Hoefnagels Exam Questions Chapter 31 The Respiratory System

Chapter 31

The Respiratory System

Multiple Choice Questions

1. ATP is required by cells for
2. DNA replication.
3. movement.
4. production of proteins.
5. growth.
6. All of the answer choices are correct.
7. Aerobic respiration consumes gas and generates gas as a waste product.
8. oxygen; carbon dioxide
9. nitrogen; carbon dioxide
10. carbon dioxide; nitrogen
11. oxygen; nitrogen
12. carbon dioxide; oxygen
13. Which animal(s) can get needed oxygen by diffusion of the gas across a body surface and can distribute oxygen without the need of a specialized circulatory system?
14. fish
15. flatworms
16. fish and flatworms
17. sea anemones
18. sea anemones and flatworms
19. If you were designing a new insecticide absorbed via the respiratory system in arthropods, the killing chemical would enter the invertebrate through the
20. epidermis.
21. tracheae.
22. alveoli.
23. bronchioles.
24. gills.
25. The openings in the exoskeleton of arthropods that allow oxygen into highly branched internal tubules that reach individual body cells are
26. spicules.
27. alveoli.
28. tracheae.
29. spiracles.
30. gills.
31. If you were asked to clean up after a lab on respiration and needed to sort models into appropriate bins, the bin"Aquatic Organisms" would have models with
32. spicules.
33. alveoli.
34. tracheae.
35. gills.
36. spiracles.

7. Countercurrent exchange is a mechanism in which two adjacent currents flow in opposite directions and exchange materials. This mechanism can be found in

1. mammals.
2. birds.
3. fish.
4. worms.
5. sea anemones.

8. Flight requires greater efficiency of oxygen delivery. Therefore, birds have a unique respiratory system that allows them to filter oxygen. During the initial inhalation, the air

passes through the trachea and into the . During the second inhalation, the oxygen-depleted gas moves to the , and is then exhaled.

1. posterior air sacs; anterior air sacs
2. lamellae of the gills; anterior air sacs
3. anterior air sacs; posterior air sacs
4. lamellae of the gills; bronchioles
5. bronchioles; capillaries
6. In mammals, the contraction of the muscular expands the chest, pulling air into the lungs.
7. chest cavity
8. rib cage
9. trachea
10. diaphragm
11. sternum
12. Which main tissue type of the circulatory system enables diffusion across walls of capillaries?
13. connective
14. nervous
15. muscle
16. vascular
17. epithelial
18. Which type of tissue, in the circulatory system, is involved in regulating airflow to alveoli?
19. connective
20. epithelial
21. smooth muscle
22. nervous
23. vascular
24. Which of the following functions is not directly provided by the human respiratory system?
25. olfaction
26. gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere
27. production of sounds
28. transport of oxygen to the cells of the body
29. maintaining blood pH homeostasis
30. Olfaction is the sense of
31. smell.
32. hearing.
33. taste.
34. vision.
35. touch.
36. The scientific name of the "windpipe" is the
37. larynx.
38. pharynx.
39. vocal cords.
40. esophagus.
41. trachea.
42. The nervous system controls the contraction of in the wall of the bronchioles, thereby adjusting airflow in response to metabolic demands.
43. autonomic; skeletal muscle
44. autonomic; smooth muscle
45. somatic; skeletal muscle
46. somatic; smooth muscle
47. autonomic; cartilage
48. If you were doing research on lung tissue, to change the state of the bronchioles you would apply a drug that affected the function of
49. cartilage.
50. smooth muscle.
51. cartilage and smooth muscle.
52. skeletal muscle.
53. cartilage and skeletal muscle.
54. The small air sacs of the lungs are the
55. alveoli.
56. bronchioles.
57. arterioles.
58. spiracles.
59. uvula.
60. There are approximately alveoli in the adult human lung.

A. 500,000

1. 50 million
2. 500 million
3. 300,000

E. 300 million

19. Which respiratory disease is caused by a bacterial infection?

A. the common cold

B. asthma

C. lung cancer

D. tuberculosis

E. cystic fibrosis

20. An x-ray shows a patient has an excess accumulation of air in their lungs. The patient has a history of smoking cigarettes and experiences shortness of breathe. You suspect the patient has

1. cystic fibrosis.
2. asthma.
3. emphysema.
4. apnea.
5. tuberculosis.
6. One of the main reasons that we exhale a higher percentage of carbon dioxide than we inhale is

A. we use carbon dioxide to make glucose.

B. we produce carbon dioxide as a by-product of aerobic respiration.

C. we produce carbon dioxide as a by-product of transmission of nerve impulses across synapses.

D. carbon dioxide is a by-product of photosynthesis.

E. carbon dioxide dissolves better in blood than does oxygen.

1. The liquid component of blood is referred to as
2. lymph.
3. cytosol.
4. interstitial fluid.
5. plasma.
6. intracellular fluid.
7. The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells is
8. myoglobin.
9. hemoglobin.
10. actin.
11. iron.
12. insulin.
13. Hemoglobin is a(n) -rich protein that carries oxygen.
14. calcium
15. potassium
16. zinc
17. phosphorous
18. iron
19. Approximately, what percentage of CO2 is converted to bicarbonate ions before it is transported by blood?

