Test Bank

Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminology

Multiple Choice

1. The field that attempts to define, explain, and predict criminal behavior is known as ______.

a. criminalistics

b. applied criminology

c. criminology

d. theology

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Criminology is concerned with all of the following except for ______.

a. analyzing the phenomena of crime and criminality

b. performing scientifically accurate studies

c. developing sound theoretical explanations of crime and criminal behavior

d. scientific evaluation of physical evidence

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Criminology
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Which of the following statements pertaining to criminology is true?

a. The field of criminology concentrates on the physical evidence of crime.

b. Related areas of inquiry in criminology may include juvenile delinquency and victimology.

c. Societal reaction to criminal activity is not a concern of criminologists.

d. Criminology is occupied with practical, applied concerns, such as technical aspects of policing and correction.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Criminology
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Most of the modern-day developments in criminology have taken place in which country?

a. England

b. Italy

c. Spain

d. United States

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Which of the following crimes was considered to be a major problem in the ’60s?

a. robbery

b. murder

c. arson

d. skyjacking

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Fads and Fashions in Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The early writings of ______, including his famous essay, On Crimes and Punishments, led to the reform of criminal law in Western Europe.

a. Auguste Comte

b. Emile Durkheim

c. Edwin Sutherland

d. Cesare Beccaria

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which stage of the progression of knowledge is the use of philosophy, rationality, and logical argument to explain crime most reflective of?

a. theological

b. metaphysical

c. scientific

d. futuristic

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Criminology is considered a sub-discipline of ______.

a. biology

b. psychology

c. sociology

d. theology

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. According to French sociologist Auguste Comte, the last stage of the progression of knowledge is ______.

a. theological

b. metaphysical

c. scientific

d. postmodernism

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Prior to the emergence of modern criminal law in the eighteenth century, which of the following was considered the primary basis of social control beyond kinship organization?

a. science

b. education

c. politics

d. religion

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Behavior that is outside the range of normal societal toleration is best described as ______.

a. criminal

b. deviant

c. felonious

d. mala in se

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime and Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Definitions of deviance are relative to all of the following except

for ______.

a. time

b. place

c. person

d. crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crime and Deviance
Difficulty Level: Medium

13. Practices and beliefs that are prized by or believed to be of benefit to the group are referred to as ______.

a. practical beliefs

b. cultural universals

c. societal values

d. cultural values

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Which of the following is an example of a person violating a folkway?

a. openly expressing distaste for a meal you are being served at a friend’s house

b. copying answers from a friend’s homework assignment

c. stealing a car to go joyriding

d. killing a bartender in a botched robbery attempt

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Medium

15. Mores are ______.

a. norms that are preferred, but carry no serious consequences if broken

b. the comprehensive set of morals in a given society

c. strong norms that carry sanctions/punishment if broken

d. always codified into law

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

16. The least serious norms that refer to usages, traditions, customs, or niceties are referred to as ______.

a. values

b. laws

c. mores

d. folkways

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Which of the following represents a formal mode of control?

a. Laws

b. Rules

c. Mores

d. Folkways

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Medium

18. Corporate violence, racism, structured inequality, and systematic wrongdoing by political officials are examples of ______.

a. overcriminalization

b. undercriminalization

c. felonies

d. misdemeanors

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Medium

19. ______ involves the overextension of criminal law to cover acts that are inappropriately or not responsibly enforced by such measures.

a. Overcriminalization

b. Undercriminalization

c. Deviance

d. Prohibition

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Gambling is an example of an act that is ______.

a. mala in se

b. mala prohibita

c. a violation of all norms

d. considered deviant

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Medium

21. Being arrested for possession of marijuana would be best described as an act ______.

a. that is mala in se

b. that is mala prohibita

c. that violates folkways

d. of deviance

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Driving 26 miles per hour in an area where the speed limit is 25 miles per hour would be best described as an act ______.

a. mala in se

b. mala prohibita

c. of overcriminalization

d. of felonious proportions

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Medium

23. Prohibition had the intended goal of forbidding alcohol consumption to reduce substance abuse. This intended goal is an example of ______.

a. a manifest function of the law

b. a latent function of the law

c. mala in se

d. undercriminalization

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

24. As society becomes increasingly complex and heterogeneous, which of the following is typically true of society's efforts to maintain order?

a. Society becomes increasingly reliant on informal methods of social control.

b. Society becomes increasingly reliant on formal, codified laws.

c. Society becomes entirely reliant upon police and the criminal justice system.

d. Society becomes more reliant on religious organizations.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

25. Which of the following is true of laws?

a. Laws are the most efficient means of social control.

