Chapter 5: Early and Classical Criminological Theories

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. “Theory” is best described as ______.

a. fact

b. providing justifications for criminal behavior

c. useful in locating the one key that will explain all criminological behavior

d. useful for making sense of otherwise isolated, seemingly random facts

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.1: Review the role of theory in criminology.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. The view that criminal behavior is ultimately driven by supernatural forces is known as ______.

a. classicalism

b. Marxism

c. demonology

d. victimology

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. “Women accused of witchcraft were tied up and thrown in the water. If they survived, they were innocent.” This type of practice is known as ______.

a. capital punishment

b. exorcism

c. torture

d. trial by ordeal

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The earliest theories of crime causation were ______.

a. ecological

b. demonological

c. economic

d. classical

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Demonological theory represents theological explanations of reality, in which the criminal was viewed as a(n) ______.

a. witch

b. heretic

c. sinner

d. ordeal

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. According to demonological theory, which of the following were viewed as manifestations of basically evil human nature reflecting either allegiance to the “Prince of Darkness” or an expression of divine wrath?

a. felonies

b. misdemeanors

c. infractions

d. status offenses

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Before the formulation and acceptance of the ______ theory, the administration of criminal justice in Europe was cruel, uncertain, and unpredictable.

a. classical

b. neoclassical

c. economic

d. demonological

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. An approach that emphasizes free will and rationality on the part of the criminal actor is referred to as ______.

a. demonological

b. neoclassical

c. classical

d. ecological

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Penal policy was once designed to control individuals that were ______.

a. royal

b. affluent

c. educated

d. unemployed

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Beccaria’s work can be summarized as arguing that ______.

a. crime is the result of forces outside of an individual's control

b. capitalism is at the root of most crimes

c. the punishment should fit the crime

d. crime rates are related to geography

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime in Relation to Punishment: Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. All of the following are considered principles proposed by Beccaria except the one where______.

a. laws should be made by executives

b. the role of judges is only to determine guilt

c. all should be treated equally before the law

d. punishment should not excess that which is necessary for deterrence

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crime in Relation to Punishment: Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Medium

12. According to Beccaria, punishment should be all of the following except ______.

a. sure

b. swift

c. cruel

d. certain

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crime in Relation to Punishment: Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of the following was Beccaria interested in reforming?

a. the arrest procedures in local jails

b. the cruel and unnecessary nature of punishment

c. the court system

d. the structure of prison and jail systems

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crime in Relation to Punishment: Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Jeremy Bentham advocated for “the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number.” The term that refers to this approach is ______.

a. demonism

b. ecological determinism

c. hedonism

d. utilitarianism

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Jeremy Bentham saw the purpose of punishment to be ______.

a. retribution

b. severity

c. rehabilitation

d. deterrence

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Which of the following theoretical perspectives is based on the premise that human behavior is primarily hedonistic in nature?

a. classicalism/neoclassicalism

b. demonism

c. ecological determinism

d. Marxism

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Easy

17. All of the following are characteristics of Bentham’s panopticon except ______.

a. its circular nature

b. its central grand tower

c. its glass roof

d. its lack of showers and bathrooms

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. The basic principles of the modern Western judicial and legal system are found in the ______.

a. demonological school of criminology

b. neoclassical school of criminology

c. classical school of criminology

d. economic school of criminology

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Critique of Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The characteristics of Western criminal law include all of the following except ______.

a. politically

b. certainty

c. uniformity

d. specificity

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Critique of Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium

20. Which of the following amendments is considered a Beccarian legacy?

a. first

b. fourth

c. fifth

d. eighth

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Critique of Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Which of the following would an adherent of the neoclassical school propose?

a. mandatory sentencing policies

b. social reform

c. family counseling

d. substance abuse treatment

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Neoclassical Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Which of the following theories admits environmental, psychological, and other mitigating circumstances as modifying conditions to classic doctrine?

