of risk management.
    1. Universities
    2. Diseases
    3. Actuarial techniques
    4. All of the above
    5. Both b and c
18. Evidence suggests that young people today are engaging in more ________.
    1. crime
    2. risky behaviours
    3. drug use
    4. studying
    5. cheating
19. ________ are examples of risk-taking behaviour by young people.
    1. BASE jumping
    2. Raves
    3. Ecstasy pills
    4. All of the above
    5. Both b and c
20. Cultural criminologists primarily concerned with ________.
    1. state definitions of crime
    2. the pragmatism of crime control
    3. the adrenaline surge and emotion that accompany the commission of crime
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and b
21. When referring to a risk society, Ulrich Beck is referring to ________.
    1. risk that is something that needs to be solved rather than managed
    2. an emerging societal form characterized by the production of risks
    3. needing to use tools for the management of risk
    4. All of the above
    5. Both b and c
22. According to the National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls Interim Report, Indigenous girls and women are ________ times more likely to be missing or murdered than any other women in Canada.
    1. Three
    2. Five
    3. Eight
    4. 12
    5. 20
23. According to Statistics Canada 2018, the rates of violent victimization including sexual assault, robbery, and physical assault were highest amongst those aged ________.
    1. 1-6 years
    2. 7-12 years
    3. 15-24 years
    4. 25-35 years
    5. 65-75 years
24. As a research methodology, Crosby (2018) used peace-making circles with marginalized and vulnerable youth and she identified four relational, interconnected elements that could be explored in other sites and contexts. Which of the following is not one of those elements?
    1. Understanding and attention to youths’ Indigeneity and youthfulness
    2. Physical spaces that become meaningful places for Indigenous youth
    3. Opportunities, programs, and resources to meet youth’s needs
    4. Respectful, optimistic, and trusting interpersonal relationships among Indigenous youth and frontline staff.
    5. All of the following are elements of her theory
25. Ethnography is a form of research that ________.
    1. is participatory and involves immersion into the field of study
    2. is a research style that employs the use of past research
    3. is a research style that employs the use of secondary data for analysis
    4. is not a real research method
    5. None of the above

True or False Questions

1. Feminist scholarship and critical criminology complement each other but have little in common.
2. Marginalization refers to the extremes of wealth and poverty in society.
3. Critical criminology begins from the perspective that the lives of the most marginalized in contemporary society are lived out in circumstances not of their own choosing.
4. According to critical criminologists, the “marginalized other” includes Indigenous youth, the poor, racial minorities, and the elderly.
5. According to critical criminologists, “social justice praxis” is concerned with addressing the systemic conditions of marginalization, exclusion, and social inequality.
6. According to Minaker and Hogeveen, American Idol is an example of judgmental criticism.
7. Critical criminology is concerned with taking the system to task rather than tinker with its parts.
8. According to data collected by Statistics Canada, young people were the most likely group to divulge violent victimization during the previous 12 months.
9. Indigenous women are disproportionately represented as suspects of violent crime.
10. One of the reasons for the higher crime rate in inner-city areas is that they are under-policed.
11. Derrida referred to the silent components of our language that assign meaning as deconstruction.
12. Although trained as a philosopher, Foucault saw himself as a criminologist.
13. Managing risk is a fundamental part of the contemporary ethos.
14. Sexual intercourse and eating a diet rich in fat are inherently risky.
15. Contemporary calculations of risk are not the exclusive domain of the insurance industry.
16. Citizens in the West are increasingly made aware of their risks for all manner of calamity and are taking steps to remedy these seemingly inevitable ends.
17. Evidence suggests that young people find risk taking to be particularly alluring.
18. Research carried out by cultural criminologists helps to account for the emotional and visceral elements of crime and deviance.
19. Maggie O’Neill uses a method called “ethno-mimesis” which is used to capture the complexity of lived reality, through art for example.
20. The Indigenous population today is much older than the Canadian average.
21. The term risk refers to the calculated probability of an event, action, or a circumstance occurring.
22. Within the risk-need-responsivity model, the responsivity principle relies on cognitive, behavioural learning, taking into account biosocial factors, like gender, race, learning style and personality.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Minaker and Hogeveen, what is missing from most newspaper headlines about “troubling kids” who commit crimes?
2. What do feminist scholarship and critical criminology have in common?
3. What is the aim of “social justice praxis”?
4. What kinds of questions do critical criminologists ask about how meaningful changes can be made to improve the life chances of youth people? What do criminologists hope will be the outcome of addressing these questions?
5. What is YRAP and why is it unique?
6. Why is it problematic to use recidivism rates as a measure of the effectiveness of youth justice programs like YRAP?
7. What is the underlying meaning of the statement that critical criminology seeks “to take the system to task rather than tinker with its parts”?
8. What do Minaker and Hogeveen argue regarding the intergenerational impact of residential schools?
9. What examples are used in the chapter to support the argument that social space is often allocated along class lines? How does this contribute to the more frequent criminalization of marginalized people including youth?
10. What is Derrida’s philosophy of deconstruction concerned with?
11. What does Derrida’s concept of trace mean?
12. What do Minaker and Hogeveen mean by “a politics of hospitality”?
13. Why do Minaker and Hogeveen argue that Canada’s youth justice system might better instead be viewed as an instrument of vengeance?
14. How does Derrida conceptualize the notion of justice?
15. How did Foucault view the discipline of criminology?
16. How did Foucault conceptualize the notion of “power”?

1. What did Foucault mean by stating that power was creative and positive?
2. How are contemporary calculations of risk applied to and available in the youth justice system? Provide an example.

1. How does the view that cultural criminologists offer of youth crime differ from that of rational choice theorists?
2. What are the risk factors that may lead to gang involvement?
3. Discuss what it means to be a risk society.

Essay Questions

1. How is the approach taken by critical criminologists to the study of youth crime and justice different from that of mainstream criminologists?
2. Why does violence disproportionately affect Indigenous peoples?
3. How do Minaker and Hogeveen define the concept of outcast spaces? In your view, how useful is this concept as a tool for developing a critical understanding of the relationship between socially constructed spaces, marginalization, and youth crime?
4. How did Foucault problematize the concept of power? How did this affect the way in which criminologists study the governance of young offenders and youth crime?
5. What is novel about the way cultural criminologists approach the study of youth crime and other risky behaviours engaged in by youth?
6. Explain Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction of hospitality.
7. Discuss the main differences between Derrida and Foucault in relation to their thoughts on power.