b. Laws define which behaviors classify as “deviant” in a given society.

c. Laws can be enforced by either political or moral authorities.

d. Laws become more common when informal methods of social control are weakened.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

26. Prohibition had the unintended effect of increasing corruption, disobedience, and public disrespect for the law. This unintended effect is an example of ______.

a. a manifest function of law

b. latent function of law

c. mala in se

d. mens rea

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Gemeinschaft refers to ______.

a. a communal society that predominantly relies on informal methods of social control

b. a heterogeneous society in which codified laws are necessary to maintain control

c. a view that holds that law is a means of preserving the status quo on behalf of the powerful

d. a person who has a strong knowledge of law and criminal justice procedures

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

28. The residents of Country X have diverse viewpoints regarding which behaviors are considered moral. People in this society tend to be individualistic, which may be a product of the economic structure, which is characterized by extensive division of labor. Country X would be considered a ______ society.

a. Gemeinschaft

b. Gesellschaft

c. theocratic

d. communal

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Famed sociologist Émile Durkheim argued that crime is normal. By this, he meant that ______.

a. criminals should be viewed no differently than non-criminals within society

b. criminal labels are arbitrary and serve no function in society; thus, criminal law should be abolished

c. a positive product, a functional necessity in a healthy society

d. crime is so pervasive in society that it becomes normalized

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

30. Which of the following is a characteristic of Gesellschaft societies?

a. simple

b. normative consensus

c. heterogeneous

d. communal

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

31. Which of the following is considered a characteristic of Gemeinschaft societies?

a. associational

b. complex

c. homogenous

d. individualistic

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Intended, planned, or anticipated consequences of introduced changes or of existing social arrangements are referred to as ______.

a. latent functions

b. manifest functions

c. mores

d. norms

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Which of the following entail unintended or unanticipated consequences, ones that may have either positive or negative outcomes?

a. latent functions

b. manifest functions

c. mores

d. norms

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

34. The argument that drug laws are a tool for the wealthy to control the dangerous classes is consistent with the ______ view of crime.

a. conflict

b. purist legal

c. consensus

d. metaphysical

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

35. The belief that criminal law originates from an agreement among members of society is consistent with ______ perspective.

a. consensus

b. conflict

c. interactionist

d. functionalist

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Which of the following schools of thought views humans as responding to abstract meanings and symbols as well as to concrete meanings?

a. consensus

b. conflict

c. interactionist

d. functionalist

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

37. Which of the following theories views criminality as a stigma attached by a societal reaction that is subject to shifting standards?

a. anomie

b. strain

c. labeling

d. differential association

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

38. Crimes that are considered less serious and are punished by less than a year in jail are considered ______.

a. felonies

b. misdemeanors

c. infractions

d. status offenses

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

39. ______ laws are considered inappropriate.

a. Civil

b. Mala in se

c. Ex post facto

d. Actus reus

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

40. The act itself, or the physical element, is referred to as the ______.

a. actus reus

b. mens rea

c. ex post facto

d. nullum crimen sine lege

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

41. A particular crime is punishable by five years in prison; this crime is most likely ______.

a. a misdemeanor

b. a felony

c. a folkway

d. mens rea

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

42. All of the following are characteristics of criminal law except ______.

a. it is assumed by political authority

b. it contains penal sanctions

c. it is uniformly applied

d. it must be administered by federal authorities

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

43. Which of the following statements regarding the crime problem is true?

a. Political regimes have rendered countries exempt from crime.

b. Lower levels of crime have become established as a reflux of affluence.

c. There has been an obvious increase in crime internationally since World War II.

d. It is easy to measure economic costs of crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Crime Problem
Difficulty Level: Medium

44. The cost of crime is in the ______.

a. hundreds

b. thousands

c. millions

d. billions

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Cost of Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Which of the following has been ranked as the criminal world’s greatest source of income?

a. human trafficking

b. sale of illegal weapons

c. sale of illegal narcotics

d. white-collar crime

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Cost of Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

46. Economic assessments of crime include which of the following?

a. loss of productivity

b. corporate price-fixing

c. medical and health care costs

d. pain and suffering

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Cost of Crime
Difficulty Level: Medium

True / False

1. Criminology is generally defined as the science or discipline that studies crime and criminal behavior.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Criminology is a sub-discipline of sociology.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The field of criminalistics is focused on the scientific evaluation of physical evidence.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. The fields of criminal justice and criminology are highly complementary and interrelated.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

5. The progression of knowledge consists of three stages: theological, metaphysical, and cultural.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The scientific orientation of the progression of knowledge uses supernatural or otherworldly bases for understanding reality.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Criminology, as a field of inquiry, had its beginnings in the United States.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Despite its American roots, most of the major developments in modern criminology took place in Europe.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. “Deviant behavior” is defined as “behavior which is in violation of written laws.”

