Development and Aging Chapter.21 Exam Prep

Human Biology: Concepts and Current Issues, 8e, (Johnson)

Chapter 21 Development and Aging

21.1 Multiple-Choice Questions

1) Most sperm cells die in the vagina when entering the female's body because

A) the sperm cannot pass through the mucus.

B) the female's reproductive tract is protected by digestive enzymes.

C) of the low pH of the vagina.

D) the sperm cells have not yet been activated to swim.

E) macrophages from the female's immune system destroy all nonself cells.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

2) In humans, fertilization usually occurs ________ after intercourse, if an egg is present.

A) 1-2 hours

B) 3-6 days

C) 6-24 hours

D) 7-10 days

E) 24-48 hours

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2a

GLO: G1

3) The zona pellucida and corona radiata are associated with which one of the following?

A) human egg

B) uterine lining

C) midpiece of the human sperm

D) cilia of the oviducts

E) vaginal wall

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

4)

The figure above shows a human sperm. Which part of the sperm contains the most mitochondria for generating ATP?

A) A

B) B

C) C

D) A and B

E) B and C

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

5) Fertilization is generally considered complete when the

A) zygote enters the uterus.

B) sperm reaches the zona pellucida.

C) ovulation is inhibited.

D) placenta begins to form.

E) haploid sperm unites with the mature ovum.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

6) When a sperm cell enters a secondary oocyte, what event in the oocyte is immediately triggered?

A) cytokinesis

B) mitosis

C) meiosis I

D) meiosis II

E) ovulation

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

7) To penetrate the zona pellucida of the ovum, the sperm

A) uses the swimming action of the flagellum to move inside the egg.

B) releases digestive enzymes from the acrosomal cap.

C) releases a hormone that signals the egg to dissolve the thick coating.

D) passes down a channel in the protective layer to reach the egg membrane.

E) stimulates opening of ion channels along the egg membrane by releasing sodium ions from the acrosomal cap.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

8) A zygote forms when

A) the nucleus from the sperm fuses with the egg nucleus.

B) the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida.

C) the blastocyst begins to form.

D) the acrosomal cap is ruptured.

E) meiosis II in the secondary oocyte initiates.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

9) While normally one secondary oocyte ruptures from an ovarian follicle at ovulation, what will be the result if two are released and both are fertilized?

A) identical twins

B) single birth because only one secondary oocyte can be fertilized

C) single birth because even though both may be fertilized, only one will be able to complete development

D) fraternal twins

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1b

GLO: G1

10) The first four days of human embryonic development occur in the

A) uterus.

B) vagina.

C) cervix.

D) oviduct.

E) ovary.

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2

GLO: G1

11) The process by which an embryo undergoes rapid changes in form and shape is called

A) cleavage.

B) fertilization.

C) morphogenesis.

D) implantation.

E) differentiation.

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2

GLO: G1

12) There are a series of cell divisions that produce no cell growth during the first four days following fertilization. This process is referred to as

A) cleavage.

B) conceptus.

C) morphogenesis.

D) implantation.

E) differentiation.

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2

GLO: G1

13) All of the following processes are associated with embryonic development EXCEPT which one?

A) cleavage

B) meiosis

C) morphogenesis

D) differentiation

E) growth

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2

GLO: G1

14) During the development following fertilization, the morula becomes a hollow ball of cells called the

A) conceptus.

B) fetus.

C) germ layer.

D) blastocyst.

E) secondary morula.

Topic: Sec. 21.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.3

GLO: G1

15) The blastocyst begins to form a second hollow cavity that will eventually become the

A) placenta.

B) fundus.

C) amniotic cavity.

D) embryonic disk.

E) embryo.

Topic: Sec. 21.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.3

GLO: G1

16) The process by which the blastocyst becomes buried within the endometrial lining of the uterus is called

A) fertilization.

B) implantation.

C) morphogenesis.

D) differentiation.

E) embryonic development.

