Test Bank

Chapter 4: What Is Victimology?

Multiple Choice

1. All of the following statements regarding victimology are true except ______.

a. victimology is the study of victims

b. victimology includes the study of what criminals do and why they do it

c. victimologists use the scientific method to answer questions about victims

d. victimology is a science

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Introduction
Difficulty Level: Medium

2. What is the most commonly reported victimization according to NCVS?

a. rape

b. theft

c. simple assault

d. aggravated assault

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nature of Victimization
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Which of the following crimes were more likely to be experienced as compared to violent crimes?

a. property crimes

b. status offenses

c. murder

d. aggravated assault

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Nature of Victimization
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. In 2016, the most common type of property crime experienced was ______.

a. arson

b. theft

c. vandalism

d. larceny

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Nature of Victimization
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. All of the following statements pertaining to the gender gap are true except that ______.

a. females are more likely than males to be victimized by an intimate partner

b. one difference between male and female victims is who offends against them

c. males and females have different rates of violent victimization

d. females have an increased risk of experiencing rape and sexual assault compared to males

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender
Difficulty Level: Medium

6. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), those who reported being ______ had the highest violent victimization rates.

a. Hispanic

b. Asian American

c. African American

d. multi-racial

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race and Ethnicity
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), in 2016, ______ were more likely to be victimized than Asians, Native Hawaiians, and other Pacific Islanders.

a. African Americans

b. Hispanics

c. Native Americans

d. Caucasians

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Race and Ethnicity
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Individuals within the ______ age range have the highest violent victimization rate.

a. 0 to 11

b. 12 to 34

c. 35 to 64

d. 65 and older

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Age
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. ______ can result from property losses, time lost from work, pain and suffering, and legal fees.

a. Political costs

b. Economic costs

c. Social costs

d. Cultural costs

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Costs
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. The typical property crime is ______.

a. arson

b. larceny-theft

c. robbery

d. vandalism

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Costs
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which of the following crimes is associated with substantial medical costs for victims?

a. car accidents

b. arson

c. gun violence

d. robberies

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Economic Costs
Difficulty Level: Medium

12. Which of the following types of victimizations result in some of the largest mental health care costs for victims?

a. robbery

b. aggravated assault

c. arson

d. rape and sexual assault

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mental Health Care Costs
Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Which of the following is the most difficult cost to quantify for victims?

a. system costs

b. mental health costs

c. pain and suffering

d. loss of productivity

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Pain, Suffering, and Lost Quality of Life
Difficulty Level: Medium

14. For youth, ______ is common after victimization from their peers, such as being bullied.

a. reduction in self-esteem

b. depression

c. anxiety

d. PTSD

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mental Health Consequences and Costs
Difficulty Level: Easy

15. All of the following are common affective responses that victims experience after a crime except ______.

a. depression

b. low self-esteem

c. anxiety

d. difficulty sleeping

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mental Health Consequences and Costs
Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Commonly associated with individuals returning from war and combat, which of the following is considered a psychiatric condition that has recently been recognized as a possible consequence of other traumatic events?

a. suicide

b. PTSD

c. anxiety

d. depression

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Difficulty Level: Medium

17. To be diagnosed with ______, a victim must have experienced or witnessed a traumatic event.

a. schizophrenia

b. posttraumatic stress disorder

c. anxiety

d. depression

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Which of the following occurs when a person ascribes blame to a nonmodifiable source such as one’s character?

a. learned helplessness

b. behavioral self-blame

c. characterological self-blame

d. defensive maneuver

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self-Blame, Learned Helplessness, and the Brain
Difficulty Level: Medium

19. Females have an overarching fear of ______.

a. simple assault

b. aggravated assault

c. sexual assault

d. domestic assault

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Fear of Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Fear is a(n) ______ response to a(n) ______ threat.

a. emotional; perceived

b. rational; perceived

c. emotional; actual

d. rational; actual

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fear of Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Restrictions that people place on their behavior to protect themselves from harm, such as staying home at night are referred to as ______ behaviors.

a. mental

b. avoidance

c. defensive

d. protective

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fear of Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Purchasing a gun is an example of a(n) ______ behavior.

a. mental

b. avoidance

c. fearful

d. protective

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fear of Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Staying at home on a Friday night is an example of ______ behaviors.

a. mental

b. avoidance

c. fearful

d. protective

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fear of Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

