Indigenous Politics Full Test Bank Chapter 16

CHAPTER 16

Indigenous Politics

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What are government expenditures per Indigenous person in Canada estimated to be?
   1. About the same as the average for all Canadians
   2. About five times the average for all Canadians
   3. About half the average for all Canadians
   4. About twice the average for all Canadians
   5. About ten times the average for all Canadians
2. To address grievances of Indigenous persons in Canada, what have political authorities done?
   1. Signed treaties
   2. Instituted government programs
   3. Provided restitution
   4. Enacted legislation
   5. All of the above
3. According to the 2016 census, what percentage of people are status Indians?
   1. 16.2 per cent
   2. 1.2 per cent
   3. 2.2 per cent
   4. 8.2 per cent
   5. 4.2 per cent
4. According to the 2016 census, what percentage of the national Canadian population gave as their ethnic origins North American Indian, Métis, Inuit, or a combination of one of these with some other ethnic origin?
   1. 1.2 per cent
   2. 9.2 per cent
   3. 25.2 per cent
   4. 15.2 per cent
   5. 6.2 per cent
5. The Indian Act applies to whom?
   1. Indigenous people born after the enactment of this legislation
   2. Non-status Indians
   3. Métis people
   4. Status Indians
   5. All of the above
6. Which of the following is true of Indigenous Canadians?
   1. Their social and economic conditions are generally less favourable than those of the general population.
   2. They are reported to have high rates of substance abuse and suicide.
   3. They have generally been successful at resolving land claims.
   4. They have more access to higher education than the general population.
   5. Both A and B
7. According to the 2016 census, which province or territory has the largest Indigenous identity population as a percentage of the total population?
   1. Quebec
   2. Nunavut
   3. Yukon
   4. Northwest Territories
   5. Manitoba
8. Government transfer payments make up what proportion of Indigenous income?
   1. About one-half
   2. About one-tenth
   3. About two-thirds
   4. About one-fifth
   5. About one-third
9. The terms "Indians," "Métis," and "Eskimos" were used to describe whom?
   1. Indigenous bands with Canadian origins
   2. An overall small proportion of the total Indigenous population
   3. Various segments of the Indigenous population
   4. Indigenous peoples who were born outside Canada
   5. The reserves on which Indigenous peoples lived
10. For every 10 Indigenous Canadians, how many have not completed high school?
    1. One
    2. Two
    3. Three
    4. Four
    5. Five
11. For every 10 Indigenous Canadians who live on reserves, how many have not completed high school?
    1. Two
    2. Three
    3. Four
    4. Five
    5. Six
12. According to a 1939 Supreme Court ruling, which Indigenous peoples did not fall under the meaning of "Indians" as set down in the Indian Act of 1876?
    1. Cree
    2. Iroquois
    3. Métis
    4. Eskimos
    5. Indians
13. Which term refers to the belief that communities and communal identities are essential to individual dignity and the maintenance of truly domestic societies?
    1. Communism
    2. Communitarianism
    3. Libertarianism
    4. Utilitarianism
    5. Socialism
14. The terms "First Nations" and "First Nations peoples" are intended to carry connotations of which of the following?
    1. Communal status
    2. Prior claims
    3. Rights
    4. Both B and C
    5. All of the above
15. Which of the following has been used to analogize and justify Indigenous claims for distinct society and independent nationhood status?
    1. Québécois claims that their people constitute a nation or people within any reasonable meaning of these terms.
    2. Eastern Canadian claims that their people constitute a nation or people within any reasonable meaning of these terms.
    3. Nunavut separated from the Northwest Territories into a distinct administrative territory in 1999.
    4. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was established.
    5. The alien subjugation, domination, and exploitation they have experienced, which contravene human rights as established in the Geneva Convention.
16. The term "Eskimo" once referred to Indigenous peoples who inhabited the Arctic coasts of which region?