Topic: Sec. 21.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.3

GLO: G1

17) What marks the end of the pre-embryonic period and the beginning of the embryonic period?

A) implantation

B) the formation of the ectoderm and endoderm in the embryonic disk

C) the formation of the morula

D) the formation of the blastocyst

E) the formation of pharyngeal arches

Topic: Sec. 21.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.3

GLO: G1

18) The blood vessels of the umbilical cord are derived from which one of the following structures?

A) allantois

B) chorion

C) embryonic disk

D) amnion

E) yolk sac

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4b

GLO: G1

19) Mesoderm gives rise to

A) ectoderm.

B) epidermis and dermis.

C) muscle and connective tissues.

D) the nervous system.

E) liver and pancreas.

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4a

GLO: G1

20) The placenta forms from embryonic tissue and

A) bone marrow.

B) amniotic fluid.

C) the embryonic disk.

D) endometrium.

E) the yolk sac.

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4c

GLO: G1

21) All of the following can pass through a healthy placenta EXCEPT which one?

A) water

B) nutrients

C) oxygen

D) some antibodies

E) blood cells

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4c

GLO: G1

22) Which one of the following embryonic features is the forerunner of the brain and spinal cord?

A) pharyngeal arches

B) somites

C) yolk sac

D) neural groove

E) chorionic villi

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4d

GLO: G1

23)

The figure above shows the development of the human embryo during days 19-24. Which of the following organs forms from the ectodermal folds of the embryo?

A) stomach and small intestine

B) kidneys, ureters, and bladder

C) heart

D) liver

E) brain and spinal cord

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4d

GLO: G1

24) Which one of the following statements about gender determination is TRUE?

A) The male gender is determined by the presence of only one X chromosome.

B) The male gender is determined by the presence of a Y chromosome.

C) The hormones estrogen and progesterone are key players in the development of internal and external female genitalia.

D) The development of male genitalia is the "default" condition in the absence of estrogen.

E) The development of female genitalia is activated by the presence of anti-Mullerian hormone.

Topic: Sec. 21.5

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.5

GLO: G1

25) The muscles and nervous system of the fetus become mature enough for movement to occur by the ________ month of development.

A) fifth

B) first

C) eighth

D) third

E) seventh

Topic: Sec. 21.6

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.6

GLO: G1

26) In the prenatal diagnostic technique amniocentesis,

A) a needle is inserted into the umbilical cord to collect fetal blood for screening.

B) a thin, flexible tube connected to a needle is inserted through the vagina and into the uterus to collect a tissue sample.

C) fetal blood is collected directly from the chorionic villi near the cervix.

D) a needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to collect amniotic fluid containing fetal cells.

E) the procedure cannot be performed after the fifteenth week of gestation.

Topic: Health & Wellness

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.6

GLO: G1

27) The stages of labor, in order, include

A) dilation, contraction, and afterbirth.

B) contraction, dilation, and afterbirth.

C) dilation, contraction, and expulsion.

D) dilation, expulsion, and afterbirth.

E) amniotic rupture, contraction, and expulsion.

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

28) Why is taking the first breath hard work for the newborn?

A) The lungs are not elastic.

B) The intercostal muscles are not mature enough.

C) The diaphragm is inflexible.

D) The surface tension within the alveoli is very high.

E) The respiratory center in the medulla is not yet mature.

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G2

29) Which organ system is not functional until birth and must become fully functional immediately?

A) excretory system (kidneys)

B) respiratory system

C) cardiovascular system

D) muscular system

E) skeletal system

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

30) Which cardiovascular structures in the fetus shunt blood away from the fetal lungs?

A) foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus

B) foramen magnum and ductus venosus

C) foramen ovale and ductus venosus

D) umbilical artery and umbilical vein

E) umbilical artery and ductus venosus

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7b

GLO: G1

31) Labor is triggered when which one of the following fetal organs or systems is mature?

A) pituitary gland

B) digestive system

C) heart

D) lungs

E) adrenal gland

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

32) Oxytocin from the mother's pituitary gland targets what organ to begin contractions?