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Deviance refers to a broad range of activities that the majority in society may view as eccentric, dangerous, annoying, bizarre, outlandish, gross, abhorrent, etc.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Definitions of deviance are relative to the time, place, and person(s) making the evaluation.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime and Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. All societies have cultural values.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime and Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy

13. In decades past, societies possessed cultural values that were practices and beliefs intended to benefit a group of people. Cultural values do not hold the same level of importance today.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime and Deviance
Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Folkways refer to serious customs that involve moral judgments as well as sanctions.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Folkways refer to usages, traditions, customs, or niceties that are preferred but are not subject to serious sanctions, such as manners.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Mores represent formal modes of control, codified rules of behavior.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Mores refer to more serious customs that involve moral judgments as well as sanctions (rewards or punishments).

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Norms represent formal modes of control, codified rules of behavior.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Laws represent informal methods of attempting to assure social control.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

20. Practicing bad manners such as putting elbows on the table while eating is an example of Sumner’s mores.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Gambling is an act that would be considered mala prohibita.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Medium

22. Murder, rape, and assault are crimes and acts that are considered mala in se.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Overcriminalization involves the overextension of civil law to cover acts that are inappropriately or not responsibly enforced by such measures.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Easy

24. When the criminal law fails to prohibit acts that many feel are mala in se, it is a phenomenon known as undercriminalization.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Not all deviant acts are criminal nor are all criminal acts necessarily deviant.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Easy

26. As society becomes more complex, it becomes increasingly reliant on informal methods of social control to maintain order.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

27. Latent functions entail unintended or unanticipated consequences, ones that may have either positive or negative outcomes.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Manifest functions are intended, planned, or anticipated consequences of introduced changes or of existing social arrangements.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

29. Durkheim’s theory of the functional necessity of crime proposes that wrongdoing or crime serves to force societal members to react, condemn, and thus establish the borders of society and reconfirm its values.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Status offenses generally refer to offenses punishable by a year or more in a state or federal prison.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

31. A purist legal view of crime would define it as violation of criminal law

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

32. The law contains penal sanctions enforced by punishments administered by the state.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

33. The Consensus Model reflects the social control theory of Locke, Hobbes, and Rousseau.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

34. The interactionist model of law says that crime is defined by abstract meanings and symbols and is a label assigned by society.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

35. The interactionist model sees the criminal law as originating in the conflict of interests of different groups.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

36. Criminologists have a clear understanding of the economic, social, and psychological impacts of crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Cost of Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Fear, mistrust, a curtailing of public activity, and a decline in the quality of life are but a few of the inestimable impacts of crime on society.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Cost of Crime
Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Identify the three stages of knowledge outlined by Auguste Comte.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Emergence of Criminology
Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Provide one example of a folkway in the contemporary US society.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Medium

3. List Sumner’s three types of norms in the order from the least to the greatest.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Provide an example of an act that is considered mala in se.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Describe the difference between overcriminalization and undercriminalization. Provide several examples of each.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Identify one manifest function of a law prohibiting marijuana possession.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Identify two characteristics of a Gesellschaft society.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

8. What were Émile Durkheim’s ideas concerning social change and crime?

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Social Change and the Emergence of Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

9. List the three models of the origin of criminal law.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.3: Discuss how definitions of crime and laws change in relation to social change.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Consensus Versus Conflict Versus Interactionist Model of Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Define mens rea.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

11. What are the four characteristics of law?

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Provide the definition of a misdemeanor and an example.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Is criminology a science? Discuss and defend your view.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.1: Define criminology and discuss the emergence of criminology as a discipline.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Criminology
Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe the relationship between the law and informal methods of social control, both over time and in the contemporary United States.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Sumner’s Types of Norms
Difficulty Level: Hard

3. What is the difference between acts that are considered mala prohibita and mala in se? Give examples of both.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.2: Identify Sumner’s three types of norms.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Mala in Se and Mala Prohibita
Difficulty Level: Medium

4. In criminological/sociological study, what are some of the limitations to defining “crime” as only those actions in violation of criminal law? Do you feel that criminologists should limit their study in this manner? Support your response.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.5: Describe the economic effects of crime.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: What is Crime?
Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Identify the criteria that must be met in the US criminal law for an act to be considered a crime.

KEY: Learning Objective: 1.4: Explain the influence of criminal law on crime definitions.

REF: Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Crime and Criminal Law
Difficulty Level: Medium