Gender And Sexuality Exam Questions Feldman Ch.12

Chapter 12

Gender and Sexuality

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 12

Gender and Sexuality

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 12

Gender and Sexuality

MULTIPLE CHOICE

12-1. Which term describes one’s sense of being female or male?

a) social perception

b) gender

c) sex

d) gender roles

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Explain the nature of gender differences and their effects on the roles people assume in life.

Topic: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-2. Which term do researchers usually reserve for anatomical, biological, or genetic differences between females and males?

a) physiology

b) gender

c) sex

d) gender roles

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Explain the nature of gender differences and their effects on the roles people assume in life.

Topic: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-3. Research suggests that by age __________, boys behave more independently and less compliantly than girls.

a) 3 months

b) 2 years

c) 5 years

d) 6 years

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Explain the nature of gender differences and their effects on the roles people assume in life.

Topic: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-4. What is a sex-related biological characteristic that affects gender-based behaviors?

a) height

b) hormones

c) brain size

d) birth weight

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Explain the nature of gender differences and their effects on the roles people assume in life.

Topic: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-5. Research indicates that when girls are exposed to unusually high levels of __________ prenatally, they are more likely to display stereotypical male behaviors.

a) cholesterol

b) estrogen

c) androgens

d) toxins

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Explain the nature of gender differences and their effects on the roles people assume in life.

Topic: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-6. Which term describes a person’s perception of the self as female or male?

a) sexual identity

b) individualistic orientation

c) gender schema

d) gender identity

Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Describe how an individual’s gender identity develops in early childhood.

Topic: Gender Identity: Developing Femaleness and Maleness

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-7. Gender, a person’s sense of being female or male, is first established when children are __________.

a) in adolescence

b) around 8 years old

c) infants

d) preschool age

Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Describe how an individual’s gender identity develops in early childhood.

Topic: Gender Identity: Developing Femaleness and Maleness

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-8. Chris, a 4-year-old, enjoys rough-and-tumble play at preschool. Pat, a 3-year-old, likes to play games that are organized, with rules for role-playing. Statistically, Chris is likely to be a __________ and Pat is likely to be a __________.

a) boy; girl

b) boy; boy

c) girl; boy

d) girl; girl

Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Describe how an individual’s gender identity develops in early childhood.

Topic: Gender Identity: Developing Femaleness and Maleness

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-9. Which common cross-cultural pattern describes the interaction preferences of children from the preschool years to middle childhood?

a) girls prefer to engage in rough-and-tumble play

b) boys prefer opposite-sex playmates, whereas girls prefer same-sex playmates

c) children prefer to engage in same-sex play

d) boys prefer games that have rigid rules and roles

Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Describe how an individual’s gender identity develops in early childhood.

Topic: Gender Identity: Developing Femaleness and Maleness

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

12-10. Preschoolers show evidence of holding gender expectations, often in the form of gender stereotypes. Which of the following is a common gender stereotype about men?

a) trustworthiness

b) sensitivity

c) kindness

d) competence

Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Describe how an individual’s gender identity develops in early childhood.

Topic: Gender Identity: Developing Femaleness and Maleness

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-11. Male sex hormones are known as __________.

a) estrogens

b) androgens

c) testosterone

d) callosums

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-12. Which brain structure is proportionately larger in women than in men?

a) prefrontal cortex

b) substantia nigra

c) occipital lobe

d) corpus callosum

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-13. Why is the corpus callosum proportionately different in size in women than in men?

a) experiential factors, such as greater social interaction over time, cause this outcome

b) biological factors, such as differences in hormone type and composition, cause this difference

c) biological factors, such as the length of the mother’s pregnancy, produce this outcome

d) the answer isn’t clear; either biological factors or environmental experiences could produce this outcome

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

12-14. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, what takes place around the age of 5 that impacts gender development?