24. Victim ______ occurs when a person does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act.

a. responsibility

b. precipitation

c. facilitation

d. provocation

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Role of the Victim in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

25. An individual is shot while trying to break into a home. This is an example of victim ______.

a. provocation

b. facilitation

c. precipitation

d. responsibility

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Role of the Victim in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

26. The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization is referred to as victim ______.

a. responsibility

b. provocation

c. precipitation

d. facilitation

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Role of the Victim in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Victim ______ is rooted in the notion that although some victims are not responsible at all for their victimization, other victims are, in fact, responsible for being victimized.

a. responsibility

b. provocation

c. precipitation

d. facilitation

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Role of the Victim in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

28. Victim ______ occurs when a victim unintentionally makes it easier for an offender to commit a crime.

a. responsibility

b. provocation

c. precipitation

d. facilitation

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3:, Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Role of the Victim in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Victim ______ suggests that that without the victim, the crime would not have occurred.

a. responsibility

b. provocation

c. precipitation

d. facilitation

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Role of the Victim in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Victim ______ helps one understand, without connoting blame, why one person may be victimized over another.

a. responsibility

b. provocation

c. precipitation

d. facilitation

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Role of the Victim in Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

31. In his book The Criminal and His Victim: Studies in the Sociobiology of Crime, which of the following individuals recognized the importance of investigating what factors underpinned why certain people are victims, just as criminology attempts to identify those factors that produce criminality?

a. Mendelsohn

b. Schafer

c. von Hentig

d. Amir

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Criminal–Victim Dyad: Hans Von Hentig

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Hans von Hentig argued that crime could be placed into categories. All of the following were identified by Hans Von Hentig except for ______.

a. young

b. dull normals

c. males

d. minorities

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Criminal–Victim Dyad: Hans Von Hentig

Difficulty Level: Medium

33. The ______ victims may be victimized because they do not recognize or appropriately respond to threats in their environment.

a. acquisitive

b. mentally defective/deranged

c. dull normals

d. tormentors

KEY: Learning Objective: 43: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Criminal–Victim Dyad: Hans Von Hentig

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. A person who provokes her own victimization via violence and aggression toward others is referred to as ______.

a. a minority

b. a wanton

c. an immigrant

d. a tormentor

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Criminal–Victim Dyad: Hans Von Hentig

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. All of the following are likely victimized owing to their social status and inability to activate assistance in the community except ______.

a. immigrants

b. minorities

c. wantons

d. dull normals

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Criminal–Victim Dyad: Hans Von Hentig

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. The person known as the father of victimology was ______.

a. Hans Von Hentig

b. Mendelsohn

c. Schafer

d. Wolfgang

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim Classification: Benjamin Mendelsohn

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. ______ classified victims based on their culpability.

a. Hans Von Hentig

b. Mendelsohn

c. Schafer

d. Wolfgang

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim Classification: Benjamin Mendelsohn

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Criminologists refer to an individual who inadvertently places his or herself in harm’s way as ______.

a. a completely innocent victim

b. a victim with minor guilt

c. a victim more guilty than the offender

d. the most guilty victim

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Victim Classification: Benjamin Mendelsohn

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Criminologists refer to an individual who has been victimized during the perpetration of a crime as a ______.

a. a completely innocent victim

b. a victim as guilty as the offender

c. the most guilty victim

d. the imaginary victim

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Victim Classification: Benjamin Mendelsohn

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Criminologists refer to an individual who fabricates a victimization event as ______.

a. a completely innocent victim

b. a victim as guilty as the offender

c. the most guilty victim

d. the imaginary victim

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Victim Classification: Benjamin Mendelsohn

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. According to Stephen Schafer (1968), all of the following were classified as having no responsibility except ______ victims.

a. unrelated

b. biologically weak

c. socially weak

d. provocative

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Victims and Responsibility Typology: Stephen Schafer

Difficulty Level: Medium

42. The first individual to empirically investigate victim precipitation was ______.

a. von Hentig

b. Mendelsohn

c. Schafer

d. Wolfgang

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim Precipitation in Homicides: Marvin Wolfgang

Difficulty Level: Easy

43. Which of the following, according to Wolfgang, is NOT a factor of victim-precipitated homicide?

a. the victim and offender knew each other

b. the victim’s likely history of violent offenses

c. alcohol

d. the incident began as a major altercation

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim Precipitation in Homicides: Marvin Wolfgang

