General Characteristics Of Crime And | Exam Questions – Ch3

Test Bank

Chapter 3: General Characteristics of Crime and Criminals

Multiple Choice

1. While crime in the United States was rising in the 1960s, it was decreasing in Japan. This observation is significant because ______.

a. it highlighted the inaccuracy of our statistics on crime as it is common knowledge that crime rates are consistent across nations

b. it proved beyond a reasonable doubt that American society is particularly prone to criminality

c. it discredited the assumption that modernization inevitably produces increased criminality

d. it provided support for the long-held notion that modernization inevitably leads to an increase in criminality

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Crime rates are difficult to compare cross-nationally due to all of the following except ______.

a. different definitions of crime

b. quality of data

c. ideological differences

d. economic development of the countries

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. According to the International Crime Victimization Survey, the rate of violent crime in the United States is ______.

a. lower than the rates in both Canada and Western Europe

b. lower than the rate in Canada, but higher than the rate in Western Europe

c. higher than the rate in Canada, but lower than the rate in Western Europe

d. higher than the rates in both Canada and Western Europe

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The low crime rate in Japan is achieved by a strong ______ orientation.

a. individualistic

b. communal

c. patriarchal

d. materialistic

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. According to the text, in the twenty-first century, all of the following are known to produce higher global crime except ______.

a. breakdown of political order

b. lack of police training

c. increase in economic equality

d. growing urbanization

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Which one of the following crimes is considered the most common for business travelers?

a. robbery

b. sexual assault

c. theft

d. murder

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between age and crime?

a. Both property and violent crime rates peak early in life, and then decline significantly with age.

b. Property crime rates peak early in life, with violent crimes peaking around middle-age.

c. Violent crime rates peak early in life, with property crimes peaking around middle-age.

d. Both property and violent crime rates are low among the young, and tend to increase with age.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Age and Crime
Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Most of those arrested are ______.

a. older

b. young

c. educated

d. uneducated

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Age and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. According to the text, the peak arrest age for property crime is ______ years.

a. 15

b. 16

c. 17

d. 18

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Age and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. According to the text, the peak age for violent crime is ______ years.

a. 16

b. 18

c. 20

d. 22

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Age and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. The “age/crime” debate refers to the debate surrounding ______.

a. whether there is a relationship between age and crime

b. whether “maturing out” of crime is a phenomenon true of all offenders and all types of crime

c. the cause of a recent spike in violent crime committed by the elderly

d. the age at which most individuals first become involved in criminal behavior

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age-Crime Debate
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Of all demographic variables, which is the best predictor of criminality?

a. age

b. race

c. gender

d. socioeconomic status

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Medium

13. The gap between male and female crime rates is ______ in modernized societies.

a. narrowing

b. remaining stable

c. widening

d. at its widest

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Medium

14. In stating that most theories of crime and delinquency have been androcentric, it is meant that they have been ______.

a. male-centered

b. female-centered

c. too reliant on a singular research methodology

d. too focused on regional variations among crime rates

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Traditionally, males are socialized to be all of the following except ______.

a. aggressive

b. empathetic

c. active

d. dominant

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which of the following types of crimes do females tend to concentrate on?

a. shoplifting

b. murder

c. arson

d. drug trafficking

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Medium

17. According to the text, the traditional handmaiden of sexism has been ______.

a. materialism

b. paternalism

c. misogyny

d. capitalism

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Socioeconomic status is measured using all of the following except ______.

a. occupation

b. political ideology

c. education

d. income

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Class and Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Nationally, the disparity of rates between black and nonblacks was much greater for ______ offenses.

a. drug

b. violent

c. property

d. fraudulent

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

20. In stating that criminology may have a Eurocentric bias, it is meant that the field has been ______.

a. focused on crime in Europe

b. focused too much on minority offenders

c. dominated by views reflecting those of European (what) descent

d. dominated by European influence of criminologists

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Race and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Hereditary theories of racial inferiority to explain why African Americans, despite social changes in the 1960s, had failed to succeed were referred to as ______.

a. racist theories

b. racial inequality theories

c. cryptoracist theories

d. racism theories

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

22. A discriminatory practice by some police departments of stopping and searching a disproportionate number of blacks and minorities, particularly in traffic stops is referred to as ______.

a. racial profiling

b. racial inequality

c. prejudice

d. blatant racism

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Of major religious groups in the U.S.A., the ______ group has the lowest official crime rate.

a. atheists

b. Catholics

c. Jews

d. Protestants

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Religion and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Which of the following best describes the relationship between immigration and crime in the United States of America?

a. There is no relationship between immigration and crime rates.

b. First-generation immigrants have high crime rates, but their children do not.

c. First-generation immigrants do not have high crime rates, but their children do.