a) girls experience castration anxiety and boys experience penis envy for their fathers

b) boys experience the Oedipal conflict and girls experience penis envy

c) girls and boys develop a sexual attraction to their same-sex parent

d) boys and girls identify with their opposite-sex parent

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-15 The __________ perspective proposes that children acquire gender-related behaviors and expectations by observing others and how they are rewarded for acting in gender-appropriate ways.

a) psychoanalytic

b) social learning

c) conflict resolution

d) individualistic

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-16. Walter thinks of himself as a male, and shows no confusion about that determination. Luisa is biologically female, but perceives herself as a male, also showing no confusion about her perception. Walter has established a clear __________, and Luisa has established a clear __________.

a) gender stereotype; gender identity

b) gender identity; gender identity

c) gender stereotype; gender stereotype

d) gender identity; gender stereotype

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-17. In order to develop a(n) _________, a child must develop a __________.

a) gender schema; gender identity

b) gender identity; gender schema

c) self-concept; gender identity

d) individualistic orientation; gender schema

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-18. When a preschool-age child is developing a gender schema, she or he is __________.

a) developing her or his own sexual identity based on inborn expectations

b) increasing her or his own cognitive abilities to develop “rules” about what is appropriate for females and males

c) developing her or his own ideas about how females and males are biologically different

d) developing her or his behaviors solely around what she or he sees from parents’ behaviors

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-19. Five-year-old Amy is getting dressed to go to preschool, and her mother has bought her new jeans to wear. However, Amy refuses and insists that girls wear only dresses. This may be an application of Amy’s __________.

a) gender constancy

b) sexual identity

c) gender schema

d) gender identity

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-20. __________ refers to the belief that people are permanently females or males depending on fixed, unchangeable biological factors.

a) Gender schema

b) Gender constancy

c) Gender identity

d) Sexual identity

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-21. At approximately what age do girls and boys tend to understand the concept of gender constancy?

a) 1 or 2 years of age

b) 2 or 3 years of age

c) 4 or 5 years of age

d) 8 or 9 years of age

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-22. __________ children believe they are trapped in the body of the other gender, and may express these feelings at a young age.

a) Androgynous

b) Prematurely born

c) Gender schematic

d) Transgender

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-23. Which outcome is a downside to early maturation in a boy?

a) The boy is more likely to have difficulties in finding girls attractive.

b) The boy is likely to feel excluded by peers due to being too masculine.

c) The boy is likely to become involved in substance abuse.

d) The boy is likely to demonstrate early maturity in his nonverbal cognitive development.

Learning Objective: LO 12.4 Explore the psychological implications of sexual maturation during adolescence.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-24. Early maturation in girls may result in which of the following?

a) uncomfortable feelings at being different from their peers

b) admiration from less mature classmates

c) intellectual maturity beyond their peers

d) lowered popularity and decreased social functioning

Learning Objective: LO 12.4 Explore the psychological implications of sexual maturation during adolescence.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-25. Which factor plays a significant role in how girls experience early maturation?

a) how well the girl and her mother communicate

b) cultural norms regarding how women should look

c) how well the girl and her father communicate

d) how much attention the girl receives from same-age boys

Learning Objective: LO 12.4 Explore the psychological implications of sexual maturation during adolescence.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-26. Which group is the least likely to have difficulty adjusting to late maturation?

a) Tenth grade late-maturing girls

b) Late-maturing boys who are shorter and weigh less than their peers

c) Late-maturing boys who speak with a high-pitched voice

d) Seventh grade late-maturing girls

Learning Objective: LO 12.4 Explore the psychological implications of sexual maturation during adolescence.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-27. Why might late-maturing girls end up having few emotional problems in the long run of adolescence, compared to their earlier-maturing counterparts?

a) Their body size and shape are more likely to match a societal ideal.

b) They are likely to engage in sexual activity at a later age.

c) They are likely to engage in sexual activity at an earlier age.

d) Their social maturation tends to lag behind their physical maturation.

Learning Objective: LO 12.4 Explore the psychological implications of sexual maturation during adolescence.