a. classical

b. ecological

c. economic

d. neoclassical

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Neoclassical Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Which of the following theories proposes that offenders weigh the opportunities, costs, and benefits of particular crimes?

a. ecological theory

b. deterrence theory

c. rational choice theory

d. economic theory

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium

24. The “three strikes and you are out” policies were an example of ______.

a. rational choice theories

b. economic theories

c. deterrence theories

d. ecological theories

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deterrence Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

25. ______ policy assumes rationality on the part of the actor.

a. Economic

b. Deterrence

c. Ecological

d. Rational choice

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deterrence Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

26. Deterrence theory is related to which school(s) of thought?

a. ecological

b. classical/neoclassical

c. economic/Marxist

d. demonological

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Deterrence Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

27. A student is caught cheating on an exam resulting in the consequence of failing both the exam and the course. Classmates believe the student had this “punishment coming.” Which of the following concepts does this support?

a. classical theory

b. just deserts

c. general deterrence

d. demonological theory

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Deterrence Theory
Difficulty Level: Medium

28. The ______ school of criminological theory is also referred to as the statistical, geographic, and cartographic school.

a. economic

b. classical

c. ecological

d. neoclassical

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

29. The branch of biology that deals with the interrelationships between organisms and their environment is referred to as ______.

a. zoology

b. sociobiology

c. ecology

d. ethology

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. A criminologist notices that crime rates tend to be higher in warmer climates. This observation is most closely linked to the concept of ______.

a. demonism

b. neoclassical theory

c. ecological theory

d. just deserts

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

31. A little boy shoplifts a candy bar from a local store. The view that this crime was influenced by environmental factors is known as ______.

a. classicalism

b. demonism

c. human ecology

d. Marxism

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

32. ______ theory with its emphasis on geographical explanations for crime, is reflected in the media portrayal of bad neighborhoods.

a. Classical

b. Ecological

c. Economic

d. Demonological

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Who was the first researcher to take advantage of criminal statistics?

a. Beccaria

b. Lombroso

c. Bonger

d. Quetelet

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Using Crime Statistics: Andre M. Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet
Difficulty Level: Easy

34. The “thermic law” of crime argues that crimes against persons increase in ______.

a. capitalistic societies

b. secular societies

c. hedonistic locales

d. warmer climates

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Using Crime Statistics: Andre M. Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet
Difficulty Level: Easy

35. As the first scientific criminologist, Adolphe Quetelet’s work is most noteworthy because ______.

a. his work disproved the long-held notion that crime was related to the lunar cycles.

b. he was the first criminologist to identify the weaknesses related to relying on official crime statistics.

c. he was the first criminologist to draw a connection between capitalism and crime.

d. his observation that crime was linked to other variables called into question the notion of free will.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Using Crime Statistics: Andre M. Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet
Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Karl Marx is considered the inspirational figure behind the ______ theory.

a. economic

b. ecological

c. deterrence

d. demonological

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic Theory | Class, Crime, and Capitalism: Karl Marx
Difficulty Level: Easy

37. In economic theory, the proletariat is considered the ______.

a. capital class

b. owners

c. workers

d. homeless

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic Theory | Class, Crime, and Capitalism: Karl Marx
Difficulty Level: Easy

38. For Marx, ______ breeds its own destruction by giving birth to a proletarian revolution and finally a new world order of socialism.

a. capitalism

b. socialism

c. fascism

d. materialism

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Theory | Class, Crime, and Capitalism: Karl Marx
Difficulty Level: Easy

39. His ideas impacted Willem Bonger who viewed the criminal law as primarily protecting the interests of the propertied class, but his writings did not specifically address crime. Who is this?

a. Beccaria

b. Guerry

c. Marx

d. Bentham

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Criminal Law and Class: Willem Bonger
Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Willem Bonger saw capitalism as causing crime through its promotion of selfish individualism, which is also referred to as ______.

a. anomie

b. egoism

c. force

d. psychopathy

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminal Law and Class: Willem Bonger
Difficulty Level: Easy