A. 70%

B. 50%

C. 10%

D. 0%

E. 100%

1. The pH of blood is maintained by the respiratory and excretory system. What is the normal pH of blood?

A. 5.2

B. 6.4

C. 6.8

D. 7.4

E. 8.6

1. Hemoglobin has a greater affinity for carbon monoxide than oxygen. Which of the following would you predict to be a symptom of carbon monoxide poisoning?
2. hyperactivity
3. increased blood pH
4. decreased exhalation of oxygen
5. increased heart rate
6. decreased ATP production

28. Sleep apnea is more common in people who are overweight. Excess fat in the neck compresses the _, cutting off airflow.

1. larynx
2. thorax
3. bronchi
4. lungs
5. alveoli

29. Emphysema is caused by destruction of the walls between alveoli, leading to hyperinflation of the lungs. Which of the following would occur in the lungs of someone with emphysema?

1. decreased uptake of carbon dioxide
2. decreased uptake of glucose
3. decreased uptake of oxygen
4. decreased rate of respiration
5. decreased heart rate

True / False Questions

30. If a smoker deliberately held their respiration rate at the same level as a nonsmoker, the slowed diffusion of gas due to smoking-related damage could lead to decreased blood

pH.

True False

31. The interaction of blood pH, medulla, and carbon dioxide is an example of homeostasis.

True False

Multiple Choice Questions

32. An increase to 0.5% carbon dioxide in the air (from the normal 0.03%) makes a person breathe 10 times faster. Which alteration in homeostatic conditions in the blood would

limit how long a person can hold their breath?

1. Lack of carbon dioxide raises the pH.
2. Lack of oxygen raises the pH.
3. Buildup of carbon dioxide lowers the pH.

D. Buildup of oxygen lowers the pH.

E. Buildup of nitrogen raises the pH.

33. In the human pulmonary circuit, blood in the pulmonary artery would have oxygen and carbon dioxide than blood in the pulmonary vein.

1. more; less
2. the same; less
3. less; more
4. more; the same
5. less; less
6. What drives the movement of oxygen from the alveoli into the bloodstream?
7. active transport against a concentration gradient
8. facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient
9. facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient
10. simple diffusion down a concentration gradient
11. the heart pumping the oxygen into the bloodstream
12. What drives the movement of carbon dioxide from tissue into the bloodstream?
13. active transport against a concentration gradient
14. facilitated diffusion down a concentration gradient
15. simple diffusion down a concentration gradient
16. facilitated diffusion against a concentration gradient
17. the heart pumping the carbon dioxide into the bloodstream
18. The hormone erythropoietin (EPO) stimulates the production of red blood cells. If there is a stimulation that increases EPO production, what effect would this have on transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
19. Oxygen transport would increase; carbon dioxide transport would not be affected much.
20. Oxygen transport would decrease; carbon dioxide transport would not be affected much.
21. Oxygen transport would increase; carbon dioxide transport would decrease.
22. Oxygen transport would decrease; carbon dioxide transport would increase.
23. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport would both increase.
24. The concentration of oxygen is lower at high altitudes. Why would this make it harder for a person to get enough oxygen into their blood?
25. Hemoglobin cannot bind oxygen well at low concentrations.
26. The concentration gradient from the alveoli to the blood decreases.
27. People are working harder at high altitudes and have higher demands for oxygen.
28. The concentration of oxygen in the blood is too low for diffusion into tissues.
29. The heart cannot obtain enough energy to pump oxygen into the blood from the alveoli.
30. How does an insect "hold its breath"?
31. by closing its tracheae
32. by closing its mouth
33. by closing its spiracles
34. by closing its gills
35. by closing its nostrils
36. When biologists Hetz and Bradley measured the oxygen concentration inside the tracheae of Atlas moth pupae, what hypothesis were they testing?
37. Discontinuous breathing protects against too much oxygen.
38. Discontinuous breathing decreases water loss.
39. Discontinuous breathing helps underground insects avoid high levels of carbon dioxide.
40. Discontinuous breathing saves energy by not moving the diaphragm.
41. Discontinuous breathing is harmful because less oxygen is taken up.

1. What is the dependent variable in this figure?
2. time
3. partial pressure of oxygen in the tracheae
4. external concentration of oxygen
5. number of moth pupae
6. size of each moth pupa
7. What is the independent variable, the one manipulated by the experimenters, in this figure?
8. partial pressure of oxygen in the tracheae
9. number of times the spiracles are open
10. number of moth pupae
11. external concentration of oxygen
12. size of each moth pupa
13. What homeostatic requirement might explain why discontinuous breathing is only seen in resting insects?
14. Toxic levels of carbon dioxide can build up in active insects.
15. Resting insects have more metabolic activity.
16. Oxygen can build up in active insects.
17. Oxygen is used as quickly as it arrives in active insects.
18. Resting insects produce more carbon dioxide.

True / False Questions

1. The medulla has receptors that monitor H+ concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid.

True False

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The is a cartilage flap that covers the larynx to prevent food entry during swallowing.
2. epiglottis
3. glottis
4. vocal cords
5. pharynx
6. esophagus

True / False Questions

1. The two main branches off the trachea are called bronchi.

True False