Topic: Psychological Aspects of Sexual Maturation

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-28. What percentage of boys and girls have engaged in masturbation by the age of 15, respectively?

a) 25 percent; 25 percent

b) 50 percent; 35 percent

c) 65 percent; 10 percent

d) 80 percent; 20 percent

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-29. Masturbation refers to __________.

a) sexual self-stimulation

b) abstinence from sexual activity

c) changes in sexual organs due to puberty

d) changes in sexual thoughts during puberty

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-30. The average age at which adolescents have sexual intercourse for the first time is __________; overall the average age of first sexual intercourse is __________.

a) increasing; 15

b) declining; 13

c) declining; 17

d) increasing; 19

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-31. The number of adolescents who reported never having had sexual intercourse __________ from 1991 to 2007.

a) decreased by 30 percent

b) increased by 13 percent

c) decreased by 15 percent

d) increased by 50 percent

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-32. According to current norms, if sexual intercourse occurs within the context of a long-term, committed, or loving relationship, it is considered __________.

a) a double standard

b) marriage

c) engagement

d) permissiveness with affection

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-33. Social norms oppose premarital sex for women in which of these areas?

a) Sweden

b) United States

c) Spain

d) Middle East

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-34. A person who is exclusively sexually attracted to another person of the same sex has a(n) __________ orientation.

a) heterosexual

b) bisexual

c) asexual

d) homosexual

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-35. What term relates to the object of one’s sexual attraction?

a) homosexuality

b) sexual orientation

c) heterosexuality

d) gender identity

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-36. Tony is a young man who is sexually attracted to other men. For Tony, being attracted to other men is his __________.

a) gender identity

b) sexual attraction

c) sexual orientation

d) heterosexuality

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-37. When a person pursues sexual reassignment surgery because they feel they were born with the wrong physical sex, it is called being __________.

a) homosexual

b) transgender

c) asexual

d) bisexual

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-38. Sexual orientation is __________.

a) based primarily on genetic predisposition

b) produced by a combination of genetic, psychological, and environmental factors

c) psychologically influenced based on family factors

d) based strictly upon a conscious choice by the person

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-39. In the past two decades, the number of teenage pregnancies has __________.

a) risen steadily for white teenagers

b) risen dramatically for Asian American teenagers

c) dropped dramatically across all ethnic groups

d) dropped slowly for Hispanic teenagers, while rising steadily for African American teenagers

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-40. Which factor helps explain the historic low in the teenage birth rate?

a) The price of condoms has steadily increased.

b) A greater number of adolescents are taking the “virginity pledge” in schools across the country.

c) The rate of sexual intercourse among teenagers has increased, and the use of birth control has decreased.

d) Substitutes for sexual intercourse, such as oral sex, are increasingly accepted as an alternative to sexual intercourse

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-41. Even though there is a decline in the birth rate for U.S. teenagers, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States remains __________ compared to other industrialized countries.

a) 2 to 10 times higher

b) 5 to 10 times higher

c) 2 to 3 times lower

d) 3 to 4 times lower

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Topic: Becoming Sexual

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-42. The reported frequency of sexual intercourse tends to __________ between the ages of 44 and 72.

a) decline

b) increase

c) stay the same

d) dip then rise

Learning Objective: LO 12.6 Explain the role of sexuality during adulthood.

Topic: The Ongoing Sexuality of Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-43. What are the two major factors that determine whether an elderly person can engage in sexual activity?

a) family approval and personal sexual history

b) participation in an exercise program and whether they have an available partner

c) good physical and mental health and previous sexual activity

d) the level of testosterone in men and the level of estrogen in women

Learning Objective: LO 12.6 Explain the role of sexuality during adulthood.

Topic: The Ongoing Sexuality of Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-44. What is the most common sexual practice in late adulthood?

a) anal sex

b) masturbation

c) sexual intercourse

d) oral sex

Learning Objective: LO 12.6 Explain the role of sexuality during adulthood.

