Exam Prep Ch10 Issues Of Substance Use And Related Crime In

CHAPTER 10

Issues of Substance Use and Related Crime in Adolescence

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Canada is home to more than ________ intravenous drug users.
   1. 20,000
   2. 60,000
   3. 100,000
   4. 150,000
   5. 200,000
2. According to the Cross-Canada Report of Student Alcohol and Drug Use (CCSA 2011), ________ of Grade 12 students admitted to past or daily substance use.
   1. 30–50 per cent
   2. 10–20 per cent
   3. 50–70 per cent
   4. 20–40 per cent
   5. 70–90 per cent
3. According to the text, ________ of grade 6–12 students reported to have never tried smoking.
   1. 43 per cent
   2. 54 per cent
   3. 61 per cent
   4. 76 per cent
   5. 85 per cent
4. The national awareness campaign called ________ includes television commercials and websites with information targeting young people and their parents with the focus of discouraging drug use and experimentation.
   1. “Just Say No”
   2. “Above It All”
   3. “drugsnot4me”
   4. “#walkingaway”
   5. “FRANK”
5. The street names for cocaine include ________.
   1. snuff
   2. chalk
   3. rock
   4. speed
   5. All of the above
6. ________ saw increased use among Canadian youth between 2004 and 2009.
   1. Alcohol
   2. Cannabis
   3. Tobacco
   4. All of the above
   5. None of the above
7. ________ is the most common substance used by youth.
   1. Ecstasy
   2. Tobacco
   3. Marijuana
   4. Alcohol
   5. A combination of tobacco and alcohol
8. One key rationale that adolescents offer for substance use in self-report surveys is ________.
   1. relaxation
   2. enjoyment
   3. peer pressure
   4. family influences
   5. low self-esteem
9. ________ refer to biases in research caused by respondents’ desire to provide what they feel is the socially acceptable response or “what the researcher wants to hear”.
   1. Deception
   2. Exaggeration
   3. Researcher bias
   4. Social desirability effects
   5. Both c and d
10. According to the text, adolescents are motivated to continue to use substances ________.
    1. for pleasure
    2. as a result of peer pressure
    3. as a means of coping
    4. for leisure
    5. All of the above
11. The most common causes of alcohol–related and illegal drug–related hospitalizations and deaths in Canada in 2002 included ________.
    1. assaults
    2. homicides
    3. self-induced injuries
    4. spousal violence
    5. child abuse
12. ________ causes the most deaths in Canada in an average year.
    1. Injection drug use
    2. Non-injection drug use
    3. Tobacco use
    4. Alcohol use
    5. Prescription drug use
13. Recent research has suggested that substance use in adolescents can lead to abnormalities in ________.
    1. verbal comprehension
    2. brain functioning
    3. writing ability
    4. drinking habits
    5. None of the above
14. A common street name for methamphetamine is ________.
    1. snow
    2. ice
    3. rock
    4. toot
    5. Charlie
15. Poppers, snappers, and whippets are all common street names for ________.
    1. inhalants
    2. steroids
    3. ecstasy
    4. cocaine
    5. amphetamine
16. ________ refers to a symptom of mental illness involving a substantial alteration to an individual’s personality and a loss of contact with objective reality.
    1. Depression
    2. Memory loss
    3. Psychosis
    4. Co-morbidity
    5. Bipolar disorder
17. In Canada, the maximum penalty for drug offences like trafficking and production is ________.
    1. seven years
    2. 10 years
    3. 14 years
    4. 25 years
    5. life
18. Youth involvement in drug crimes can take the form of ________.
    1. possessing drugs
    2. selling drugs
    3. working as sitters
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and b
19. ________ are individuals who are paid to tend to and protect the plants in a marijuana growing operation.
    1. Growers
    2. Labourers
    3. Occupiers
    4. Tenders
    5. Sitters
20. ________ has been shown to be an effective school-based initiative for substance abuse prevention.
    1. Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)
    2. Life Skills Training and Project ALERT
    3. Anti-drug media campaigning
    4. CCSA’s Compendium of Best Practices
    5. Communities That Care Program (CTC)
21. Researchers generally agree that ________ is an ineffective approach to dissuad­ing youth from using substances such as alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana.
    1. fear-based communication
    2. school-based intervention
    3. proactive police intervention
    4. media-based education
    5. life skills training
22. Harm reduction strategies ________.
    1. address factors that contribute to the negative consequences associated with substance abuse
    2. require the cessation of drug use as a condition of program participation
    3. establish social norms that promote healthy lifestyles
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and b
23. Some of the key client characteristics that need to be considered for a substance abuse treatment program are ________.
    1. gender
    2. risk
    3. class
    4. All of the above
    5. Both a and b
24. Some factors to consider when planning effective in-treatment substance abuse treatment for adolescents are ________.
    1. program content and delivery
    2. organizational environment
    3. the stage of change for the individual
    4. aftercare services
    5. Both a and b
25. In general, according to Health Canada in 2018, current substance use rates of adolescents has ________ relative to the past.
    1. increased for all substances
    2. decreased for all substances
    3. stabilized for all substances
    4. stabilized for some substances and increased for others
    5. decreased for some substances and increased for others
26. According to the most recent Canadian Tobacco Alcohol and Drugs Survey (CTADS), ________ use is most common amongst youth between the ages of 15 and 19.
    1. cannabis
    2. tobacco
    3. ecstasy
    4. cocaine
    5. opioids
27. Which of the following are acute effects of prescription opioids?
    1. Nausea
    2. Miscarriages
    3. Constipation
    4. Death
    5. All of the above
28. A Dial-A-Doper is someone who ________.
    1. grows the drugs for sale
    2. ships drugs from one country to another for sale
    3. is given cell phones by a criminal organization and also delivers drugs to specific locations
    4. is at the highest level of, or is the leader of, the drug distribution organization
    5. None of the above
29. The concept of Harm Reduction first became popular and gained traction in the ________.
    1. 1920s
    2. 1940s
    3. 1950s
    4. 1960s
    5. 1980s
30. Fentanyl is ________ times more powerful than morphine.
    1. 20
    2. 30
    3. 50
    4. 100
    5. 200
31. With respect to age, there is widespread consensus among scholars and practitioners that ________ is one of the most important factors in reducing substance use problems.
    1. early intervention
    2. incarceration
    3. use of probation
    4. use of the child welfare system
    5. None of the above

