Exam Prep Language Politics Ch14

CHAPTER 14

Language Politics

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How many provincial elections have the Parti Québécois won?

1. One of 12
2. 12 of 12
3. 10 of 12
4. Zero of 12
5. Five of 12

2. When New France was formally placed under British control in 1763, what was the proportion of francophones to anglophones in the territory that would become Canada?

1. Ten to one
2. Five to two
3. Eight to three
4. Two to one
5. Eight to one

3. Which term refers to the high birth rate that for close to a century enabled French Canada to maintain its numerical strength against English Canada?

1. La grippe
2. La naissance
3. La revanche des berceaux
4. La fait accompli
5. La croissance

4. Which of the following led to a decline in the francophone share of the Canadian population by the early 1960s?

1. A majority of immigrants choosing French as their adopted language
2. The Quiet Revolution
3. The end of la revanche des berceaux
4. The politics of the Progressive Conservative government
5. Constitutional amendments involving language rights

5. What was the key factor in shifting the linguistic balance of Quebec?

1. The death of Maurice Duplessis
2. The Progressive Conservative government
3. The War Measures Act
4. Immigration
5. Constitutional amendments and other legislation addressing language rights

6. Which of the following is a characteristic of Quebec's demographic picture?

1. Allophones immigrating to Quebec have been an unprecedented factor since the 1960s.
2. French is spoken in the home by about 80 per cent of the population.
3. Quebec's francophone population has remained steady since the early 1900s.
4. Quebec's share of the total Canadian population has decreased over the past two decades.
5. All of the above are characteristics of Quebec's demographic picture.

7. Besides Quebec, which province has a large French-speaking population?

1. Nova Scotia
2. New Brunswick
3. Prince Edward Island
4. Saskatchewan
5. Manitoba

8. What point does Richard Joy make in his documentation of francophone assimilation outside Quebec?

1. The rate of language transfer is greatest among older generations.
2. The rate of language transfer is consistent among generations.
3. The rate of language transfer decreases from older to younger generations.
4. The rate of language transfer is greatest among younger generations.
5. Richard Joy does not make such claims.

9. Which of the following makes up what Richard Joy describes as the "bilingual belt"?

1. The narrow region running from Halifax, Nova Scotia in the east to Montreal, Quebec in the west
2. The narrow region running from Moncton, New Brunswick in the east to Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario in the west
3. The narrow region running from Hull, Quebec in the east to Winnipeg, Manitoba in the west
4. A small island east of Nova Scotia
5. The narrow region running from Sudbury, Ontario in the north to Ottawa, Ontario in the south

10. What contributed to the increase in bilingualism among youth outside Quebec?

1. Constitutional French and minority language rights
2. Popular French music
3. Constitutional official language provisions for the provision of education and government services in French
4. French television shows
5. The rapid expansion of French immersion schools since the 1980s

11. When was the Lower Canada rebellion?

1. 1796
2. 1930
3. 1970
4. 1867
5. 1837

12. Who described pre-Confederation Canada as "two nations warring in the bosom of a single state"?

1. John A. Macdonald
2. Lord Quebec
3. Abraham Lincoln
4. Lord Durham
5. William Lyon Mackenzie

13. What was recognized in the 2006 House of Commons resolution regarding the status of French Canadians?

1. Government and select other services must be provided in either official language.
2. French must be taught in public schools until grade 12 outside Quebec.
3. Quebec and New Brunswick residents form a nation within a united Canada.
4. Francophones from Manitoba, Quebec, and New Brunswick should receive specific rights.
5. The Québécois form a nation within a united Canada.

14. Who wrote the classic novel about two families, one French and one English, called The Two Solitudes?

1. Robertson Davies
2. Farley Mowat
3. Margaret Atwood
4. Alice Munro
5. Hugh MacLennan

15. Which of the following is recognized as part of Quebec's distinct society status?

1. The Montreal Expos
2. A unique culture
3. An English-speaking majority
4. Tuition reciprocity
5. A common law tradition

16. Which of the following is not a characteristic of receptive bilinguals?

1. They yearn for their children to speak better French than they do.
2. They do not seek opportunities to live in their acquired second language.
3. They do not consume French media.
4. They respond to communications in French.
5. They do not initiate conversations in French.