Topic: The Ongoing Sexuality of Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-45. “Hooking up,” to adolescents, is __________.

a) getting a cell phone

b) planning a clandestine party

c) a vague term that covers everything from kissing to sexual intercourse

d) a specific term meaning the use of the Internet to play video games

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Describe the functions and patterns of dating in adolescence.

Topic: Getting To Know You: Dating and Falling in Love in the 21st Century

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-46. Although dating is a part of a pattern of courtship that can potentially lead to marriage, it can also __________.

a) help adolescents learn to establish intimacy with another individual

b) create physical health problems

c) reduce status and prestige for girls, but benefit the status of boys

d) establish sexual or gender identity

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Describe the functions and patterns of dating in adolescence.

Topic: Getting To Know You: Dating and Falling in Love in the 21st Century

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-47. Why might some immigrant parents be especially conservative in their attitudes toward their children dating?

a) Most immigrant parents fear their children will be rejected by majority-group dating partners, so they want to protect their feelings.

b) Immigrant children have a limited pool of other immigrants to date, so it’s easier to just not date at all.

c) Immigrant parents typically come from liberal cultural backgrounds, and therefore “tone down” their attitudes, but to too great an extent.

d) The parents’ cultural or religious values might have limited their own dating opportunities, and therefore their knowledge of typical dating practices.

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Describe the functions and patterns of dating in adolescence.

Topic: Getting To Know You: Dating and Falling in Love in the 21st Century

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

12-48. According to Erik Erikson, young adulthood is a period focused on resolving the __________ stage.

a) identity-versus-role confusion

b) generativity-versus-stagnation

c) intimacy-versus-isolation

d) ego integrity-versus-despair

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-49. Feelings of closeness, affection, and connectedness are elements of __________.

a) fatuous love

b) intimacy

c) passionate love

d) infatuated love

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-50. According to the triangular theory, the components of love include __________.

a) a passion component that comprises physiologically arousing feelings of attraction

b) an intimacy component that embodies a longer-term determination to maintain love

c) companionate love, where strong affection is apparent with people whose lives are deeply involved

d) a commitment component that embodies the boundaries we put on our relationships to keep others from getting too close

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-51. When two people have a “fling” or short-term relationship based only on sexual attraction, it represents __________ in the triangular theory.

a) nonlove

b) infatuated love

c) liking

d) empty love

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-52. When two people are living in an arranged marriage, or a couple has decided to stay together “for the sake of the children,” it represents __________ in the triangular theory.

a) nonlove

b) fatuous love

c) liking

d) empty love

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-53. According to the triangular theory, liking develops when only __________ is present.

a) passion

b) intimacy

c) loyalty

d) similarity

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-54. Marsha and Alice have been a couple for 15 years, and their relationship is strained with bickering and unhappiness. They are not considering separating because they have an 8-year-old son whom they both love deeply. The triangular theory of love would categorize their relationship as __________.

a) companionate love

b) empty love

c) fatuous love

d) nonlove

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-55. According to the triangular theory, companionate love develops when __________ are present.

a) intimacy and commitment

b) infatuation and romance

c) passion and intimacy

d) passion and commitment

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-56. According to the triangular theory, fatuous love develops when __________ are present.

a) intimacy and commitment

b) infatuation and intimacy

c) passion and intimacy

d) passion and commitment

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-57. Which of the following helps explain cross-cultural similarities and gender priorities in mate selection?

a) evolutionary perspective

b) personality dimensions

c) social forces

d) familial constraints

Learning Objective: LO 12.9 Explain the process by which people choose their partners.

Topic: Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-58. The tendency to marry someone who is similar in age, race, education, or religion is referred to as __________.

a) marriage gradient

b) homogamy

c) a cross-cultural factor

d) gender replication

Learning Objective: LO 12.9 Explain the process by which people choose their partners.

Topic: Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-59. Jorge has been socialized to seek a woman who is younger, smaller, and lower in status than he. This is referred to as __________.

a) the marriage gradient

b) a universal norm

c) social selectivity

d) societal bias

Learning Objective: LO 12.9 Explain the process by which people choose their partners.