Difficulty Level: Easy

44. The means by which a person or target can be effectively guarded so that victimization is prevented from occurring is referred to as ______.

a. suitable victim

b. suitable target

c. motivated offender

d. capable guardianship

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. The premise of routine activities theory includes three elements that must be present for a crime to occur. All of the following are considered those elements except for ______.

a. suitable target

b. motivated offender

c. presence of durable goods

d. capable guardian

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

46. The more frequently a person comes into contact with persons in demographic groups with likely offenders, the more likely it is the person will be victimized; this is referred to as ______.

a. the principle of homogamy

b. victim precipitation

c. the principle of victimization

d. victim provocation

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. All of the following were identified as factors of the Routine Activities Theory except for ______.

a. suitable victim

b. motivated offender

c. capable guardianship

d. suitable target

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

48. The statement “neighborhoods that have a large percentage of female-headed households have higher rates of theft and violent victimization” is an example of ______.

a. hot spots

b. family structure

c. structural density

d. residential mobility

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Structural Causes of Victimization

Difficulty Level: Medium

49. ______, or the percentage of persons 5 and older living in a different house from 5 years before, can predict victimization.

a. Residential mobility

b. Structural density

c. Hot spots

d. Family structure

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structural Causes of Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. A common right provided to victims through the criminal justice system is the right to be treated fairly in a way that preserves their ______.

a. dignity and respect

b. protection

c. rate of reimbursement for harm done

d. right to a speedy trial of the perpetrator

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss key rights held by victims.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victims’ Rights

Difficulty Level: Easy

51. All of the following victims are eligible for compensation from the crime victims’ fund except ______.

a. rape or child sexual abuse

b. domestic violence

c. drunk driving

d. vehicle theft

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss key rights held by victims.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Victim Compensation

Difficulty Level: Medium

52. Victim impact statements can be given by ______.

a. only the victim

b. the victim or a family member

c. anyone that saw the victimization

d. anyone that heard about the victimization

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss key rights held by victims.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim Impact Statements

Difficulty Level: Easy

53. Which of the following is designed to provide victims a chance to meet their offenders in a structured environment?

a. victim/witness assistance programs

b. victim compensation

c. family justice centers

d. victim-offender mediation programs

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss key rights held by victims.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Victim-Offender Mediation Programs

Difficulty Level: Medium

True / False

1. Victimology uses the scientific method to answer questions about victims

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Victimology is a science.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Introduction

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Males are more likely to be victimized; however, this gender gap is becoming less evident.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. One difference between male and female victims is the amount of violence in the crime against them.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Persons of certain races or ethnic groups are at a lower risk of experiencing violent victimizations than others.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Race and Ethnicity

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Households earning more than $75,000 per year are more likely to experience victimization than those that earn less than $7,500.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Household Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Persons who are young face the greatest risk of becoming a victim of violent crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Age

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Generally, the risk of violent victimization declines as people age.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Age

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The greater the number of people in the household, the lower the property victimization rate.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Household Characteristics

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Victimization can be a public health issue.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Economic Costs

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Political costs of victimization include those experienced by the victim and those the public incurs.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Economic Costs

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Crime victims often experience tangible losses in terms of having their property damaged or taken.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Direct Property Losses

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Most individuals would rather take a property loss as compared to physical bodily harm.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Medical Care

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. System costs associated with victimization are distributed equally in society.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: System Costs

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. To be diagnosed with PTSD, the symptoms must be experienced for more than 1 month and must cause significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other functional areas.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. One of the recognized disorders associated with a patterned response to trauma, such as victimization, is referred to as mental illness.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Characterological self-blame involves believing that victimization is deserved.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Blame, Learned Helplessness, and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Learned helplessness does not by itself explain victimization.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Blame, Learned Helplessness, and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Behavioral self-blame occurs when a person ascribes blame to a nonmodifiable source such as one’s character.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Blame, Learned Helplessness, and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Characterological self-blame occurs when a person ascribes blame to a modifiable source.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Self-Blame, Learned Helplessness, and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Behaviors that guard against victimization, such as purchasing a weapon, are referred to as defensive or protective behaviors.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fear of Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Restrictions that people place on their own behaviors to protect themselves from harm are referred to as defensive behaviors.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Fear of Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. When a person ascribes blame to a nonmodifiable source, such as his or her character, it is referred to as behavioral self-blame.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Self-Blame, Learned Helplessness, and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. An example of an avoidance behavior is staying home at night.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fear of Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Victim provocation occurs when a person actually does something that incites another person to commit an illegal act.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Role of the Victim in Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. The extent to which a victim is responsible for his or her own victimization is referred to as victim precipitation.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Role of the Victim in Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Mendelsohn’s classification emphasized degrees of predictability.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victim Classification: Benjamin Mendelsohn

