Full Test Bank Ch12 Racialized Youth Crime And Justice In

CHAPTER 12

Racialized Youth Crime and Justice in Canada

Multiple Choice Questions

1. It is projected that by ________, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly one-third of Canada’s total population.
   1. 2025
   2. 2031
   3. 2036
   4. 2046
   5. 2060
2. It is projected that by 2036, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly ________ per cent of Canada’s total population
   1. 10
   2. 20
   3. 33
   4. 40
   5. 60
3. In the absence of official crime statistics on immigration, race, and ethnicity in Canada, the media represent racialized youth as ________.
   1. violent
   2. dangerous
   3. in need of help
   4. a and c
   5. All of the above
4. A visible minority is an official term for persons who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour and ________.
   1. does not include Indigenous persons
   2. does include Indigenous persons
   3. does not include anyone not born in Canada
   4. does not include anyone who immigrated to Canada after 1990
   5. None of the above
5. The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as which of the following?
   1. South Asian
   2. Chinese
   3. African
   4. Latin
   5. Indian
6. The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as South Asian followed by which of the following?
   1. Chinese
   2. Japanese
   3. Latino
   4. Filipino
   5. Mexican
7. What percent of immigrants who come to Canada reside in Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal?
   1. 30
   2. 40
   3. 50
   4. 60
   5. 70
8. Which Canadian city has the highest visible minority population?
   1. Vancouver
   2. Toronto
   3. Montreal
   4. Edmonton
   5. Halifax
9. In 2016, about what percentage of the all Canadian children under the age of 15 were either foreign-born or had at least one foreign born parent?
   1. 15 per cent
   2. 22 per cent
   3. 30 per cent
   4. 37 per cent
   5. 52 per cent
10. In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported a ________ rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents.
    1. significantly lower
    2. significantly higher
    3. about the same
    4. slightly lower
    5. slightly higher
11. Survey findings indicate that as foreign-born youths spend more time in Canada, their reported involvement with gangs ________.
    1. increases
    2. decreases
    3. is not affected by length of time in Canada
    4. remains the same
    5. None of the above
12. Which of the following are considered risk factors for youth gang involvement?
    1. Poverty
    2. Substance abuse
    3. School failure
    4. Dysfunctional family
    5. All of the above
13. Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between ________ Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees.
    1. 10,000 to 15,000
    2. 25,000 to 35,000
    3. 35,000 to 45,000
    4. 55,000 to 70,000
    5. 75,000 to 90,000
14. From January 2006 to March 2014, more than one in five victims of gang-related homicides in the province were ________.
    1. South Asians/Indo-Canadians
    2. Chinese
    3. Indian
    4. South American
    5. None of the above
15. The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the ________ model.
    1. conflict
    2. bias
    3. interaction
    4. postmodern
    5. control
16. Which model/hypothesis below contends that it is both differential involvement and differential treatment that produce racial disparities in criminal justice outcomes, with involvement potentially being more important at the earlier stages of the criminal justice process and selection impacting later processing?
    1. Differential involvement
    2. Differential selection
    3. Mixed model
    4. Disparity model
    5. None of the above
17. According to the ________ hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because they commit more crime, for long periods in their life, and they commit more serious crimes.
    1. differential involvement
    2. differential selection
    3. mixed model
    4. disparity model
    5. None of the above
18. According to the _________ hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because of the actions of the police, including aggressive policing of high-crime neighbourhoods that also have large minority populations, and the targeting of certain crimes contributes to excessive police-citizen contacts, especially for Blacks.
    1. differential involvement
    2. differential selection
    3. mixed model
    4. disparity model
    5. None of the above
19. In Canada, the government of Ontario has spent upwards of ________ a year on “hot spots” policing through the TAVIS initiative and the Provincial Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy.
    1. 1 million
    2. 2 million
    3. 5 million
    4. 10 million
    5. 20 million
20. According to Toronto Police Service data, between 2008 and mid-2011 the number of young black men aged 15 to 24 who were carded was approximately ________ their representation in the city’s population.
    1. 2 times
    2. 3.5 times
    3. 5 times
    4. 6 times
    5. 8.5 times
21. An analysis of data from the Edmonton Police Service found that, between 2012 and 2016, Indigenous Edmontonian males were ________ times more likely to be street checked than white people.
    1. two
    2. three
    3. four
    4. five
    5. six
22. RAJO is a Somali word for ________.
    1. hope
    2. justice
    3. rehabilitation
    4. deterrence
    5. fairness
23. In his analysis of the experiences of young black men involved in a gang intervention-prevention project in Toronto, Owusu-Bempah (2014) found that approximately ________ per cent of those surveyed believed that police often used violent or unfair methods to obtain information.
    1. 42
    2. 54
    3. 65
    4. 70
    5. 83
24. Risk factors for gang involvement of traditional at-risk youth include which of the following?
25. Single parent home
26. Poverty
27. Looking to belong
28. Earlier police contacts
29. All of the above
30. Street interrogations and street checks are ________.
    1. the same concept but come from different provinces in Canada
    2. not at all the same concept
    3. are American terms
    4. a and b only
    5. None of the above

True or False Questions

1. In the absence of official crime statistics on immigration, race, and ethnicity in Canada (Millar and Owusu-Bempah 2011), the media representations of racialized youth as violent and dangerous is discusses by politicians and policy-makers, as such representations lead to misinformed policy and intervention.
2. It is projected that by 2056, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly one-third of Canada’s total population.
3. It is projected that by 2036, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly one-third of Canada’s total population.
4. It is projected that by 2036, the ethnic and visible minority groups will represent roughly one-half of Canada’s total population.
5. A visible minority is an official term for persons, other than Indigenous peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour.
6. The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as South Asian.
7. The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as Indian.
8. The 2016 census recorded the largest proportion of visible minority group in Canada as South Asian, followed by Filipino and Mexican.
9. 70 per cent of immigrants to Canada live in Toronto, Vancouver, and/or Montreal.
10. Montreal has the highest visible minority population as a percent of the overall population in Canada.
11. In 2016, about 37 per cent of the all Canadian children under the age of 15 were either foreign-born (i.e. first-generation immigrants) or had at least one foreign-born parent.
12. In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported significantly lower rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents.
13. In a study of self-reported survey data by youth in Toronto, Bersani (2014) reported that foreign-born youth reported significantly higher rate of engagement in criminal activities compared to the Canadian born youth of immigrant parents.
14. Survey findings indicate that as foreign-born youths spend more time in Canada, their reported involvement with gangs increases.
15. In the absence of nationwide data on gang membership, Canadian research on gangs is characterized by small-scale case studies.
16. Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 5,000 and 10,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees.
17. Between 1988 and 1996, it is estimated that anywhere between 55,000 to 70,000 Somalis who escaped war and civil war came to Canada as refugees
18. Unlike their parents, second-generation youth have no language barriers; however, their challenges are no different from their parents when it comes to employment and discrimination due to their ethnicity, religion, and skin colour.
19. The term Indo-Canadian refers to people of Indian heritage who are living in Canada as first-generation or second-generation immigrants.
20. From January 2006 to March 2014, more than one in five victims of gang-related homicides in the province were South Asians/Indo-Canadians.
21. The four sociological models used in the literature to explain the relation between immigration and crime are the importation model, the strain model, the cultural conflict model, and the bias model.
22. The cultural conflict model proposes that the intersection of immigration and culture are at the root of criminal behaviour.
23. Disproportionate minority contact (DMC) is a term describing the consistent overrepresentation of persons from certain ethnic minority backgrounds in police-citizen contacts.
24. According to the differential involvement hypothesis, minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because they commit more crime, for long periods in their life, and they commit more serious crimes.
25. The differential selection hypothesis contends that minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because of the actions of the police, including aggressive policing of high-crime neighbourhoods that also have large minority populations, and the targeting of certain crimes contributes to excessive police-citizen contacts.
26. The mixed-model hypothesis contends that it is both differential involvement and differential treatment that produce racial disparities in criminal justice outcomes, with involvement potentially being more important at the earlier stages of the criminal justice process and selection impacting later processing.
27. In Canada, the government of Ontario has spent upwards of 30 million a year on “hot spots” policing through the TAVIS initiative and the Provincial Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy.
28. Carding allowed police officers to stop, question and document persons in non-arrest situations.
29. The RAJO Somali Youth Empowerment Project is a therapeutic crime prevention and intervention program for high-risk Somali-Canadian young people between 18 and 25 years of age and their families.
30. Research on perceptions and experiences with the police in Canada found that black Canadians are significantly more likely to perceive police-citizen contacts as unfair and motivated by racial bias.

Short Answer Questions

1. Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for traditional at-risk youth.
2. Discuss the risk factors for gang involvement for non-traditional at-risk youth.
3. At the national level, the information on the ethnic composition of gangs relies on the findings of the 2002 Police Survey on Youth Gangs. What were the findings?
4. Discuss Singh’s (2006) comprehensive research study on Indo-Canadian gang members.
5. What does the mixed model hypothesis essentially say about racialized youth and their contact with police officers?
6. Discuss the concept of racial profiling.
7. What is the social ecology of crime?
8. What is “hot spot” policing?
9. Discuss what is meant by police legitimacy.
10. What has data in Alberta discovered about street checks of Indigenous persons in Edmonton?
11. An emerging body of scholarship has documented the experiences of young Canadian Muslims when travelling abroad. What do these experiences include?
12. Discuss how racial profiling contributes to excessive police surveillance.
13. Discuss what procedural justice means.
14. In his examination of Ontario’s Special Investigations Unit (SIU), which investigates cases of serious injury or death of civilians involving police in Ontario, what did Wortley (2006) find in terms of both Indigenous Canadians and African Canadians?
15. What are the main objectives and contributions of the RAJO Somali Youth Empowerment Project?
16. Discuss how the media generates moral panic about the racialized youth, their criminality and gang involvement.
17. What does the term racialized youth mean and whom does it refer to?
18. What year did the Canadian Government introduce the term visible minority and who does it apply to?
19. Even though the public perceptions about immigrants in the Western countries demonstrate that people are often afraid of immigrants because they perceive that certain ethnic minority immigrants engage in criminal behaviours, what does the research consistently show us?
20. List five at-risk factors for gang involvement of non-traditional at-risk youth and describe.

Essay Questions

1. Compare and contrast the traditional and non-traditional risk factors for gang involvement among racialized youth.
2. Discuss how the news media promotes panic and fear of immigrants and “ethnic” crime.
3. In 2018, the Canadian government faced criticism for trying to deport Abdoul Abdi to Somalia, a country he has never been to. Discuss the issues surrounding this man and his circumstances.
4. Discuss the three main models or hypotheses for why racialized youths are overrepresented in police-citizen encounters or contacts.
5. Discuss the Toronto Police Service’s (TPS) Toronto Anti-Violence Intervention Strategy (TAVIS) and the issues with this program.