Topic: Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-60. Which group represents “bottom of the barrel” men?

a) men who do not marry because they cannot find a woman of low enough status

b) men who do not marry because of compatibility

c) men who are fearful of commitment

d) men who find women unappealing

Learning Objective: LO 12.9 Explain the process by which people choose their partners.

Topic: Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-61. Over the past half-century, there has been a significant __________.

a) increase in the number of couples getting married

b) decline in the number of couples living together without getting married

c) decline in the number of couples getting married

d) decline in the number of same-sex couples living together

Learning Objective: LO 12.10 Examine the varied forms of long-term relationships.

Topic: The Course of Relationships

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-62. One reason why young adults choose to marry is that __________.

a) they believe it is the appropriate culmination of a loving relationship and the “right” thing to do

b) having a spouse with which to share one’s wealth is important for men

c) government benefits decrease upon signing a marriage license

d) marriage offers a guaranteed lifelong commitment to both parties

Learning Objective: LO 12.10 Examine the varied forms of long-term relationships.

Topic: The Course of Relationships

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-63. Simply put, __________ people eventually marry.

a) most

b) few

c) all

d) a little less than half of all

Learning Objective: LO 12.10 Examine the varied forms of long-term relationships.

Topic: The Course of Relationships

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

12-64. Which characteristic is typical of a happy marriage?

a) Partners show affection and communicate equally about negative and positive aspects of one another.

b) Partners establish early in the marriage the dominant and inferior statuses of the partners.

c) Partners perceive themselves as co-dependent rather than interdependent entities.

d) Partners have social homogamy and share leisure activities, role preferences, and similar interests.

Learning Objective: LO 12.11 Analyze why marriages work or don’t work.

Topic: The Ups and Downs of Marriage

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

12-65. Sam and Ella have agreed to participate in marriage counseling. They have been married for five years and each person reports they have become bored with their marriage. Initially, what can the marriage therapist tell them regarding the “ups and downs” of marriage?

a) They will need to improve their communication skills to discuss issues during counseling.

b) Marital satisfaction will decline if couples do not engage in fun activities.

c) Marital satisfaction begins to decline just after the marriage and it continues to fall until it reaches its lowest point, usually following the birth of children.

d) Couples should spend more time with other married couples to engage in decision- making.

Learning Objective: LO 12.11 Analyze why marriages work or don’t work.

Topic: The Ups and Downs of Marriage

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-66. Most research regarding marital satisfaction __________.

a) substantiates the “U-shaped” pattern, where marital satisfaction is high at the beginning, drops down around the birth of children, and then gradually rises back to its original high level

b) brings the “U-shape” in question, suggesting that the upturn in the U-shape may be illusory, and that marital dissatisfaction continues throughout life

c) is not conclusive regarding the “U-shape” and marital satisfaction, but seems to substantiate that women are more satisfied than men

d) is not conclusive regarding the “U-shape” and marital satisfaction, but seems to substantiate that men are more satisfied than women

Learning Objective: LO 12.11 Analyze why marriages work or don’t work.

Topic: The Ups and Downs of Marriage

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

12-67. Which reason correctly explains why marriages unravel in Western society?

a) People are less concerned for their own personal happiness.

b) There are few legal and financial impediments to getting a divorce.

c) Women have fewer economic opportunities available to them.

d) The social services benefits of marriage, such as tax advantages, no longer exist.

Learning Objective: LO 12.11 Analyze why marriages work or don’t work.

Topic: The Ups and Downs of Marriage

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

12-68. Compare gender, sex, and gender roles, and give an example of each.

• Gender refers to one’s sense of being female or male. Chris’ internal cognitive representation of herself as a girl illustrates this concept.
• Sex refers to sexual anatomy and sexual behavior. When Chris sees his penis it reminds him that he is biologically male.
• Gender roles are culturally prescribed expectations about “typical girl’s” or “typical boy’s” activities and behaviors. A boy preferring to wear skirts or a girl who enjoys playing football would be seen as violating their respective gender roles.

