Chapter 29
The Skeletal and Muscular Systems
Multiple Choice Questions
1. | The two closely allied organ systems that allow for running, swimming, and flying under the direction of the nervous system are the _____ systems.
A. | skeletal and endocrine |
B. | muscular and endocrine |
D. | circulatory and muscular |
E. | circulatory and skeletal |
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2. | The type of skeleton that consists of fluid constrained within a layer of flexible tissue is a(n)
C. | gastrovascular cavity. |
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True / False Questions
3. | Exercise leads to weaker muscles due to the repeated strain, which damages the muscle.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
4. | A motor unit is
A. | a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers to which it connects. |
B. | a sensory neuron and two muscle fibers. |
C. | a motor neuron and a whole muscle. |
D. | a sensory neuron and several sarcomeres. |
E. | a motor neuron and several sarcomeres. |
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5. | A twitch is contraction and relaxation of
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6. | If you wanted to genetically engineer a goat so that it had finer muscle control than other goats, what would be your goal?
A. | fewer muscle fibers per motor neuron |
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7. | Greater force of contraction comes when
A. | more motor units are activated. |
B. | motor units are stimulated for a longer time. |
C. | more ATP is available. |
D. | motor units have few muscle fibers per unit. |
E. | sacromeres are longer. |
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8. | The _________ is an internal support structure and can be found in organisms in the phylum echinodermata.
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9. | The type of skeleton that is usually composed of either a calcium-containing shell or chitin is a(n)
D. | gastrovascular cavity. |
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10. | In an anatomy lab, you are shown a skeleton from a sea cucumber, with its internal calcium-rich spines. You would call this a(n)
C. | gastrovascular cavity. |
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11. | Which of the following is not part of the axial skeleton?
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12. | Which of the following is not part of the appendicular skeleton?
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13. | The human ____________ consists of 33 vertebrae that are cushioned with cartilage disks and provide support and protection to the spinal cord.
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14. | Which is a bone of the lower limbs?
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15. | The connective tissue of the skeletal system include(s)
E. | All of the answer choices are correct. |
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16. | Where are blood cells and platelets produced?
A. | in red marrow inside of bones |
B. | in yellow marrow inside of bones |
C. | in joints by chondrocytes |
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17. | If you were starting a company to produce cells, tissues, and extracellular matrix materials, what could your company produce from chondrocytes?
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18. | In vertebrates, which of the following is not a function of calcium?
C. | transport of oxygen to the body's cells |
D. | cell membrane permeability |
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19. | The hormone that helps remove calcium from the blood and stores it in bone is
C. | parathyroid hormone (PTH). |
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20. | An area where two bones meet is called a
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21. | Ligaments are connective tissues that connect _____ to _____ across a joint.
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22. | Tendons are bands of connective tissue that attach _______ to _______.
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23. | You are talking to a 54-year-old patient who has joint pain. As the attending physician, you order a scan to look at the cartilage in the patient's painful joints because you suspect that cartilage has worn away, leading to
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24. | A sprain is a stretched or torn
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25. | A thin filament of muscle is composed primarily of the protein
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26. | A thick filament of muscle is composed primarily of the protein
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27. | The molecule that rapidly replenishes ATP at the beginning of muscle activity is
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28. | In muscle tissue, if there is not enough oxygen for aerobic respiration to occur, the muscle cell
A. | can produce ATP by fermentation. |
C. | uses creatine phosphate instead of ATP for energy. |
D. | can produce ATP from fats. |
E. | depletes its reserves of lactic acid. |
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29. | Due to the lack of moderate stress on the skeleton, a bedridden person is at risk of
A. | rheumatoid arthritis and muscular degeneration. |
B. | osteoarthritis and tendon damage. |
C. | osteoporosis and muscle degeneration. |
D. | cartilage growth and a sprain. |
E. | anemia and cartilage degradation. |
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30. | Which of the following will be true of the muscles of a bedridden person?
A. | Calcium levels and ATP production will be lower than normal. |
B. | Creatine kinase production will be lower than normal. |
C. | ATP production will be lower than normal. |
D. | Calcium levels and creatine kinase production will be lower than normal. |
E. | ATP and creatine phosphate production will be lower than normal. |
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31. | After a muscle cell contracts, which of the following must occur for the muscle to stop contracting?
A. | Calcium ions must be pumped back into the endoplasmic reticulum. |
B. | Calcium ions must flow out of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
C. | Calcium ions must flow into the muscle cell. |
D. | Calcium ions must flow out of the muscle cell. |
E. | Calcium ions must be pumped out of the muscle cell. |
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32. | After death, muscles remain in a stiff position for several hours. This stiff position is called
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33. | You are trying out for the USA Olympic gymnastics team. Everything is going well until you turn your ankle on the landing and tear a connection between two bones. You probably
E. | strained the cartilage. |
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34. | If you placed an electrode on a person's triceps and stimulated the muscle daily over several weeks, which of the following would occur?