41. Which school of criminological thought is Willem Bonger associated with?

a. classical

b. economic

c. human ecological

d. neoclassical

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminal Law and Class: Willem Bonger
Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Willem Bonger viewed the criminal law as primarily protecting the interests of the ______ class?

a. working

b. poverty

c. propertied

d. top 1%

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Criminal Law and Class: Willem Bonger
Difficulty Level: Medium

43. All of the following, except ______ were identified as basic claims made by Bonger regarding criminality.

a. criminal law serves the interest of the ruling class in capitalist systems

b. poverty resulting from capitalism encourages crime

c. hedonism is natural among people

d. all groups are prone to crime in a socialist society

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Criminal Law and Class: Willem Bonger
Difficulty Level: Medium

44. Developing policies with the purpose of improving the physical and social environments to decrease crime is an example of which of the following theories?

a. demonological

b. classical/neoclassical

c. ecological

d. economic

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.7: Identify the connection between early criminological theories and crime policy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Theory–Policy Connection
Difficulty Level: Medium

45. Which of the following theories does developing policies that reduce inequality and poverty support?

a. demonological

b. classical/neoclassical

c. ecological

d. economic

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.7: Identify the connection between early criminological theories and crime policy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Theory–Policy Connection
Difficulty Level: Medium

46. ______ theories posed a challenge to classical theories, viewing the latter as simplistic and solely concerned with the individual.

a. Ecological

b. Economic

c. Neoclassicist

d. Demonological

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.7: Identify the connection between early criminological theories and crime policy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Theory–Policy Connection
Difficulty Level: Easy

True / False

1. Theories are not laws or facts.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.1: Review the role of theory in criminology.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. General or systemic models of how human personalities or societies function are referred to as theories.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.1: Review the role of theory in criminology.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Theory in criminology refers to efforts to explain or understand crime causation.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.1: Review the role of theory in criminology.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Modern remnants of demonological theory still exist today.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Demonological theory assumes that supernatural forces cause and control crime commission.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The reasons for crime and criminality were to be found not in the supernatural but in the natural world.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Demonological theory views criminals as rational, hedonistic, free actors.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. A primary challenge to understanding crime through a demonological perspective was that crime and criminality were to be found in the natural rather than supernatural world.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham are associated with the classical school of criminology.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. According to Beccaria, laws should be made by the executives in charge, and they should be specific.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Punishment should be sure, swift, and certain.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Utilitarianism is a practical philosophical view that claims “we should always act so as to produce the greatest possible ratio of good to evil for all concerned.”

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Beccaria’s philosophies surrounding punishment were considered radical during his time.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime in Relation to Punishment: Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Beccaria believed that capital punishment should be abolished.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime in Relation to Punishment: Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Hedonism is the view that criminality is biologically inherited.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Hedonism is considered a pleasure-seeking philosophy.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Disappointed with criminology’s overconcern with the search for basic causes of crime, James Q. Wilson proposed a policy analysis approach that was less concerned with finding “causes” and more concerned with “what works.”

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Neoclassical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Classicists argue that less theory and more action is needed.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Neoclassical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

19. The neoclassical school is primarily concerned with finding effective criminal justice policies, not explaining the causes of crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Neoclassical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Rational choice theorists argue that individuals are purely rational in the decision making, which includes consideration of the costs and benefits of crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Demonological theorists also argue for a crime-specific approach to crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Surveillance and entry screening is an example of situational crime control.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

23. The concept of “just deserts” is related to the neoclassical approach to criminology.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deterrence Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

24. General deterrence serves to discourage a particular individual from repeating a crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deterrence Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Specific deterrence targets others.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.4: Discuss how neoclassical theories emerged from classical theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Deterrence Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

26. The classical school of criminological theory is also referred to as the statistical, geographic, or cartographic school.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Human ecology deals with the interrelationship between human organisms and the physical environment.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Quetelet’s theory that violent crime increases toward the equator is referred to as thermic law of crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Critique of Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Cesare Lombroso is the undisputed “father of criminology.”