    1. Russia
    2. Alaska
    3. Greenland
    4. Canada
    5. All of the above
17. Which of the following is not a term or issue associated with Indigenous politics, history, and policy conversations in Canada?
    1. Self-government
    2. Nation-to-nation
    3. Self-determination
    4. Sovereignty
    5. La survivance
18. Canada's Indian Act has been on the books since what year?
    1. 1939
    2. 1976
    3. 1876
    4. 1960
    5. 1867
19. Indian bands that live on reserves are subject to special legal provisions concerning which matter(s)?
    1. Individual land ownership
    2. Restrictions on permissible economic activities
    3. Land transfer
    4. Prohibition against mortgages on reserve land
    5. All of the above
20. Who is considered to be an "Indian" or "status Indian"?
    1. Anyone who belongs to Indigenous communities whether covered by treaties or not
    2. Anyone who is registered or entitled to be registered under the Indian Act
    3. Anyone who requests permanent residence on a reserve
    4. Anyone who can trace their ancestry less than five generations back to a status Indian
    5. Anyone who resides in Nunavut and who completes the proper paperwork
21. What are the defining characteristics of legally recognized "Indians" or "status Indians"?
    1. Biological and environmental
    2. Biological and social
    3. Social and environmental
    4. Social and economic
    5. Biological and economic
22. Which section of the Constitution Act 1982 groups Inuit and Métis peoples with the Indian people of Canada?
    1. Section 33
    2. Section 23
    3. Section 35
    4. Section 25
    5. Section 15
23. What does section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 recognize and affirm?
    1. Rights of only Indigenous peoples recognized in the 1969 White Paper
    2. Rights of only Indigenous peoples recognized in the numbered treaties
    3. Existing Indigenous and treaty rights of the Indigenous peoples of Canada
    4. Rights to existing and future land claims of the Indigenous peoples of Canada
    5. Rights of only Indigenous peoples recognized in the Indian Act, 1876
24. How many Indigenous Canadians who live on reserves have completed high school?
    1. 90 per cent
    2. 80 per cent
    3. 70 per cent
    4. 50 per cent
    5. 60 per cent
25. Which of the following is true about life on Indian reserves?
    1. Average life expectancy and incomes are significantly lower than Canadian norms
    2. Rates of substance abuse are lower than the Canadian average
    3. Rates of infant mortality are lower than the Canadian average
    4. Rates of unemployment are lower than the Canadian average
    5. Rates of crowded housing conditions are lower than the Canadian average
26. Which of the following is true about the 1969 White Paper?
    1. It proposed to dismantle different legal treatment for Indigenous peoples
    2. It proposed the abolition of reserves
    3. Indigenous leaders disapproved of the proposals in the White Paper
    4. It was a Liberal government initiative
    5. All of the above
27. Which of the following best describes the association between the federal government and Indigenous peoples living on reserves?
    1. Kinship relationship
    2. Estranged relationship
    3. Arms-length relationship
    4. Guardianship relationship
    5. A partnership
28. Which of the following is true about the guardian relationship between the federal government and Indians living on reserves?
    1. The Crown legally owns reserve land.
    2. Virtually no commercial transaction or legal transaction of consequence can be undertaken by reserve residents without the permission of the Department of Indian Affairs.
    3. Reserve inhabitants must manage the land on which they live.
    4. Reserve inhabitants must manage all resources appertaining to the land on which they live.
    5. All of the above
29. When critics speak of the Indian Act's paternalism, what are they referring to?
    1. The fact that reserve land may not be used as security for loans
    2. The fact that almost no commercial function can be undertaken on a reserve without government approval
    3. The fact that band members cannot sell any part of the reserves on which they live