d. Both first-generation immigrants and their children have high crime rates.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Minority Groups and Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

25. All of the following were suggested as reasons for differences between the immigrant and black experiences except ______.

a. gender roles

b. cultural factors

c. the disability of race

d. the maturing economy

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Minority Groups and Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

26. The region of the United States of America with the lowest overall crime rate is the ______.

a. Midwest

b. Northeast

c. South

d. West

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Regional Variation in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

27. According to the text, rates for ______ were the highest in the South.

a. rape

b. murder

c. arson

d. vehicle theft

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Regional Variation in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

28. According to the text, rates for ______ were the highest in the West.

a. rape

b. murder

c. arson

d. vehicle theft

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Regional Variation in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

29. In the U.S.A., rates for ______ crime were actually higher for smaller than for larger cities.

a. drug

b. property

c. violent

d. white-collar

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Urban Versus Rural Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which of the following is considered the most important social institution in regard to socializing children?

a. media

b. family

c. religion

d. schools

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Family and Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

31. All of the following were identified as the most important variables correlated with delinquency except ______.

a. poor home discipline

b. indifference

c. neglect

d. independence

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Family and Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Which of the following was classified by Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber (1986) as a medium predictor?

a. lack of parental supervision

b. parental rejection

c. parental criminality

d. parental health

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Family and Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

33. Which of the following was classified by Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber (1986) as a weak predictor?

a. lack of parental supervision

b. parental rejection

c. parental criminality

d. parental health

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Family and Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

34. This does not cause or prevent crime but rather reflects one’s social class, location of residence, and exposure to criminal or delinquent opportunities.

a. family

b. education

c. religious preference

d. ethnic background

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Education and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Research on crime and delinquency has come to focus most heavily on ______ and education as critical variables.

a. social class

b. family

c. gender

d. politics

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Education and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which of the following are known for having the highest rates of crime?

a. Jewish

b. Catholics

c. Protestants

d. Evangelicals

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Religion and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

37. According to the text, ______ is the explanation for higher crime rates, rather than denominational affiliation.

a. gender

b. social class

c. education

d. family

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Religion and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Which of the following crimes tends to occur during wartime?

a. murder

b. theft

c. vandalism

d. white-collar crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: War and Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

39. This type of crime tends to increase in periods of prosperity and to decrease during periods of depression.

a. property

b. violent

c. white-collar

d. juvenile delinquency

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economy and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

40. Which of the following variables is related to an increase in crime rates?

a. aging

b. rising socio-economic status

c. unemployment

d. war

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Economy and Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

41. As unemployment rises, crime rates tend to ______.

a. decrease significantly

b. decrease slightly

c. remain stable

d. increase

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economy and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Fads in crime that are stimulated by media coverage or portrayals are referred to as ______.

a. copycat crimes

b. crimes of flattery

c. Hollywood crimes

d. trend-induced crimes

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Copycat Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy

True / False

1. Descriptions of characteristics of crime and criminals can vary immensely, depending on the sources of information.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the limitations of interpreting crime data.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Caution in Interpreting Crime Data
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Statistics regarding crime and delinquency are easily measured.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the limitations of interpreting crime data.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Caution in Interpreting Crime Data
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Triangulation assists in providing multiple assessments of the subject matter.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the limitations of interpreting crime data.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Caution in Interpreting Crime Data
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Triangulation, which occurs when researchers allow their personal bias to shape their research, is one potential threat to the accuracy of our data on crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the limitations of interpreting crime data.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Caution in Interpreting Crime Data
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Data have improved recently, but because of variations in quality of data, definitions of crime, recording practices, ideological differences, and differences in measurement, (three things) caution is still warranted.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Hidden factors may affect crime rates, such as age and urbanism, and they are referred to as factual equalities.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. High levels of crime appear to be associated with high rates of income inequality.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Compared to other countries, the United States has a strikingly low rate of violent crimes such as murder and rape.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Modernization and urbanization are both associated with higher levels of property crime and lower levels of violent crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The measurement of violent crime may play a role in why the rates appear lower in the U.S.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Legal codes define crimes in different ways.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. The multinational nature of organized, white-collar, and more sophisticated crimes is a declining phenomenon.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. While most persons arrested and convicted as adult criminals were first arrested as juveniles, most juvenile delinquents do not become adult criminals.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The age-crime debate is a disagreement among criminologists whether all “mature out of crime” or whether some remain career criminals.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age-Crime Debate
Difficulty Level: Easy

15. The graying of America has led to forecasts of an increase in the number of older criminals.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Age is the best predictor of criminality across time and place.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy

17. The charge that criminology has reflected a male-centered bias is referred to as the androcentric bias.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Most crime is committed by males historically and internationally with the exception of prostitution.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Social class is the best predictor of criminality.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy

20. The proposal that racial discrimination in sentencing is most prevalent among the least serious crimes, in cases where the judge has more discretion, is known as the liberation hypothesis.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Race and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Race is a relatively arbitrary, socially defined construct.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Race and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

22. The liberation hypothesis holds that racial discrimination in sentencing is significant primarily in less serious cases.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Crime has in the past been primarily intraracial in nature.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Race is as crucial an explanatory variable in traditional crime commission as social class.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Minority Groups and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

25. The concentric zone theory assumes that city growth occurs in a series of rings.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Minority Groups and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Urban recorded crime rates are generally lower than rural crime rates.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Urban Versus Rural Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

27. UCR statistics in general show a negative relationship in which, as the size of community increases, the crime rate also increases.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Urban Versus Rural Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Church is an example of an institution.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutions and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Organizations that serve a broad range of interests in society, such as the family are referred to as institutions.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Institutions and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Institutions are relatively stable social patterns that serve a broad range of crucial functions in society.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Institutions and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

31. The belief that what goes on in the family is somehow separate from outside social forces that affect the family is referred to as the fallacy of autonomy.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Family and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

32. The trend that poverty increasingly takes place within female-headed households is referred to as feminization of poverty.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Family and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Statistics indicate that juveniles who come from broken homes are significantly more likely to engage in crime than those who do not.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Family and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Delinquents are less likely to have families characterized by physical illness, mental retardation, and mental disturbance.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Family and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

35. There is a positive relationship between the amount of formal schooling individuals possess and arrest rates for traditional crimes.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Education and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

36. A major predictor of delinquency is misconduct in school.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Education and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Religion may be the “forgotten” factor in criminological theory.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Religion and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

38. During war, domestic crime rates tend to decline.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: War and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

39. War does not have an impact on crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: War and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

40. A major form of crime that tends to increase during wartime is white-collar crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: War and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Juvenile delinquency tends to decrease in times of war.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: War and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Fads in crime that are often stimulated by media coverage or portrayals are referred to as copycat crimes.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Copycat Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy

43. The belief that the observation of media violence increases the propensity to violence is referred to as the precipitation hypothesis.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Copycat Crimes
Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. List one potential problem with comparing crime rates from different countries.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.1: Describe the limitations of interpreting crime data.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Caution in Interpreting Crime Data
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Explain what we can learn from international comparisons of crime rates, as well as some of the challenges in making these comparisons.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.2: Compare the United States with other countries with respect to crime rate.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: International Variations in Crime
Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Identify two pervasive crime trends in the contemporary United States.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Trends in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Briefly describe the relationship between age and crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What is desistance? (Define the term as it is used in criminology.)

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Age-Crime Debate
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Briefly describe the relationship between gender and crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Identify one reason the lower class might be more heavily represented in official crime statistics.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Class and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. List the two leading rival hypotheses regarding the relationship between media and crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mass Media and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What does the “catharsis hypothesis” argue regarding the relationship between media violence and crime?

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mass Media and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. List three examples of social institutions. Explain how they could affect crime rates.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Institutions and Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain what is presently known about the relationship between age and crime rates. Be sure to discuss possible explanations for this relationship.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Age and Crime
Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Briefly explain how differences in socialization influence crime between the genders.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Differences in Criminality
Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Discuss the relationship between social class and crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Social Class and Crime
Difficulty Level: Hard

4. As other minority groups that at one time were discriminated against were able to overcome difficulties, many question why blacks have not been able to achieve the same success. Identify and discuss three plausible explanations from the National Advisory Commission on

1) Maturing economy: when European immigrants arrived, they gained an economic foothold by providing the unskilled labor needed by industry. Unlike the immigrant, the Negro migrant found little opportunity in the city. The economy, by then matured, had little use for the unskilled labor he had to offer.

2) Disability of race: the structure of discrimination has stringently narrowed opportunities for the Negro and restricted his prospects. European immigrants suffered from discrimination, but never so pervasively.

3) Entry into the political system: immigrants usually settled in rapidly growing cities with powerful and expanding political machines, which traded economic advantages for political support. Ward-level grievance machinery, as well as personal representation, enable the immigrant to make his voice heard and his power felt.

4) Cultural factors: coming from societies with a low standard of living and at a time when job aspirations were low, the immigrants sensed little deprivation in being forced to take the less desirable and poorer-paying jobs. Their large and cohesive families contributed to the total income. Their vision of the future – one that led to life outside the ghetto – provided the incentive necessary to endure the present.

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.3: Identify some of the effects of age, gender, social class, race, and location on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Minority Groups and Crime
Difficulty Level: Hard

5. What is presently known regarding the relationship between exposure to media violence and crime rates?

KEY: Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain the effects of various social instructions on crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mass Media and Crime
Difficulty Level: Hard