A. | That person would not be able to straighten their leg, and the muscle would grow. |
B. | That person would not be able to straighten their arm, and the muscle would degenerate. |
C. | That person would not be able to bend their leg, and the muscle would grow. |
D. | That person would have difficulty bending their arm, and the muscle would grow. |
E. | That person would have difficulty bending their arm, and the muscle would degenerate. |
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35. | When examining a mutant mouse, you notice that its skeletal muscle looks very uniform, lacking in striations. To figure out what the mutation is in this mouse, you would begin by looking at
A. | sarcomere organization. |
B. | the retention of calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum. |
D. | the blood vessels in the muscles. |
E. | the sheath around muscles. |
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36. | A fast-twitch muscle fiber
A. | uses ATP quickly in short, fast contractions. |
E. | All of the answer choices are correct. |
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37. | A slow-twitch muscle fiber
A. | uses ATP quickly in short, fast contractions. |
C. | is low in myoglobin content. |
E. | All of the answer choices are correct. |
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38. | The breast muscle of a wild duck is dark, while that of a domesticated chicken is white. The breast muscle in a wild duck consists predominately of
A. | fast-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria. |
B. | fast-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria. |
C. | slow-twitch muscles with abundant capillaries and mitochondria. |
D. | slow-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria. |
E. | random-twitch muscles with few capillaries or mitochondria. |
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39. | Which of the following describes the role of myosin in muscle contraction?
A. | ATP forms a bridge, binding actin to myosin. |
B. | Actin heads bend when attached to myosin. |
C. | Calcium ions form a bridge, moving actin along myosin. |
D. | Myosin heads bend when attached to actin. |
E. | Myosin synthesizes new strands of actin, lengthening the muscle. |
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40. | How can humans survive if they have an inactive gene that encodes a nonfunctional myosin protein?
A. | We have over 40 closely related myosin genes. |
B. | Myosin is not essential for life. |
C. | Myosin participates in several processes in the cell. |
D. | Other proteins in the body can do the same thing as myosin. |
E. | Other primates have the same nonfunctional myosin protein and survive. |
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41. | If you found a mutation, involving the loss of two bases, which was present in humans living on all four continents which you could test but was absent in close relatives such as gorillas and chimps, what would this imply?
A. | Two bases were actually insertions in the nonhuman primates. |
B. | Deletion arose before the branch between humans and nonhuman primates. |
C. | Deletion arose in multiple nonhuman primates. |
D. | Deletion arose at least six times in different human populations. |
E. | Deletion arose after the branch between humans and nonhuman primates. |
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True / False Questions
42. | The temporalis muscle is critical for chewing.
True False |
43. | Weak muscular contraction could be due to either poor binding of actin and myosin or to insufficient calcium available to stimulate contraction.
True False |
44. | Bones can provide calcium to the rest of the body if it is needed.
True False |
45. | Bones have blood vessels attached to their surfaces but not penetrating them.
True False |
46. | The long bones of the human body begin as cartilaginous structures in embryos.
True False |
47. | The long bones of the human body elongate during development via growth plates at their ends.
True False |
48. | ADP is required for muscular contraction.
True False |
49. | Calcium ions are required for muscular contraction.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
50. | What would happen if you injected a calcium-channel blocking chemical into a muscle cell?
A. | It would be unable to communicate with nerves. |
B. | It would be unable to contract. |
C. | It would relax more slowly. |
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51. | If a bicep was cut so that it no longer attached to bone, why would this limit motion of the upper arm?
A. | The biceps and triceps antagonize one another in the motion of the arm; cutting removes one antagonist. |
B. | The bicep is where the arm connects to all relevant nerve cells. |
C. | The bicep is the main muscle for moving the arm. |
D. | The other arm muscles all connect to the bicep and would also become detached as a result. |
E. | None of the answer choices is correct. |
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52. | How are the biceps and triceps attached to the arm so that they can act in opposition?
A. | The biceps are attached by tendons and the triceps by ligaments. |
B. | Both are attached by tendons. |
C. | The biceps are attached by ligaments and the triceps by tendons. |
D. | Both are attached by ligaments. |
E. | Both are attached by cartilage. |
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53. | Which of the following is not a function of the vertebrate skeleton?
C. | protection of internal structures |
D. | production of blood cells |
E. | distribution of nutrients |
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54. | Which skeletal function would first be impaired if the body produced an excess of calcitonin?
C. | protection of internal structures |
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True / False Questions
55. | The biceps and triceps work as an antagonist muscle pair.
True False |
56. | Without its endoskeleton, the vertebrate body would be without support.
True False |
57. | One of the critical functions of the vertebrate skeleton is helping to generate movement with the muscular system.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
58. | You are looking at sonograms and are observing fetal bones. During a 6-week-old fetus sonogram you observe
A. | calcified cartilage in the long bones. |
B. | cartilage in the long bones. |
C. | compact bone in the long bones. |
D. | spongy bone in the long bones. |
E. | a lack of bone structure. |
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True / False Questions
59. | During development, bone becomes progressively more calcified and hardened.
True False |
60. | An individual skeletal muscle is separated from others by the connective tissue sheath which wraps it.
True False |
61. | The basic job of skeletal muscle is to pump blood through the body.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
62. | Which is the basic unit in a skeletal muscle?
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True / False Questions
63. | When a motor neuron stimulates a muscle fiber, the fiber contracts.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
64. | If you applied a drug which could prevent action potentials to a muscle cell, what would be the result when a motor neuron fired?
A. | no contraction since that requires an action potential |
C. | release of calcium outside the muscle cell |
D. | a graded potential in the neuron |
E. | None of the answer choices is correct. |
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65. | The neurotransmitter, __________, is used by motor neurons to communicate with muscle cells.
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True / False Questions
66. | The membrane of a muscle cell makes a deeply indented set of B tubules where a motor neuron contacts it.
True False |
67. | Each myofibril consists of two types of filaments, a thick actin filament and a thin myosin filament.
True False |
Multiple Choice Questions
68. | A _______ is an area where two bones meet and may allow for free movement of limbs.
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