    4. The fact that that the federal government retains ultimate authority to grant timber-cutting licenses and to establish their terms
    5. All of the above
30. Which of the following was not part of Indigenous policy in New France?
    1. Status and rights of naturalized French citizens for converted Indigenous
    2. Native proprietary interests in lands claimed by France
    3. Conversion of the Indigenous population to Christianity
    4. Language transfer from Indigenous to non-Indigenous languages
    5. All of the above were parts of Indigenous policy.
31. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 and treaties entered into between colonial authorities and Indian tribes were based on which assumption?
    1. That Indigenous peoples had fallen under the protective stewardship of the Dominion of Canada
    2. That Indigenous peoples would fall under the protective stewardship of Britain, which would later be transferred to Canada
    3. That Indigenous peoples had fallen under the protective stewardship of the British state
    4. That Indigenous peoples would not fall under the protective stewardship of any nation
    5. That Indigenous peoples had fallen under the protective stewardship of the French state
32. What year was the Supreme Court decision that ruled people known as "Eskimos" did not fall under the meaning of "Indians" as set down in the Indian Act of 1876?
    1. 1931
    2. 1939
    3. 1949
    4. 1901
    5. 1919
33. What was the nature of Indigenous leadership's response to the 1969 White Paper?
    1. One of indifference
    2. Overwhelmingly positive
    3. Cautiously positive
    4. Moderately negative
    5. Overwhelmingly negative
34. A newer vision for Indigenous Canadians can be found in which of the following?
    1. The Senate Standing Committee Report on Indigenous Affairs
    2. The Minister of Indian Affairs' Report
    3. The Assembly of First Nations
    4. The Constitution of the First Nations Peoples of Canada
    5. The Report of the Royal Commission on Indigenous Peoples
35. Which of the following is not a policy proposal of the Royal Commission on Indigenous Peoples report?
    1. An official "admission of wrongs" done to Indigenous peoples must be issued by the government.
    2. Indigenous representatives should participate in constitutional reform discussions but do not possess veto powers under any circumstances.
    3. An Indigenous parliament should be established.
    4. There must be increased spending on Indigenous programs.
    5. Indigenous peoples have an inherent right to self-government as a right that exists under the Constitution.
36. Approximately how many Indian reserves are there in Canada?
    1. 230
    2. 2,300
    3. 320
    4. 1,300
    5. 32
37. Which of the following is not a major association that represents Indigenous Canadians?
    1. The League of Indians
    2. The Assembly of First Nations
    3. The North American Indian Brotherhood
    4. The North American Indigenous Movement
    5. The Congress of Indigenous Peoples
38. Which of the following issues of importance to Indigenous Canadians have largely been contested and determined through the courts based on the interpretation of treaties?
    1. Landownership and citizenship
    2. Sovereignty and landownership
    3. Sovereignty and citizenship
    4. Status and landownership
    5. Citizenship and status
39. What recognized and affirmed the existing Indigenous and treaty rights of the Indigenous peoples of Canada?
    1. Indian Act
    2. Regina v. Sparrow (1990)
    3. Section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982
    4. Calder (1973)
    5. St. Catherine's Milling and Lumber Company v. The Queen (1888)
40. How many Canadians self-identified as Métis in 2006?
    1. 3,865
    2. 388,465
    3. 3.8 million
    4. 38,865
    5. 1.3 million
41. What is significant about the Calder (1973) case?
    1. It is often cited as the legal basis for Indigenous peoples' right to landownership.
    2. It is often cited as the legal basis for an inherent right for Indigenous peoples to fish.
    3. It is often cited as the legal basis for Indigenous peoples' right to self-government.
    4. It is often cited as the legal basis for Indigenous peoples' right to social services.
    5. It is often cited as the legal basis for Indigenous peoples' right to citizenship.