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Today, the crime of rape is not immune from victim blaming.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victim Blaming and Rape: Menachem Amir

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. A criminalization theory is generally a set of testable propositions that are designed to explain why a person is victimized.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Neighborhoods that have a large percentage of female-headed households have higher rates of theft and violent victimization.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Structural Causes of Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Structural density refers to the percentage of units in structures of five or more units.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural Causes of Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. Areas that are crime-prone are known as murder spots.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural Causes of Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. A large portion of funding for victim compensation programs comes from criminals themselves.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss key rights held by victims.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Victim Compensation

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. What do we know about age and victimization?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.1: Describe the characteristics of typical crime victimizations in the United States.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Age

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Give two examples of how individuals change their lifestyle owing to victimization.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Pain, Suffering, and Lost Quality of Life

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. What are the three affective responses that are common among crime victims?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mental Health Consequences and Costs

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. What is behavioral self-blame? Give an example.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Self Blame, Learned Helplessness, and the Brain

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Define “defensive or protective behaviors” and give two examples.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fear of Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. von Hentig attempted to identify the characteristics of a victim that may effectively serve to influence victimization risk. He argued that crime victims could be placed into 1 of 13 categories, on the basis of the propensity for victimization. Identify five of those categories.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Criminal–Victim Dyad: Hans von Hentig

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Identify Stephen Schafer’s seven victim categories.

1) Unrelated victims—no responsibility;

2) provocative victims—share responsibility;

3) precipitative victims—some degree of victim responsibility;

4) biologically weak victims—no responsibility;

5) socially weak victims—no responsibility;

6) self-victimizing—total responsibility; and

7) political victims—no responsibility

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victims and Responsibility Typology: Stephen Schafer

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What is Lifestyle Theory?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Routine Activities and Lifestyles Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Some areas are so crime-prone that they are considered “hot spots” for crime. Identify three factors that increase the risk of being victimized.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Structural Causes of Victimization

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. What victim’s rights are provided in all states?

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss key rights held by victims.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victims’ Rights

Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay

1. Explain the five costs of victimization associated with economic cost.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.2: Identify some of the costs associated with victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Economic Costs

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Mendelsohn, known as “the father of victimology” created a classification of victims on the basis of their culpability, or the degree of the victim’s blame. List and describe three of the six levels.

1) Completely innocent victim: victim who bears no responsibility at all for victimization; victim simply because of his or her nature such as being a child

2) Victim with minor guilt: a victim who is victimized owing to ignorance; a victim who inadvertently places him or herself in harm’s way

3) Victim as guilty as offender/voluntary victim: a victim who bears as much responsibility as the offender; a person who enters into a suicide pact

4) Victim more guilty than offender: a victim who instigates or provokes own victimization

5) Most guilty victim: a victim who is victimized during the perpetration of a crime or as a result of crime

6) Simulating or imaginary victim: a victim who actually was not victimized at all but instead fabricates a victimization event

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.3: Evaluate several theories regarding victimization.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Victim Classification: Benjamin Mendelsohn

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. Compare and contrast the victim remedies and services discussed in the chapter. What makes them different from one another? Give examples of each.

1) Victim compensation: a large portion of funding comes from the criminals through fees and fines; The Victim of Crime Act of 1984 (VOCA) authorized funding for state compensation and assistance programs.

2) Victim impact statements: gives the victim an opportunity to address the court.

3) Victim/witness assistance programs: provide victims with assistance as they navigate the criminal justice system

4) Family justice centers: provide counseling, advocacy, legal services, health care, financial services, housing assistance, and employment referrals

5) Victim–offender mediation programs: designed to provide victims—usually those of property and minor assaults—a chance to meet with their offenders in a structured environment.

KEY: Learning Objective: 4.4: Discuss key rights held by victims.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Victim Remedies and Services

Difficulty Level: Medium