17. Canadian bilingualism is to a considerable degree a phenomenon in which province(s)?

1. New Brunswick
2. Quebec
3. Ontario
4. Quebec and New Brunswick
5. Quebec and Ontario

18. According to Pierre Elliott Trudeau, French-Canadian nationalism was initially a system of what?

1. Self-defence
2. Self-reliance
3. Pride
4. Self-fulfillment
5. Self-assurance

19. Which event left French a second-class language within Quebec, and francophones largely excluded from the colony's power structures?

1. The Conquest of 1759
2. World War II
3. The French Revolution
4. Confederation
5. The coup d'état

20. Why did francophones in Canada not succumb to assimilationist pressures as they did in Louisiana after it too passed from French control?

1. Policies of the British colonial authorities in New France
2. Demography
3. The defensive posture of French-Canadian nationalism
4. Both B and C
5. All of the above

21. Which idea guided traditional French-Canadian nationalism?

1. Avant garde
2. Liberté, égalité, fraternité
3. Je me souviens
4. La lutte
5. La survivance

22. In Quebec, the idea of la survivance involved survival against the pressures of a dominant culture that was all except which of the following?

1. Business-oriented
2. Liberal democratic
3. Anglicizing
4. Increasingly thrifty
5. Protestant

23. Which of the following is an idea expressed by exponents of traditional nationalism?

1. French Canada comprised a distinct nation, one of whose chief characteristics was the Catholic religion.
2. French Canada comprised a distinct nation, one of whose chief characteristics was the French language.
3. French Canada was defined by socio-cultural characteristics, not by the territory of Quebec.
4. French Canada had a mission to remain faithful to its roots and to resist the lure of materialistic, English, Protestant pressures.
5. All of the above

24. What was one reason for which traditional nationalism came under mounting pressure during the middle of the twentieth century?

1. Its chief tenets were increasingly at odds with the social reality of Quebec.
2. Its chief tenets were increasingly at odds with the cultural reality of Quebec.
3. Its chief tenets were increasingly in keeping with the political reality of Canada at large.
4. Its chief tenets were increasingly in keeping with the economic reality of Quebec.
5. Its chief tenets were increasingly at odds with the political reality of Quebec.

25. Which of the following was part of the "unholy alliance"?

1. The Catholic Church
2. The Quebec Liberal Party
3. Quebec anglophones
4. A libertarian ideological affinity
5. Liberal secularism

26. Which of the following is not related to what Marcel Rioux calls the ideology of contestation and recoupment?

1. Its goal was to encourage an increase in the birth rate among Québécois.
2. It is an anti-establishment challenge.
3. It contested the monopoly traditional elites had over power in Quebec.
4. Its goal was to bring Quebec's society, economy, and government up to date.
5. Its goal became known as rattrapage.

27. What was significant about the early 1960s in Quebec?

1. The election of the Liberals permitted political and social changes for the Quiet Revolution.
2. Pierre Elliott Trudeau became prime minister; he made great progress towards the recognition of official language provisions and distinct society status for Quebec in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
3. The War Measures Act was put into force.
4. The Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms was signed and ratified.
5. The province was guaranteed that two seats on the Supreme Court bench would be filled by members of the Quebec bar as part of a policy of regional representation.

28. In Canada's first census (1871), how many Canadians were found to have French origin?

1. One-half
2. One-tenth
3. One-fifth
4. One-third
5. One-quarter

29. Why did the boundaries of la nation extend beyond Quebec to embrace French Canadians throughout Canada in traditional nationalism?