42. What was the issue in Regina v. Sparrow (1990)?
    1. Whether the right to citizenship was an inherent Indigenous right
    2. Whether the right to fish was an inherent Indigenous right
    3. Whether the right to participate in the fur trade was an inherent Indigenous right
    4. Whether the right to landownership was an inherent Indigenous right
    5. Whether the right to enter into treaties was an inherent Indigenous right
43. Which of the following is an issue about which the courts and Indigenous peoples do not agree?
    1. The recognition and treatment of treaties between the Crown and Indigenous peoples as national treaties
    2. The recognition and treatment of treaties between the Crown and Indigenous peoples as international treaties
    3. The ability of Indigenous peoples to enter into treaties with the Crown
    4. The recognition and treatment of treaties between the Crown and Indigenous peoples as continental treaties
    5. The recognition and treatment of treaties between the Crown and Indigenous peoples as domestic treaties
44. On a number of occasions courts have interpreted Indian treaties as what type of agreements?
    1. Interim agreements
    2. Ceasefire agreements
    3. Pre-negotiation agreements
    4. Contractual agreements
    5. Peace agreements
45. Which of the following issues was revisited in R v. Marshall (1999)?
    1. Fishing as an inherent Indigenous right
    2. Indigenous rights to enter into treaties with the Crown on their behalf
    3. The recognition and treatment of treaties between Indigenous peoples and the Crown as international treaties
    4. What constitutes Indian status, and whether this status should be extended to children of status Indians
    5. Indigenous title to lands and the conditions necessary to satisfy such title to ownership
46. Indigenous Canadians living off-reserve are how many times more likely than other Canadians to receive social assistance?
    1. About five times
    2. About four times
    3. About two times
    4. About nine times
    5. About three times
47. Institutionalization of Indigenous affairs and identity within the Canadian state occurs through which of the following?
    1. Employment
    2. Government transfers to Indigenous communities
    3. Broadcasting
    4. Embedding Indigenous affairs within the activities of the Canadian state
    5. All of the above
48. In what year did the Idle No More actions begin?
    1. 2003
    2. 1973
    3. 2013
    4. 1993
    5. 1983
49. When did CBC broadcast the first Indigenous-language program?
    1. 1960
    2. 1935
    3. 1940
    4. 1945
    5. 1950
50. In what decade did the Oka Crisis and the Ipperwash stand-off occur?
    1. 1990s
    2. 1980s
    3. 1960s
    4. 1950s
    5. 1970s
51. According to the 2001 census, how much of Canada's population reported identifying with an Indigenous group?
    1. 3.3 per cent
    2. 1.6 per cent
    3. 2.3 per cent
    4. 4.1 per cent
    5. 1.2 per cent
52. How much did the self-identifying Métis population grow between 2006 and 2016?
    1. 50 per cent
    2. 35 per cent
    3. 2 per cent
    4. 10 per cent
    5. 25 per cent
53. What year was the controversial White Paper released?
    1. 1876
    2. 2001
    3. 1935
    4. 1918
    5. 1969
54. Approximately how much space do reserves occupy?
    1. The size of Toronto
    2. Half the size of Nova Scotia
    3. Half the size of Prince Edward Island
    4. A third the size of Vancouver
    5. Half the size of Montreal
55. Roughly how many Indigenous people live on reserves?
    1. 10,000
    2. 33,000
    3. 330,000
    4. 110,000
    5. 660,000
56. What is the population of most reserves?
    1. Fewer than 1,000
    2. 40,000
    3. 10,000
    4. 100,000
    5. 80,000
57. What is the most common Indigenous language?
    1. Inuktitut
    2. Dene
    3. Ojibway
    4. Siouan
    5. Cree
58. What is the second most common Indigenous language?
    1. Ojibway
    2. Siouan
    3. Inuktitut
    4. Dene
    5. Cree
59. What is the third most common Indigenous language?
    1. Cree
    2. Inuktitut
    3. Dene
    4. Ojibway
    5. Siouan
60. Which prime minister issued a formal apology to the victims of residential schools?
    1. Lester Pearson
    2. Stephen Harper
    3. Brian Mulroney
    4. Pierre Trudeau
    5. Mackenzie King