True or False Questions

• • • 1. Alcohol consumption represents a major component of Canadian leisure-time culture.
      2. An increasing number of Canadians believe that marijuana possession should no longer be illegal.
      3. Alcohol, marijuana, and ecstasy are the most commonly used illegal substances among Canadian youth.

1. For most drug categories, use among youth has been decreasing in recent years.
2. Illegal drug use among Canadian youth is roughly evenly split between marijuana and other drugs.
3. Overall, in Canada the usage rates of drugs other than alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana among youth are low, just as they are for adults.
4. Most of the problems related to substance abuse will manifest within the most at-risk populations.
5. Difficulty coping with life stressors is not related to initiation of substance use.
6. Even though often the intention of consuming drugs and alcohol is to have fun, youth still run the risk of engaging in behaviours that can have immediate and long-term negative repercussions.
7. The method of administration of a drug can be a factor in the negative health consequences of consumption.
8. Intravenous injection of drugs such as heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine can greatly increase risk of contracting illnesses such as obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes.
9. Studies have found high levels of co-morbidity of substance abuse and mental health problems among adolescents similar to levels among adults.
10. Substance dependence is a reality for the majority of Canadians.
11. Drug offences tend to be the result of reactive police work.
12. To reach high-risk adolescents, it is important that substance prevention initiatives are in place such as multi-faceted community-based interventions and family-based interventions.
13. School-based substance abuse prevention programs appear to neglect those most at risk.
14. Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) is a well-known effective substance abuse prevention program.
15. The most effective type of school-based substance abuse prevention programs are skill-based, where youth are taught resistance skills and learn about the social influences of substance use while receiv­ing other life-skills training.
16. Fear-based communication refers to messages used to frighten youth away from experimentation with substances by emphasizing the potential negative effects of use.
17. Thoma et al. (2010) found that heavy alcohol and marijuana use in adolescents leads to reduced attention and executive functions, as well as memory detriments.
18. The most recent Canadian Drugs and Substance Strategy from the Government of Canada (2017) places a strong focus on the prevention and treatment of problematic substance use by youth.
19. The concept of Harm Reduction first gained traction in the 1980s.

Short Answer Questions

1. What are the main components of the 2007 Canadian National Anti-Drug Strategy?
2. What is simultaneous poly-substance use?
3. What is one of the inherent problems with youth alcohol and drug use surveys?
4. Why is it important to try to collect data on youth alcohol and drug use from street-involved youth?
5. What role does perceived enjoyment play in the onset of youth drug and alcohol use?
6. What role does perceived peer pressure play in the onset of youth drug and alcohol use?
7. Why is it difficult to determine the reasons why youth continue to use drugs once they start?
8. How do some youth use drug and alcohol use as a coping mechanism?
9. How is the method of administration of a drug a factor in the negative health consequences of consumption? Provide an example.
10. Why is more research on the psychological health risks of drug and alcohol use necessary?
11. Why, despite the low rates of substance dependence in Canada, is addiction nonetheless a serious concern?
12. Why have some researchers concluded that while there is a strong relationship between adolescent substance abuse and crime, there are likely other underlying factors that contribute to both?
13. Summarize Goldstein’s (1985) tripartite drug-crime model used to explain the link between substance abuse and crime?
14. What is meant by the “economic compulsive mode” in Goldstein’s (1985) tripartite drug-crime model used to explain the link between substance abuse and crime?
15. How is drug and alcohol impairment linked to the criminal victimization of youth?

1. Why is school age an appropriate time to implement substance abuse prevention strategies?
2. What is considered to be the most effective type of school-based substance abuse prevention strategy?
3. What are some of the school-based initiatives in place to support prevention goals for youth?
4. What is the main argument that opponents offer against the legalization of cannabis?
5. Discuss what a Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) would look for when attempting to determine impairment.

Essay Questions

1. What are the arguments for and against whether substance abuse among youth should be viewed by Canadians to be a serious concern?
2. Why do youth use drugs and alcohol?
3. What are the potential negative effects of adolescent substance abuse besides involvement in criminal behaviour?
4. What are the different ways in which adolescent substance abuse is linked to criminal behaviour?
5. What are the different strategies that have been developed to prevent adolescent substance abuse?
6. What are the best treatment practices involving adolescents and substance use? What are the strategies for strengthening service delivery orientations?
7. In what ways could legalization of cannabis change how adolescents perceive the harms of cannabis and other substance use?
8. Discuss the role of organized crime in the illicit drug industry.
9. Discuss what is meant by harm reduction and relate it to the opioid crisis.