1. The nationalism movement hoped to garner national support for future constitutional negotiations and amendments, and so did not wish to exclude.
2. Catholicism and the role of the Church, neither of which stopped at the Quebec border, were important elements in the traditional nationalism.
3. Because the traditional nationalism was anti-statist, it had to be careful not to associate the Quebec state with the French-Canadian identity.
4. The traditional nationalism maintained a strong association with its roots in France, and so it could not be too focused on its location in Canada.
5. Both B and C

30. What is a distinct society, according to Quebec elites who reject the "one Canada" vision?

1. A split from Canada so radical that it should not be represented in the Canadian constitution
2. An identity that mainly seeks acknowledgment by the Canadian public
3. A move away from the founding spirit of Canada
4. A fact that, while important, does not require a veto of constitutional provisions affecting Quebec
5. A corrective against the centralizing implications of the Charter

31. As of the 1961 census, how many foreign-born residents of Quebec spoke only English?

1. 17 per cent
2. 25 per cent
3. 46 per cent
4. 65 per cent
5. 87 per cent

32. As of the 1961 census, how many foreign-born residents of Quebec spoke English and French?

1. 17 per cent
2. 25 per cent
3. 46 per cent
4. 65 per cent
5. 87 per cent

33. As of the 1961 census, how many foreign-born residents of Quebec spoke only French?

1. 17 per cent
2. 25 per cent
3. 46 per cent
4. 65 per cent
5. 87 per cent

34. In 2016, approximately what percentage of the Canadian population claimed to be bilingual?

1. 1.7 per cent
2. 17.5 per cent
3. 11.5 per cent
4. 7.5 per cent
5. 21.5 per cent

35. Which of the following contributed to the transformation of what Raymond Breton refers to as the "Canadian symbolic order"?

1. The national anthem
2. New stamp designs
3. Neutralizing language in the names of federal institutions
4. The Canadian flag
5. All of the above

36. In 2016, a widely reported poll found that how many Quebec respondents agreed with the statement, "Ultimately, Quebec should stay in Canada"?

1. 60 per cent
2. 47 per cent
3. 38 per cent
4. 12 per cent
5. 82 per cent

37. What was Quebec's share of Canada's total population in 1971?

1. 28 per cent
2. 38 per cent
3. 18 per cent
4. 48 per cent
5. 58 per cent

38. What was Quebec's share of Canada's total population in 2016?

1. 53 per cent
2. 13 per cent
3. 43 per cent
4. 33 per cent
5. 23 per cent

39. What was Quebec's share of House of Commons seats in 2016?

1. 43 per cent
2. 53 per cent
3. 13 per cent
4. 33 per cent
5. 23 per cent

40. Which of the following proposed or contained distinct society clauses for Quebec?

1. The Calgary Declaration of 1997
2. The Meech Lake Accord
3. The 1995 Parliament Motion
4. The Charlottetown Accord
5. All of the above

41. What is distinct about Quebec society according to the Meech and Charlottetown Accords and the Calgary Declaration?

1. Its religious foundations
2. Its socio-economic climate
3. Its linguistic character
4. Its cultural reality
5. Its socio-political climate

42. Why does English Canada resist recognizing Quebec as a "distinct society" within Canada?

1. The potential for such a clause to undermine Charter guarantees of Rights and Freedoms in Quebec
2. Potential consequences from constitutional entrenchment
3. The potential for minority rights to suffer
4. The potential for legislative powers to be granted to Quebec that are not granted to other provinces
5. All of the above

43. Why has a two-nations theory of Canada never been very popular with the English-Canadian public?

1. Distinct society status for Quebec would entitle Quebec residents to special constitutional and other legislative rights and protections not afforded to the rest of Canadians.
2. Distinct society status for Quebec would elevate Quebec's economic position vis-à-vis the other Canadian provinces and territories.
3. Distinct society status for Quebec offends against an idea of equality that objects to the notion of categories of Canadians rather than Canadians as a whole.
4. Distinct society status for Quebec would specifically entail lowering the status of English Canadians in the eyes of Canada as a whole.
5. All of the above