A) oviduct

B) vagina

C) hypothalamus

D) uterus

E) fimbriae

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

33) The placenta is detached from the uterus during which one of the following stages of labor?

A) placental

B) dilation

C) secretory

D) expulsion

E) afterbirth

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

34) When the fetal pituitary gland matures, it releases ________, which triggers the sequence of events referred to as "labor."

A) oxytocin

B) ACTH

C) LH

D) prostaglandins

E) FSH

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

35) Which one of the following organs is not fully developed in a fetus and is therefore bypassed by the ductus arteriosus?

A) liver

B) pancreas

C) heart

D) lungs

E) bladder

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7b

GLO: G1

36) During puberty, the secretion of GnRH causes the secretion of ________, which in turn stimulate(s) the production of sex hormones.

A) LH and FSH

B) oxytocin and prolactin

C) insulin

D) growth hormone

E) oxytocin and growth hormone

Topic: Sec. 21.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.8

GLO: G1

37) During the first day or so after birth, the breasts produce a watery milk called

A) prostaglandins.

B) amniotic fluid.

C) lactose.

D) colostrum.

E) allantois.

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

38) Maturation of the reproductive organs and the reproductive response is called

A) adolescence.

B) longevity.

C) puberty.

D) morula.

E) menopause.

Topic: Sec. 21.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.8

GLO: G1

39) With the exception of cancer cells, most cells divide approximately ________ times before they stop reproducing.

A) 2-4

B) 10-12

C) 20-25

D) 50-90

E) 100-200

Topic: Sec. 21.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.9a

GLO: G1

40) Research on the aging process shows that wounds of the elderly heal more slowly and that they are more susceptible to disease. These are problems associated with an aging ________ system.

A) respiratory

B) immune

C) integumentary

D) digestive

E) endocrine

Topic: Sec. 21.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.9c

GLO: G1

41) The complete failure of which of the following organs or organ systems does NOT necessarily lead to a quick death?

A) respiratory system

B) heart

C) digestive system

D) brain

E) cardiovascular system

Topic: Sec. 21.10

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.10

GLO: G1

42) The duration of a person's life is referred to as

A) aging.

B) longevity.

C) eon.

D) gestation.

E) puberty.

Topic: Sec. 21.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.9a

GLO: G1

21.2 True/False Questions

1) Many sperm entering the vagina are killed by the acidic secretions of the female reproductive tract.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

2) Prior to the union of the nuclei of the egg and sperm, meiosis II is completed by the ovum.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

3) During the first four days of development following fertilization, cells of the embryo undergo rapid cleavage, but the size of the embryo remains the same.

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2

GLO: G1

4) The trophoblast secretes glycolipids to assist implantation within the endometrium.

Topic: Sec. 21.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.3

GLO: G1

5) During embryonic development, the second cavity that forms in the blastocyst becomes filled with amniotic fluid.

Topic: Sec. 21.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.3

GLO: G1

6) In the fetus, the ductus arteriosus shunts blood from the pulmonary artery directly to the lung.

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7b

GLO: G1

7) As the onset of labor approaches, estrogen is released by the placenta, and increases the number of oxytocin receptors.

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

8) As an adult human ages, the blood vessels lose their elasticity, and blood pressure drops as dilation occurs.

Topic: Sec. 21.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.9c

GLO: G1

9) The first phase of labor is contractions.

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

10) The increase in life expectancy in the United States in the last 100 years is mainly due to healthier lifestyles slowing the process of ageing.

Topic: Sec. 21.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.9a

GLO: G1

21.3 Matching Questions

The development of an embryo involves four processes. Match each process to its description.

A) cleavage

B) growth

C) differentiation

D) morphogenesis

1) cells increase in number and size

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2

GLO: G1

2) cells divide rapidly, resulting in a ball of unspecialized cells

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2

GLO: G1

3) cells take on a certain structure and function

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2

GLO: G1

4) embryo undergoes rapid change in shape and form

Topic: Sec. 21.2

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.2

GLO: G1

Answers: 1) B 2) A 3) C 4) D

Match each organ to the germ layer from which it develops. Answers may be used more than once.