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Critique of Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Lieber and Sherin’s (1972) research focused on tidal waves and homicides.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Other Geographical Theories
Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Charles Darwin coauthored Communist Manifesto with Friedrich Engels.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Marx viewed the history of all existing societies as one of class struggle.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Theory | Class, Crime, and Capitalism: Karl Marx
Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Poverty resulting from capitalism encourages crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminal Law and Class: Willem Bonger
Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Hedonism is not natural among people.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminal Law and Class: Willem Bonger
Difficulty Level: Easy

35. A theory is not generally considered a plausible explanation of a given reality.

Ans4: F

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.1: Review the role of theory in criminology.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Summary
Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Define theory.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.1: Review the role of theory in criminology.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. What are trials by ordeal?

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.2: Describe how demonological theory is applied to control crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Demonological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which two theorists are most often associated with the classical school?

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Identify two lasting influences of the classical/neoclassical schools of thought on the field of criminal justice.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classical Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Cesare Beccaria proposed a numbers of principles that he believed were crucial for the proper operation of the criminal justice system. List five of those principles.

2) The role of judges is only to determine guilt and to follow strictly to the letter of the law in determining punishment. Judges should not interpret the laws.

3) The seriousness of crime should be determined by the harm it inflicts on society and be based on the pleasure/pain principle.

4) Punishment should be based on the seriousness of the crime and its ability to deter. 5) Punishment should not exceed that which is necessary for deterrence.

6) Excessive severity in punishment often increases crime that is then committed to avoid punishment.

7) Punishment should be sure, swift, and certain.

8) Capital punishment should be abolished as should the use of torture to gain confessions.

9) Laws should be structured to prevent crime in the first place. It is better to prevent crimes than to punish them.

10) Everyone should be treated equally before the law.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime in Relation to Punishment: Cesare Beccaria
Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Define hedonism and explain how this term relates to the study of crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Discuss Jeremy Bentham’s panopticon.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.3: Identify the role of free will and rationality in explaining crime in classical theory.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Hedonism and Crime: Jeremy Bentham
Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Identify the major premises of neoclassical criminology.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Neoclassical Theory
Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Define human ecology.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. What is the thermic law of crime?

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Using Crime Statistics: Andre M. Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. What is economic determinist (Marx)?

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic Theory | Class, Crime, and Capitalism: Karl Marx
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Define proletariat and bourgeoisie.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic Theory | Class, Crime, and Capitalism: Karl Marx
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. What did Willem Bonger (economic theory) argue?

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criminal Law and Class: Willem Bonger
Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain why theory is needed. What does it help us accomplish?

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.1: Review the role of theory in criminology.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theory
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Describe the contributions of Andre M. Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet to the field of criminology, and explain their significance.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.5: Describe the use of statistical, geographic, and cartographic data in early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Using Crime Statistics: Andre M. Guerry and Adolphe Quetelet
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Describe Karl Marx contribution to the field of criminology.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.6: Explain the influence of economic theory on early criminological theories.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic Theory | Class, Crime, and Capitalism: Karl Marx
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss three of the four theory–policy connections discussed.

KEY: Learning Objective: 5.7: Identify the connection between early criminological theories and crime policy.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Theory–Policy Connection
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. While walking to her car in a mall parking lot, a woman is approached by a man who displays a handgun and demands her purse. She gives him her purse, and he runs away with it. How would each of the following theoretical perspectives explain this crime?

B. Classicalism: The individual has free will and the choice to commit the act
C. Ecological: Group characteristics, social and physical environment affect crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: Various

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Various
Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Compare and contrast the classical and ecological perspectives of crime. How are these explanations of crime similar? How are they different?

KEY: Learning Objective: Various

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Various
Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Compare and contrast the ecological and economic perspectives of crime. How are these explanations similar? How are they different?

KEY: Learning Objective: Various

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Various
Difficulty Level: Hard