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Explain the nature of gender differences and their effects on the roles people assume in life.

Topic: Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-69. Summarize the biological, psychoanalytic, social learning, and cognitive approaches to understanding gender development. Apply each perspective to an example of a young girl, Stephanie, who is coming to understand her gender.

• The biological approach emphasizes evolutionary forces and brain differences that contribute to one’s sense of gender. Stephanie would have been exposed to prenatal hormones (refined over a long period of evolution) that prompted her to develop her sense of femaleness.
• The psychoanalytic perspective argues that gender development is the result of identification with the same-sex parent during the course of psychosexual development. During the phallic stage, Stephanie would feel a sexual attraction toward her father and experience penis envy, resolving both by identifying with her mother.
• The social learning perspective argues that gender-related behavior and gender expectations are gathered by observing others’ behavior. Stephanie would learn what it means to be “female” by noting gender-stereotypic behaviors in others that get rewarded.
• The cognitive approach highlights the role of schemas and “rules” for appropriate gender-related behavior in the process of gender development. Stephanie would develop a sense of what girls and boys “ought” to do, and note violations of those “rules” for appropriate behavior.

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Topic: Explaining Gender Differences

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-70. Compare passionate and companionate love, and give an example of how Albert and Madison might experience both in their relationship.

• Passionate love is a state of powerful absorption in another person. When first dating, Albert and Madison might be consumed with being with one another, taking care of one another’s needs, and satisfying their strong sexual urges for one another.
• Companionate love is a strong affection felt for someone with whom one’s life in deeply intertwined. Assuming Albert and Madison form a long and lasting relationship, over time the hallmarks of companionate love—intimacy, commitment, and genuine regard for that person—are likely to emerge, even as intense physical passion fades.

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Topic: Forging Relationships: Intimacy, Liking, and Loving During Early Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

12-71. Describe the logic of the marriage gradient and how it affects potential marriage partner choice.

• The marriage gradient is the tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, and lower in status, and women to marry men who are slightly older, larger, and higher in status.
• It affects partner choice by limiting the number of potential mates for women, especially as they age, while allowing men a wider choice of partners as their age increases.
• Some men do not marry because they cannot find women of low enough status to meet the demands of the gradient.
• Some women are unable to marry because they are higher in status and seek someone of higher status than anyone in the available pool.

Learning Objective: LO 12.9 Explain the process by which people choose their partners.

Topic: Choosing a Partner: Recognizing Mr. or Ms. Right

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

12-72. Summarize the reasons an adult might opt for singlehood, and some disadvantages that may result from that decision.

• Singlehood, living alone without an intimate partner, has increased substantially over the past several decades.
• Adults may opt for this relationship status because they view the institution of marriage negatively, they determine that marriage is too restrictive to personal growth, or that they simply haven’t found anyone with whom they wish to share their life.
• Some disadvantages to this decision accrue, such as societal disapproval, lack of companionship or sexual outlets, and the possibility of reduced future financial security.

Learning Objective: LO 12.10 Examine the varied forms of long-term relationships.

Topic: The Course of Relationships

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

REVEL QUIZZES

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Life Span Development, Fourth Edition.

Quiz: Gender: Why Do Boys Wear Blue and Girls Wear Pink?

EOM Q12.1.1

Which of the following statements about gender differences has been shown to be accurate?

a) From birth, girls tend to cry more often and for longer periods than boys.

b) Parents play differently with baby sons than with baby daughters.

c) At age 1, boy and girl babies show no differences in toy preferences.

d) Parents show equal concern when their sons and their daughters play with “gender-inappropriate” toys.