A) endoderm

B) ctoderm

C) ectoderm

D) mesoderm

5) liver and pancreas

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4a

GLO: G1

6) nervous system

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4a

GLO: G1

7) bone marrow

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4a

GLO: G1

8) skeletal muscle

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4a

GLO: G1

9) enamel of teeth

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4a

GLO: G1

10) lining of vagina

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4a

GLO: G1

Answers: 5) A 6) C 7) D 8) D 9) B 10) A

Match the special structures of the fetal cardiovascular system with their descriptions.

A) umbilical vein

B) ductus arteriosus

C) umbilical artery

D) ductus venosus

E) foramen

11) opening located between the right atrium and the left atrium

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7b

GLO: G1

12) structure that transports oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus ovale

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7b

GLO: G1

13) shunt between the pulmonary artery and the aorta that causes most of the blood to bypass the lungs

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7b

GLO: G1

14) structure that transports deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7b

GLO: G1

15) shunt that bypasses the liver

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7b

GLO: G1

Answers: 11) E 12) A 13) B 14) C 15) D

21.4 Short Answer Questions

1) Fertilization is completed when the sperm nucleus fuses with the ________.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

2) The cell formed by the union of egg and sperm during fertilization is the ________.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

3) Following fertilization, if a ball of embryonic cells splits into two masses before differentiation has begun, ________ twins result.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1b

GLO: G1

4) Insertion of a thin tube through the vagina into the uterus to sample fetal tissue is called ________.

Topic: Health & Wellness

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.6

GLO: G1

5) For sperm to be able to penetrate the zona pellucida of the egg, enzymes are released from the ________.

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1

6) The formation of the ________ cavity and the differentiation of the embryonic disk into ectoderm and endoderm occurs at the end of the pre-embryonic period of development.

Topic: Sec. 21.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.3

GLO: G1

7) An ________ pregnancy is one where the blastocyst implants somewhere outside of the uterus, such as in the oviduct.

Topic: Sec. 21.3

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.3

GLO: G1

8) The entire duration of a person's life is referred to as ________.

Topic: Sec. 21.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.9c

GLO: G1

9) The extra-embryonic membrane known as the ________ is the source of germ cells that eventually develop into gametes.

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4b

GLO: G1

10) The spontaneous ending of a pregnancy that results in the premature expulsion of the embryo is termed a(n) ________.

Topic: Sec. 21.4

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.4d

GLO: G1

11) During labor, full dilation of the cervix signifies the end of the ________ stage.

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

12) Adolescence is marked by maturation of the reproductive organs and the human sexual response, an event known as ________.

Topic: Sec. 21.8

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.8

GLO: G1

13) Ejection of milk from the breasts is caused by the hormone ________.

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G1

14) One hypothesis for why we age, or at least why our cells age, is that every time that mitosis occurs, ________ at the ends of chromosomes shorten, and eventually the cell runs out of these units at the ends of chromosomes.

Topic: Sec. 21.9

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.9b

GLO: G1

21.5 Essay Questions

1) Labor is a highly coordinated event that requires the participation of numerous signaling molecules. Discuss how hormones help coordinate the events of labor to ensure that a child is delivered quickly.

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G2, G8

2) For fertilization to occur in humans, the sperm cells have a long journey to complete before reaching an egg. If a sperm reaches an egg, fertilization is still not complete. What events must happen for fertilization to be complete?

Topic: Sec. 21.1

Bloom's: Remembering/Understanding

LO: 21.1a

GLO: G1, G8

3) If you have ever had a chance to witness a childbirth, then you know it is an amazing event. However, even after the baby has been removed from the mother, her work is not complete in terms of labor. Why?

Topic: Sec. 21.7

Bloom's: Applying/Analyzing

LO: 21.7a

GLO: G2, G8