44. What was the Quebec Liberals' 1962 campaign slogan?

1. Je me souviens
2. Liberté, égalité, fraternité
3. Vive le Québec Libre!
4. Quebec wants out!
5. Maîtres chez nous

45. Who of the following was a federalist who entered federal politics through the Liberal Party in 1965?

1. Maurice Duplessis
2. Pierre Elliott Trudeau
3. Lucien Bouchard
4. Réne Lévesque
5. Jacques Parizeau

46. Who of the following was not a leader of the Parti Québécois who was ideologically liberal?

1. Maurice Duplessis
2. Jacques Parizeau
3. Claude Morin
4. Réne Lévesque
5. All of the above were leaders of the Parti Québécois who were ideologically liberal.

47. Which of the following is not an identified division of state-centred nationalism?

1. Disagreement over the size and function over the Quebec state
2. Disagreement over what type of leader the new Quebec state should have
3. A split between federalists and those who advocated a special status or independence for Quebec
4. A spilt among Quebec separatists on ideological lines
5. All of the above are identified divisions of state-centred nationalism.

48. Which of the following was not an important consequence for language policy in Quebec?

1. The shift towards a state-centred nationalism as opposed to the traditional nationalism
2. The difference between future policies in Quebec compared to those existing in New Brunswick
3. The identification of French Canada with Quebec
4. The key institutional reforms of the Quiet Revolution
5. The ideology of rattrapage

49. Which of the following is a principal feature of Quebec language policy since the passage of Bill 101?

1. Establishment of French as the sole official language in Quebec, and by proxy, for proceedings of the provincial legislature, the courts, and public administration in the province
2. The issue of access to English-language schools in Quebec
3. An increase in the use of French as a working language in Quebec
4. Both A and C
5. All of the above

50. In response to the new, assertive nationalism of the Quiet Revolution, the Liberal government of Lester Pearson established which of the following?

1. Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism
2. Royal Decree on the Primacy of the French Language
3. Commission on a Distinct Society
4. Royal Commission on the Status of Quebec
5. Commission on the Political and Constitutional Future of Quebec

51. What year did the Bloc Québécois emerge onto the federal scene?

1. 1965
2. 1976
3. 2011
4. 1990
5. 1980

52. In 2016, what percentage of New Brunswick residents identified as francophone?

1. 3.7 per cent
2. 31.4 per cent
3. 11.4 per cent
4. 23.7 per cent
5. 43.7 per cent

53. In 2016, what percentage of Ontario residents identified as francophone?

1. 43.7 per cent
2. 31.4 per cent
3. 23.7 per cent
4. 3.7 per cent
5. 11.4 per cent

54. In 2016, how many Vancouver residents spoke Cantonese or Mandarin at home?

1. 84,000
2. 10,000
3. 24,000
4. 2,400
5. 124,000

55. What decade saw the rapid expansion of French immersion schools in Canada?

1. 2010s
2. 1950s
3. 1890s
4. 1930s
5. 1980s

56. In 2016, what percentage of Newfoundland and Labrador residents identified as bilingual?

1. 4 per cent
2. 10 per cent
3. 5 per cent
4. 12 per cent
5. 8 per cent

57. In 2016, what percentage of Prince Edward Island residents identified as bilingual?

1. 4.6 per cent
2. 12.6 per cent
3. 10.5 per cent
4. 8.6 per cent
5. 4.7 per cent

58. In 2016, what percentage of Nova Scotia residents identified as bilingual?

1. 4.6 per cent
2. 12.6 per cent
3. 10.5 per cent
4. 8.6 per cent
5. 4.7 per cent

59. In 2016, what percentage of Manitoba residents identified as bilingual?

1. 4.6 per cent
2. 12.6 per cent
3. 10.5 per cent
4. 8.6 per cent
5. 4.7 per cent

60. In 2016, what percentage of Saskatchewan residents identified as bilingual?

1. 4.6 per cent
2. 12.6 per cent
3. 10.5 per cent
4. 8.6 per cent
5. 4.7 per cent

True or False Questions

1. Quebec has become less francophone since the 1960s.

2. About 50 per cent of Quebecers speak French at home.

3. According to the 2001 census, the francophone population in every province except Quebec and New Brunswick was older than in Canada as a whole.