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Explain the nature of gender differences and their effects on the roles people assume in life.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q12.1.2

In the preschool years, children’s expectations about gender behaviors __________.

a) have not yet begun to emerge clearly

b) are more open and undefined than in later childhood

c) are more stereotyped than at other points in life

d) have emerged in boys but not yet in girls

Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Describe how an individual’s gender identity develops in early childhood.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q12.1.3

One possible biological explanation of gender differences is that the bundle of nerves that connects the hemispheres of the brain, called the __________, is proportionally larger in women than in men.

a) corpus callosum

b) myelin cord

c) cerebral cortex

d) neuronal knot

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q12.1.4

According to __________ approaches to gender development, boys and girls acquire their understanding of gender expectations and behavior by watching others, including neighbors, friends, and characters in books and other media.

a) cognitive

b) psychoanalytic

c) social learning

d) biological

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOM Q12.1.5

A gender __________ is a cognitive framework that organizes information relevant to gender.

a) identity

b) role

c) script

d) schema

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

Quiz: Sexual Maturation and Sexuality

EOM Q12.2.1

Although there can also be negative consequences to early maturation, which of the following is a potential positive consequence of early maturation?

a) In boys, it often leads to greater sense of humor and less conforming.

b) In girls, it can bring increased popularity and self-esteem.

c) In boys, it makes involvement in delinquency and substance abuse less likely.

d) In girls, it eases the passage to social and academic achievement.

Learning Objective: LO 12.4 Explore the psychological implications of sexual maturation during adolescence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q12.2.2

Most experts believe that sexual orientation is the product of a complex combination of __________ factors.

a) genetic, physiological, and environmental

b) individual, family, and relational

c) personal, peer, and societal

d) physical, psychological, and emotional

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q12.2.3

While sexual orientation refers to the direction of one’s sexual interests, __________ refers to the gender that a person believes he or she is psychologically.

a) gender assignment

b) gender identity

c) gender definition

d) gender acceptance

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q12.2.4

Which of the following is a factor in the recent decrease in teenage pregnancies in the United States?

a) reduced socioeconomic disparities among minority groups

b) decrease in the age of marriage

c) the growing popularity of virginity pledges

d) the increased use of condoms and other forms of contraception

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q12.2.5

For many people, middle adulthood brings increased sexual enjoyment and freedom because they are suddenly __________.

a) free to have sex without fear of interruption by children

b) able to purchase contraception without embarrassment

c) less inhibited about their bodies than at any prior time

d) more willing to express their physical wants and needs

Learning Objective: LO 12.6 Explain the role of sexuality during adulthood.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

Quiz: Relationships

EOM Q12.3.1

Dating typically begins in early adolescence, but it is only in later adolescence that dating generally leads to __________.

a) genuine mutual intimacy

b) increased opportunities for entertainment

c) sexual experimentation

d) a clearer sense of one’s identity

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Describe the functions and patterns of dating in adolescence.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q12.3.2

According to Sternberg’s triangular theory of love, a relationship that lacks intimacy and commitment, but includes passion, is an example of __________ love.

a) romantic

b) infatuated

c) companionate

d) empty

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q12.3.3

Shaver’s research on attachment styles and romantic relationships suggests that people who simultaneously want and avoid closeness with another person, and are constantly worried that their partners may leave them, tend to reflect a(n) __________ childhood attachment style.

a) ambivalent

b) avoidant

c) indeterminate

d) secure

Learning Objective: LO 12.9 Explain the process by which people choose their partners.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOM Q12.3.4

More women than men regard cohabitation as a(n) __________.

a) test of the relationship

b) alternative to marriage

c) way to enjoy regular sex

d) step toward marriage

Learning Objective: LO 12.10 Examine the varied forms of long-term relationships.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q12.3.5

Research on marriage shows that couples in successful marriages tend to __________.

a) avoid conflict and tense relationship discussions

b) closely balance their wins and losses in arguments

c) have realistic expectations about their partners

d) suppress their occasional feelings of dissatisfaction

Learning Objective: LO 12.11 Analyze why marriages work or don’t work.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

Chapter Quiz: Gender and Sexuality

EOC Q12.1

Which of the following is evidence of a biological involvement in gender differences in infants?

a) When taking their first steps, boys are encouraged to be independent and girls are held close.

b) Girls playing with “male” toys are less frowned on than boys playing with “female” toys.

c) Girls exposed to androgen before birth preferred “male” toys to “female” toys.

d) By age 2, girls are more compliant and less independent-acting than boys.