True or False Questions

1. Approximately 14 per cent of Canadians identify or claim ethnic origin as North American Indian, Métis, Inuit, or a combination of these.
2. Communitarianism is the belief that communities and community identity overpower and erase individual identity.
3. The terms "First Nations" and "Indigenous" are used in Canada but not in the United States.
4. The Métis and Inuit were not classified as "Indians" under the Indian Act until 1939.
5. The provisions in the Indian Act do not apply to Métis and Inuit people.
6. Only one government has attempted to abolish the "paternalistic, racially based" reserve system.
7. Indigenous peoples have the right to cut timber, sell unused portions of land, and lease resources for exploitation on their reserves.
8. It is nearly impossible to tell how many people live in reserves as census data collection has not been permitted on many reserves.
9. Reserves can practise self-government through band councils and chiefs who are elected for three-year terms.
10. Canada once attempted to assimilate Indigenous peoples and banned Potlatch and religious dance ceremonies.
11. Between 1867 and 2015, 339 Indigenous Canadians were elected to the House of Commons.
12. The Charlottetown Accord would have guaranteed an unspecified number of Indigenous premiers.
13. The reaction to the federal government's 1969 White Paper on Indian Policy marked the real beginning of the politicization of the Indigenous movement in Canada.
14. The Assembly of First Nations was formed in 1972.
15. Disputes over land are easily solved.
16. The Supreme Court's 2014 in Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia provides the clearest statement yet of the meaning of Indigenous title.
17. Regina v. Sparrow (1990) addressed the issue of Indigenous rights, including property rights.
18. There exists in law a duty to consult with Indigenous groups whose lands are affected by economic development.
19. The first Indigenous-language program was broadcast in 1990.
20. The Indigenous Peoples Television Network began in 1999.
21. As of 2016, Indigenous Canadians comprised about 5.2 per cent of the federal public service.
22. About one in two executives in Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada is Indigenous.
23. The Idle No More movement gained national attention in 2012.
24. The hunger strike of Chief Teresa Spence of the Attawapiskat First Nation embodied the Idle No More movement's strategy of relying on unconventional methods.
25. The Idle No More Party ran federal candidates in the 2015 federal election.

Short Answer Questions

1. How has the language used to describe Indigenous Canadians changed over time?
2. Where did Quebec nationalist intellectuals stand on the doctrine of national self-determination?
3. For years, what defined the relations between Indigenous communities and the Canadian state?
4. Who are the Métis?
5. What was the role of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in the relationship between Indigenous Canadians and the government?
6. What were the recommendations of the 1996 Report of the Royal Commission on Indigenous Peoples?
7. What is the National Treaty Alliance?
8. What was the decision in the case of Calder et al. v. Attorney General of British Columbia (1973)?
9. What was the decision in the case of Regina v. Sparrow (1990)?
10. What was the decision in the case of Tsilhqot'in Nation v. British Columbia (2014)?
11. What does the term "Indigenous" refer to?
12. Discuss the major challenges and problems of reserve system.
13. Describe the recent demography and geography of the reserve system.
14. What is the state of Indigenous languages in Canada?
15. Discuss the history and evolution of Indigenous Canadian representation in parliament.

Essay Questions

1. Why does the system of Indigenous reserves exist and what does it involve? Explain whether and why you think it should be preserved or abolished.
2. What did the British North America Act say about Indigenous Canadians and the Canadian government and the effects of the Indian Act?
3. Discuss the major phases in the development of policy toward Canada's Indigenous communities.
4. Explain the significance of the White Paper of 1969, including its premises and proposals and the reactions that it provoked.
5. What roles have the courts and their rulings played in shaping the rights and status of Native Canadians?
6. What bleak reality did the United Nations Human Rights Council's 2018 review of Canada report?
7. Discuss the Indigenous population as reported by the 2016 census.
8. Explain the political nature of the term of "First Nations".
9. Describe the recent evolution of the name of the Department of Indigenous and Northern Affairs.
10. Describe the so-called "marry out, get out" rules and the related 2018 Quebec Superior Court ruling.