4. Quebec was economically, socially, and governmentally dominated by elites and the Church until the 1960s, spurring on Quebec nationalism.

5. The Quiet Revolution defined the boundaries of the French Nation as the Quebec State.

6. Bill 101, the Official Language Act, restricted access to English language schools in Quebec to only immigrants whose first language was English.

7. The Official Languages Act gave people the right to interact with the federal government in French no matter where they were in the country.

8. There are equal numbers of francophone and anglophone members in the public service.

9. The majority of work in the public service is conducted in English.

10. The classification of Quebec as a distinct society gives it special rights over the constitution.

11. Despite more than 40 years of immersion education in Canada, the rate of functional bilingualism is still relatively low outside of Quebec, at 9.8 per cent in 2016.

12. The most recent census found that the level of bilingualism among anglophones outside Quebec has increased in recent years.

13. René Lévesque, the founder of the Parti Québécois, once characterized francophones outside Quebec as "dead ducks".

14. The Conquest of 1759 left English a second-class language within Quebec, with anglophones largely excluded from the colony's structures of power.

15. The urban population of Quebec surpassed the rural population in the 1921 census.

16. Between 1926 and 1950 the number of people employed in Quebec's manufacturing sector decreased by about 220 per cent.

17. The Catholic Church, anglophone capital, and the Union Nationale were known as the "unholy alliance".

18. The first several years of the 1960s are considered a turning point in the history of Quebec.

19. Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Jean Marchand, and Gérard Pelletier entered federal politics through the Progressive Conservative Party in 1965.

20. Translated into English, the provincial Liberals' 1962 campaign slogan was "masters in our own house".

21. The number of students enrolled in Quebec's English-language school system has dropped by about 150,000 since the 1970s.

22. Pierre Trudeau established the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism.

23. The Official Languages Act was passed in 1979.

24. Language training for public servants has not been controversial.

25. In the 2018 Quebec provincial election, the PQ won only 17 per cent of the popular vote.

Short Answer Questions

1. In terms of francophones in Canada, what happened after the British conquest in 1763?

2. Why did Pierre Trudeau describe French-Canadian nationalism as a system of self-defence?

3. What were some of the central ideas of the Quiet Revolution?

4. What were the principal features of Bill 101, the Official Languages Act?

5. What is the bilingual approach of Ottawa?

6. How has French immersion education been received?

7. Using history to support your answer, can you affirm or refute Quebec's claim of distinctiveness?

8. What is the Calgary Declaration?

9. Why was immigration the key factor in shifting the linguistic balance of Quebec?

10. What are three main features of the Official Languages Act?

11. What is the bilingual belt?

12. Who are receptive bilinguals?

13. What was the idea of la survivance?

14. What was the nerve centre of the challenge to Quebec's conservative establishment and ideology?

15. What did Quebec traditional nationalism emphasize?

Essay Questions

1. Explain how demographic trends in Quebec and in the other provinces have affected the political conversation over language and the policies that have been adopted.

2. "The Charter of the French Language, passed by the Quebec legislature in 1977, saved the French language in Quebec." Explain why you mainly agree or disagree with this statement.

3. Compare the traditional nationalism of French Canada to the Quebec nationalism that emerged during the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s.

4. What evidence has been put forward in support of the argument that Quebec is a distinct society?

5. The idea of Quebec as a distinct society has been embodied in several constitutional proposals and legislative resolutions. Discuss these, explaining why it has been so difficult to get a consensus on this matter.

6. Describe how Quebec separatists were divided on ideological lines during the beginning of the movement in the 1960s.

7. How have the principles of Quebec's language policy evolved since the passage of Bill 101?

8. How did Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism work as a first step toward a different approach to language policy?

9. Discuss some of the impacts of the Official Languages Act on the federal public service.

10. How does the Belgian model work?