Learning Objective: LO 12.1 Explain the nature of gender differences and their effects on the roles people assume in life.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

EOC Q12.2

Both boys and girls have developed a clear preference for playing with same-sex playmates by age __________.

a) 6 months

b) 1 year

c) 18 months

d) 3 years

Learning Objective: LO 12.2 Describe how an individual’s gender identity develops in early childhood.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q12.3

Some biologically oriented developmentalists, using __________ theory, believe that gender roles developed because forceful males and nurturing females were more likely to find partners, have offspring, and pass on these traits to their babies.

a) developmental

b) evolutionary

c) creationist

d) anthropological

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOC Q12.4

According to Freud’s __________ theory, boys and girls identify with their same-sex parent and naturally adopt their parents’ gender attitudes and values.

a) humanist

b) psychoanalytic

c) information processing

d) behaviorist

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOC Q12.5

Gender __________, the awareness that people are permanently males or females, depending on fixed biological factors, develops by age 4 or 5.

a) assignment

b) acceptance

c) reliability

d) constancy

Learning Objective: LO 12.3 Analyze the major theoretical explanations of gender differences.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOC Q12.6

The noticeable bodily changes that accompany puberty are more often a source of __________ for teenage girls than for teenage boys.

a) pride

b) embarrassment

c) fear

d) happiness

Learning Objective: LO 12.4 Explore the psychological implications of sexual maturation during adolescence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q12.7

Recent research shows that around __________ percent of adolescents have had sex before the age of 20.

a) 50

b) 60

c) 70

d) 80

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q12.8

Recent studies of sexuality estimate that between __________ percent of men and women are exclusively non-heterosexual during extended periods of their lives.

a) 2 and 5

b) 4 and 10

c) 7 and 15

d) 12 and 18

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q12.9

People who feel that their gender identity is different than the gender assigned at birth are referred to as __________.

a) transgender

b) intersexual

c) pansexual

d) bisexuals

Learning Objective: LO 12.5 Describe how adolescents experience and explore their sexuality.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q12.10

Around __________ percent of men and women age 45 to 59 report having sexual intercourse about once a week or more.

a) 50

b) 60

c) 70

d) 80

Learning Objective: LO 12.6 Explain the role of sexuality during adulthood.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q12.11

At what point during adolescence is true intimacy while dating more common?

a) pre-adolescence

b) early adolescence

c) middle adolescence

d) late adolescence

Learning Objective: LO 12.7 Describe the functions and patterns of dating in adolescence.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q12.12

What components are necessary for romantic love?

a) passion and commitment

b) passion and intimacy

c) intimacy and commitment

d) passion, commitment, and intimacy

Learning Objective: LO 12.8 Analyze the nature of intimacy and relationships in early adulthood.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q12.13

The marriage gradient motivates women to seek men who are __________ than they are.

a) slightly younger

b) less attractive

c) higher in status

d) more practical

Learning Objective: LO 12.9 Explain the process by which people choose their partners.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q12.14

One of the main reasons why some people choose not to marry is the __________.

a) desire for increased financial security

b) need for autonomy and independence

c) need for diverse and varied relationships

d) desire to focus their lives on spiritual matters

Learning Objective: LO 12.10 Examine the varied forms of long-term relationships.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Remember

EOC Q12.15

Which of the following is one of these reasons that the midlife divorce rate has been rising?

a) U.S. books and movies usually romanticize the divorce experience.

b) Divorce is increasingly viewed as a chance to enhance personal happiness.

c) There is a negative impact of children on marital satisfaction.

d) Many lawyers are encouraging divorce.

Learning Objective: LO 12.11 Analyze why marriages work or don’t work.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply