Test Bank Chapter 11 Moral Development And Aggression

Chapter 11

Moral Development and Aggression

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 11

Moral Development and Aggression

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 11

Moral Development and Aggression

MULTIPLE CHOICE

11.1 Which term refers to changes in people’s sense of justice and in their behavior related to moral issues?

a) law and order

b) ethicality

c) moral development

d) heteronomous development

Learning Objective: LO 11.1 Compare and contrast the various approaches to moral development.

Topic: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-2. Which term describes helping behavior that benefits others?

a) immanent justice

b) moral development

c) autonomous cooperation

d) prosocial behavior

Learning Objective: LO 11.1 Compare and contrast the various approaches to moral development.

Topic: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-3. Whitney is a 5-year-old who is watching television and eating popcorn. Her 3-year-old brother wakes up from his nap and joins her. Whitney offers her brother some of her popcorn, and their mother praises her as a “good girl” for sharing. This is an example of __________.

a) morality

b) incipient cooperation

c) reinforcing prosocial behavior

d) modeling

Learning Objective: LO 11.1 Compare and contrast the various approaches to moral development.

Topic: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-4. According to social learning theory, observing the behavior of others paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles in a process called __________.

a) empathy

b) abstract modeling

c) immanent justice

d) autonomous cooperation

Learning Objective: LO 11.1 Compare and contrast the various approaches to moral development.

Topic: Moral Development

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-5. According to developmentalists, what lies at the heart of moral behavior?

a) cognitive ability

b) empathy

c) social skills development

d) fear of punishment

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: LO 11.1 Compare and contrast the various approaches to moral development.

Topic: Moral Development

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-6. Why might negative emotions produce moral behavior, according to both contemporary and psychoanalytic explanations?

a) Acting badly produces a rebound effect, in which people then want to act morally.

b) The experience of both morality and contempt are closely linked in nearby brain structures.

c) Children may act in moral, prosocial ways to avoid feelings of personal distress or guilt.

d) Negative emotions spur the id to “challenge” the superego to enact moral behavior.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: LO 11.1 Compare and contrast the various approaches to moral development.

Topic: Moral Development

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

11-7. Which psychologist proposed that people progress through a series of moral reasoning stages?

a) Sigmund Freud

b) Elliot Aronson

c) Lawrence Kohlberg

d) Albert Bandura

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-8. According to psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg, which stage of moral reasoning views morality in terms of rigid rules and rewards and punishments?

a) conventional morality

b) postconventional morality

c) unconventional morality

d) preconventional morality

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-9. A second grade student is tempted to take candy from her friend’s lunchbox, but decides not to because she is afraid she will get caught. This student is demonstrating __________.

a) conventional morality

b) preconventional morality

c) postconventional morality

d) a lack of morality

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-10. The fourth stage of Kohlberg’s levels of moral reasoning is __________.

a) authority and social-order-maintaining morality

b) the adoption of universal moral principles

c) obedience and punishment orientation

d) morality of democratically accepted law

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-11. Psychologist Lawrence Kohlberg argued that attaining __________ is relatively rare.

a) preconventional morality

b) immorality

c) postconventional morality

d) conventional morality

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-12. Lawrence Kohlberg proposed that moral development occurs in a fixed order, and that people are unable to reach the highest stage of moral reasoning until __________ due to __________.

a) middle childhood; lack of cognitive development

b) adolescence; lack of experience and peer pressure

c) young adulthood; lack of experience

d) adolescence; lack of cognitive development

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-13. Which stage of moral reasoning reflects a person’s interest in pleasing others by acting as a good member of society?

a) conventional morality

b) postconventional morality

c) unconventional morality

d) preconventional morality

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-14. Which stage of moral reasoning reflects a person’s use of moral principles, which are seen as broader than those of any particular society?

a) conventional morality

b) postconventional morality

c) compartmentalized morality

d) preconventional morality

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-15. Which theorist proposed a three-stage theory of moral development for females?

a) Lawrence Kohlberg

b) Jean Piaget

c) Carol Gilligan

d) Albert Bandura

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-16. According to psychologist Carol Gilligan, females view morality in terms of __________.

a) broad principles of fairness

b) policing the actions of men

c) competition with others for moral superiority

d) a gradual transition from selfishness to responsibility

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-17. Which characteristic best describes the first of the three-stage process of women’s morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

a) goodness as self-sacrifice

b) orientation toward individual survival

c) morality of nonviolence

d) moral equivalence established between self and others

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-18. Which characteristic best describes the second of the three-stage process of women’s morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

a) goodness as self-sacrifice

b) orientation toward individual survival

c) morality of nonviolence

d) moral equivalence established between self and others

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-19. Which characteristic best describes the third of the three-stage process of women’s morality, as theorized by Carol Gilligan?

a) goodness as self-sacrifice

b) orientation toward individual survival

c) morality of nonviolence

d) moral equivalence established between self and others

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-20. According to the social domain model, how should moral reasoning be evaluated?

1. Moral reasoning is based on objectively right or wrong decisions that apply universally.
2. There is only one principle: moral behavior should produce the greatest good for the
   greatest number of people.
3. Behavior is moral if a good outcome results, and immoral if a bad outcome results.
4. Moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which moral judgments are being
   made at a given time.

Learning Objective: LO 11.3 Identify the factors that influence moral and prosocial behaviors, including the roles played by gender and culture.

Topic: Moral Behavior and Moral Reasoning: Why the Disconnect?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-21. What kind of behavior is enacted to help others, but requires clear self-sacrifice?

a) selfish

b) altruistic

c) antisocial

d) cultural

Learning Objective: LO 11.3 Identify the factors that influence moral and prosocial behaviors, including the roles played by gender and culture.

Topic: Moral Behavior and Moral Reasoning: Why the Disconnect?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-22. What kind of moral reasoning do people in the United States tend to use?

a) duty-based reasoning

b) communal reasoning

c) reciprocal obligation reasoning

d) rights-based reasoning

Learning Objective: LO 11.3 Identify the factors that influence moral and prosocial behaviors, including the roles played by gender and culture.

Topic: Moral Behavior and Moral Reasoning: Why the Disconnect?

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-23. Which term describes parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold?

a) authoritative

b) uninvolved

c) authoritarian

d) permissive

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Topic: Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-24. Meredith’s 5-year-old friends at the playground run from the rides to the slides, but Meredith’s mother told her she had to stay on the swings and not move to another place. When Meredith complained that the other children were allowed to play where they wanted, Meredith’s mother told her to stay on the swings “because I said so!” This is an example of __________.

a) uninvolved parenting

b) authoritarian parenting

c) permissive parenting

d) authoritative parenting

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Topic: Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-25. Which term describes parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback to their children?

a) authoritarian

b) authoritative

c) uninvolved

d) permissive

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Topic: Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-26. Billy is a 5-year-old child who does not have a regular bedtime, is permitted to neglect personal hygiene, and doesn’t usually participate in any simple chores, such as picking up the toys in his room. It would appear that Billy parents’ style of parenting is __________.

a) permissive

b) authoritarian

c) involved

d) authoritative

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Topic: Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-27. Which term describes parents who are firm, set clear and consistent limits, and try to reason with their children?

a) authoritarian

b) permissive

c) uninvolved

d) authoritative

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Topic: Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-28. Five-year-old Gustavo and his younger sister Alejandra were playing in the living room when Alejandra grabbed at the toy that Benjamin had. He lashed out and punched Alejandra in the arm, making her cry. Their mother immediately took Gustavo aside and, rather than punishing him, explained how his behavior made his sister cry, and that he needed to share his toys. This is an example of what type of parenting style?

a) authoritative

b) permissive

c) authoritarian

d) uninvolved

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Topic: Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-29. What type of parents show almost no interest in their children and demonstrate indifferent, rejecting behaviors?

a) permissive

b) authoritative

c) authoritarian

d) uninvolved

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Topic: Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-30. Dorie lives in a household where her parents are gone most of the time. Even when they are home, Dorie goes to school wearing dirty clothes and having had no breakfast. What type of parents is Dorie likely to have?

a) uninvolved

b) permissive

c) authoritarian

d) authoritative

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Topic: Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-31. Hispanic parents typically place a great deal of emphasis on __________ when parenting.

a) directing their children’s activities and controlling their behavior

b) children respecting rules and the requests of elders

c) indifference to their children’s needs

d) letting their children do whatever they want

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Topic: Effective Parenting: Teaching Desired Behavior

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-32. Surveys of colleges students demonstrate that __________ is the goal they value as most important in life.

a) helping others in need

b) securing a good job

c) being well off financially

d) raising a family

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Religion in Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-33. What percent of Americans report having no religious affiliation?

a) 3 percent

b) 8 percent

c) 16 percent

d) 27 percent

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Religion in Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-34. Zhenya feels a strong sense of attachment to a sacred entity. This feeling is called __________.

a) closeness

b) morality

c) spirituality

d) value

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Religion in Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-35. Children pass through three stages of religious development, the first of which is __________.

a) preoperational intuitive religious thought

b) sensorimotor religious thought

c) concrete operational religious thought

d) formal operational religious thought

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Religion in Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-36. Children pass through three stages of religious development, the last of which is __________.

a) preoperational intuitive religious thought

b) sensorimotor religious thought

c) concrete operational religious thought

d) formal operational religious thought

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Religion in Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-37. At what age are children in the concrete operational thought stage of religious development?

a) 2 or 3 to 4 or 5

b) 5 or 6 to 7 or 8

c) 7 or 8 to 13 or 14

d) 10 or 12 to 15 or16

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Religion in Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-38. How is religious thinking characterized during the preoperational intuitive stage of religious development?

a) children rely on intuition to “feel” rather than “think about” the role of spirituality in society

b) thinking is unsystematic; children misinterpret the meaning of religious stories

c) thinking focuses on drawing inspiration from and inferences about religious stories

d) children focus on the tangible details of a religious story

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Religion in Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-39. Why would teenagers be likely to grapple with issues of religious identity?

a) growing older leads teenagers to start “cataloging” the elements of their lives, so they will be ready to transition to adulthood

b) the teenage years represent a time when, statistically, most people attend some kind of religious services or ceremonies

c) the teenage years are generally acknowledged as a time of severe anxiety and strained relationships; teenagers seek solace in religious doctrines

d) their increased ability to think critically and abstractly, coupled with a general search for identity, leads to questioning religious identity

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Religion in Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

11-40. Why does religion play an important role in the lives of people in middle adulthood?

a) Tax benefits result from making monetary contributions to a recognized religion.

b) Religion offers a way of explaining events in the world.

c) The fear of God is especially salient to people in middle adulthood.

d) Religious services are one of the few avenues available for socializing in middle adulthood.

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Topic: Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-41. According to James Fowler’s model of faith development, how do young children perceive God or other major religious deities?

a) in an abstract sense

b) as a teacher or principal in an academic setting

c) as parental substitutes

d) in a literal sense

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Topic: Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-42. Which stage of James Fowler’s model of faith development are people in during middle adulthood?

a) conjunctive stage

b) preoperational intuitive stage

c) individuative-reflective stage

d) literal-interpretive stage

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Topic: Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-43. As people enter late adulthood, they may progress to the __________ of faith development.

a) conjunctive stage

b) preoperational intuitive stage

c) individuative-reflective stage

d) literal-interpretive stage

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Topic: Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-44. Statistically, which of the following people is most likely to find meaning in religion?

a) Marlo, a 15-year-old African American girl

b) Ruthie, a 32-year-old Caucasian woman

c) Rufus, a 72-year-old African American man

d) Marco, a 73-year-old Caucasian man

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Topic: Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-45. Some research evidence indicates that higher rates of prayer are associated with __________.

a) self-reports of greater happiness

b) extended life expectancy

c) more financial difficulties

d) symptoms of psychological disturbance

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Topic: Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-46. Which term refers to intentional injury or harm to another person?

a) anger

b) retaliation

c) aggression

d) abuse

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Topic: Aggression and Violence in Children: Sources and Consequences

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-47. Which factor contributes to the decline of aggression in preschool children?

a) greater access to high-quality child care

b) personality development of the child

c) a greater amount of authoritarian parenting

d) exposure to permissive parenting

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Topic: Aggression and Violence in Children: Sources and Consequences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-48. Which term refers to the capability to adjust emotions to a desired state and level of intensity?

a) instrumental aggression

b) relational aggression

c) emotional self-regulation

d) autonomous cooperation

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Topic: Aggression and Violence in Children: Sources and Consequences

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-49. Which term describes aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal?

a) relational aggression

b) instrumental aggression

c) hostile aggression

d) regulated aggression

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Topic: Aggression and Violence in Children: Sources and Consequences

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-50. Cindy wants to get to the front of the snack line in her kindergarten cafeteria, but Wanda is blocking her path. Cindy pushes Wanda out of the way to get closer to the snacks she covets. Cindy’s behavior is an example of __________.

a) relational aggression

b) emotional aggression

c) regulated aggression

d) instrumental aggression

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Topic: Aggression and Violence in Children: Sources and Consequences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-51. During recess, Dawn calls Lalana names, refuses to include her in a game of hopscotch, and makes fun of her. Dawn’s behavior is an example of __________.

a) relational aggression

b) emotional aggression

c) regulated aggression

d) instrumental aggression

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Topic: Aggression and Violence in Children: Sources and Consequences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

11-52. Which term refers to nonphysical aggression that is intended to hurt another person’s psychological well-being?

a) psychological aggression

b) instrumental aggression

c) relational aggression

d) emotional aggression

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Topic: Aggression and Violence in Children: Sources and Consequences

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-53. Ethologist Konrad Lorenz, evolutionary theorists, and sociobiologists agree that aggression represents __________.

a) a primitive fighting instinct shared across the animal kingdom

b) a learned behavior

c) the product of psychological dysfunction

d) a distinctly human approach to conflict resolution

Learning Objective: LO 11.8 Compare and contrast the different approaches that seek to explain the causes of aggression in children.

Topic: The Roots of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-54. Albert Bandura’s research indicates that when children watch adults modeling aggressive behavior, they are likely to __________.

a) be frustrated

b) get frightened and angry

c) be as or more aggressive than the model

d) be less aggressive than the model

Learning Objective: LO 11.8 Compare and contrast the different approaches that seek to explain the causes of aggression in children.

Topic: The Roots of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-55. Overwhelming evidence indicates that children’s observation of televised violence leads to __________.

a) no significant increase in aggressive behavior

b) increases in aggressive behaviors that can extend into adulthood

c) increases in aggression only for the male population

d) increases in aggression only for children who also play violent video games

Learning Objective: LO 11.8 Compare and contrast the different approaches that seek to explain the causes of aggression in children.

Topic: The Roots of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-56. Globally, one in __________ women experience some form of violent victimization during their lives.

a) two

b) three

c) five

d) ten

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Topic: Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-57. About what percentage of women physically abuse their husbands?

a) 8 percent

b) 10 percent

c) 15 percent

d) 20 percent

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Topic: Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-58. Which of the following is a stage of marital aggression a spouse-abusing husband might go through?

a) chronic battering incident

b) loving contrition stage

c) tension-reduction stage

d) fight-or-flight stage

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Topic: Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

11-59. The theory that the abuse and neglect of children leads them to be predisposed to abusiveness as adults is called the __________.

a) midlife crisis resolution

b) cycle of violence hypothesis

c) normative-crisis proposal

d) circumnavigation explanation

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Topic: Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-60. Which of the following factors contributes to child abuse?

a) middle-income socioeconomic status

b) multigenerational families living in the same house

c) families with only one child

d) families living in stressful conditions

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Topic: Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-61. Which term refers to the physical or psychological mistreatment or neglect of elderly individuals?

a) elder ignorance

b) ageism

c) elder abuse

d) age discrimination

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Topic: Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

11-62. Statistically, which older person is most likely to experience elder abuse?

a) a patient with a hip fracture in a nursing home

b) a person who is relatively independent and does not require an intense level of care

c) a person with Alzheimer’s disease living in a caretaker’s home

d) a person who resides in assisted living

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Topic: Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

11-63. Summarize criticisms of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning.

• Kohlberg’s theory has been criticized because it is based solely on observations within Western cultures.
• Members of industrialized, technically advanced societies move through morality stages faster than members of nonindustrialized countries.
• One explanation for this cultural difference is that Kohlberg’s view involves governmental and societal institutions (such as the police and court system), whereas nonindustrialized cultures’ morality may be based on the relationship between people in a village.
• Kohlberg’s view of moral reasoning also does not explain females’ moral judgments because his data was based on males.

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

11-64. Explain the major points regarding psychologist Carol Gilligan’s theory of moral development for females.

• Girls and women see morality in terms of responsibility toward individuals and willingness to sacrifice themselves to help specific individuals within the context of particular relationships.
• Gilligan proposed three stages that females pass through: (1) orientation toward individual survival, (2) goodness as self-sacrifice, and (3) morality of nonviolence.

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Topic: Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

11-65. Describe how religion and spirituality are related, and summarize the processes adolescents go through when contemplating each. What changes in these areas take place in the post-adolescent years?

• Spirituality is a sense of attachment to some higher power, be it God, nature, the universe, or some other concept.
• Religion is often the vehicle through which spirituality is expressed, although a person can be spiritual without necessarily subscribing to an identifiable religion.
• The cognitive development that accompanies adolescence allows young people to think abstractly about spiritual issues, such as the meaning of life, personal identity, one’s place in the cosmos, and so on.
• Toward the end of adolescence, people enter into an individuative-reflective stage characterized by introspection of their beliefs and values.
• The conjunctive stage produces a broad, inclusive view of religion and all humanity, as people recognize that we’re all in the same existential boat.

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Topic: Religion and Spirituality in Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

11-66. Explain the results of Albert Bandura’s experiment involving a Bobo doll, and note how it illustrates the social learning approach to understanding aggression.

• One group of preschool-age children watched a film of an adult playing aggressively with a Bobo doll, whereas another group of children watched a film of an adult playing calmly with Tinkertoys.
• The children were later induced to experience frustration by being refused the opportunity to play with their favorite toy.
• When the children were given access to the Bobo doll and the Tinkertoys they children modeled the behavior of the adult they had observed.
• Those children who witnessed the aggressive model were more aggressive when playing, whereas those children who witnessed the less aggressive adult were less aggressive when playing.
• Bandura’s experiments provided a clear demonstration that observation of a model can contribute to adoption of model’s behavior.

Learning Objective: LO 11.8 Compare and contrast the different approaches that seek to explain the causes of aggression in children.

Topic: The Roots of Aggression

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

11-67. Summarize the reasons why parents physically abuse children, and explain how social conventions might indirectly contribute to this behavior.

• Although most parents who abuse their children later express bewilderment and regret their behavior, one reason for child abuse is that the line between permissible and impermissible punishment is vague, such as when spanking becomes violent abuse.
• In the United States, spanking is seen as often necessary and desirable, and half of mothers with children younger than four admit they have spanked their child.
• In some cultures other than the United States, spanking is even more common.
• The privacy of childcare in the United States (such as being raised in individual households) also contributes to the propensity to use physical abuse.
• Such abuse is less prevalent in societies where several adults, or the society as a whole, are responsible for how children are raised.
• Finally, adults have unrealistic expectations for their children’s behavior; these expectations can be fueled by societal pressures, assumed norms, advertising, and other forces.

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Topic: Family Violence: The Hidden Epidemic

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

REVEL QUIZZES

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Life Span Development, Fourth Edition.

Quiz: Developing Morality: Following Society's Rights and Wrongs

EOM Q11.1.1

Six-year-old Lida’s offer to share her lunch with a classmate who has forgotten to bring a lunch is an example of __________.

a) immanent justice

b) prosocial behavior

c) model learning

d) conventional morality

Learning Objective: LO 11.1 Compare and contrast the various approaches to moral development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q11.1.2

In Kohlberg’s __________, moral reasoning follows rigid rules based on punishments or rewards.

a) developmental morality

b) prosocial morality

c) abstract morality

d) preconventional morality

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q11.1.3

Kohlberg’s theory has proven problematic in explaining __________.

a) girls’ moral development

b) postconventional morality

c) adolescents’ moral judgments

d) abstract social behavior

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q11.1.4

According to __________, moral reasoning needs to be considered in the context in which judgments are being made at a given time.

a) social justice theory

b) the abstract modeling approach

c) heterogeneous moral theory

d) the social domain approach

Learning Objective: LO 11.3 Identify the factors that influence moral and prosocial behaviors, including the roles played by gender and culture.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q11.1.5

Which of the following explains the factor that could explain why children raised in cultures in which children are taught to cooperate with other family members to do chores or to help in the upbringing of younger children (such as in Kenya, Mexico, and the Philippines) show relatively high levels of prosocial behavior?

a) genetic influences

b) heterogeneous practices

c) sibling and peer influences

d) childrearing styles

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

Quiz: Values, Religion, and Spirituality: Focusing on the Meaning of Life

EOM Q11.2.1

__________ is the sense of attachment to some higher power, such as God, nature, or a sacred entity.

a) Cosmology

b) Belief

c) Spirituality

d) Purpose

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q11.2.2

Borrowing from Piaget’s approach to cognitive development, __________ is the stage in which children are able to think more abstractly, allowing them to understand the meaning of Bible stories and pictures, and to draw inferences from them.

a) post-cognitive religious faith

b) formal operational religious thought

c) spiritual inference religious belief

d) interpretive symbolic religious tenet

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q11.2.3

Which of these is a benefit of religion?

a) scientific empiricism

b) insight into future events

c) a perspective on one’s personal misfortunes

d) a way to prevent natural disasters

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q11.2.4

In Fowler’s __________ stage of faith development, people in early and middle adulthood come to understand that their views are one of many and that multiple views of God are possible.

a) individuative-reflective

b) collective-redemptive

c) hopeful-connective

d) global-spiritual

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q11.2.5

The relationship between religious meaning and __________ is stronger for African Americans than Caucasians.

a) life expectancy

b) power of prayer

c) prosocial behavior

d) life satisfaction

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

Quiz: Aggression and Violence

EOM Q11.3.1

Children tend to act less aggressively as they mature and develop __________.

a) relational self-control

b) instrumental non-aggression

c) social self-limitation

d) emotional self-regulation

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q11.3.2

Erica is envious of Sara’s new sparkly red shoes. On the playground, she tells Sara she can’t play with Erica and her friends because she’s too fat. This is an example of __________.

a) developmental aggression

b) relational aggression

c) disordered aggression

d) instrumental aggression

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q11.3.3

___________ approaches to aggression suggest that examining preschoolers’ interpretations of others’ behavior and the environmental context in which a behavior occurs is key to understanding moral development.

a) Social learning

b) Relational

c) Instrumental

d) Cognitive

Learning Objective: LO 11.8 Compare and contrast the different approaches that seek to explain the causes of aggression in children.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q11.3.4

Which of the following is a predictor of spousal abuse?

a) a couple’s sexual orientation

b) a high level of verbal aggression

c) brief economic difficulties

d) growing up in an urban setting

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q11.3.5

Spanking is associated with ___________.

a) identity confusion and non-normative family roles

b) better school performance and respect for authority

c) poor parent–child relationships and antisocial behavior

d) fostering self-regulation and moral awareness

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

Chapter Quiz: Moral Development and Aggression

EOC Q11.1

__________ approaches to moral development focus on how the environment in which a person operates produces moral behavior.

a) Immanent justice

b) Preconventional morality

c) Social learning

d) Autonomous cooperation

Learning Objective: LO 11.1 Compare and contrast the various approaches to moral development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q11.2

People in Kohlberg’s level of __________ morality rely upon universal moral principles that are broader than the rules of the particular society in which they live.

a) preconventional

b) conventional

c) postconventional

d) metaconventional

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q11.3

According to Carol Gilligan, boys are raised to view morality primarily in terms of broad principles, whereas girls are raised to regard morality in terms of __________.

a) pleasing not displeasing

b) responsibility to others

c) cooperation not competition

d) moving toward consensus

Learning Objective: LO 11.2 Summarize Kohlberg’s and Gilligan’s theories of moral development, and explain how they differ.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q11.4

The three major contexts which influence moral reasoning at any given time, according to the social domain approach, are __________.

a) moral, social-conventional, and personal

b) political, personal, and cooperative

c) communal, agentic, and rights-based

d) preconventional, conventional, and postconventional

Learning Objective: LO 11.3 Identify the factors that influence moral and prosocial behaviors, including the roles played by gender and culture.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q11.5

Prosocial behavior tends to be most often exhibited by children raised in cultures that __________.

a) promote competition

b) use rights-based reasoning

c) stress conventional morality

d) foster cooperation

Learning Objective: LO 11.3 Identify the factors that influence moral and prosocial behaviors, including the roles played by gender and culture.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q11.6

Which of the following is the parenting style in which parents are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way?

a) authoritarian

b) conventional

c) authoritative

d) permissive

Learning Objective: LO 11.4 Identify the four basic parenting styles, and summarize how each style influences a child’s development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q11.7

Although most Americans report having some religious affiliation, such affiliation is not fixed. More than __________ say they have left the faith in which they were raised and have become affiliated with another.

a) one-tenth

b) one-fourth

c) one-third

d) one-half

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q11.8

__________ are the qualities people see as most desirable and important.

a) Beliefs

b) Behaviors

c) Attitudes

d) Values

Learning Objective: LO 11.5 Summarize the development of religion in childhood and adolescence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q11.9

In Fowler’s __________ stage of faith development, elderly adults develop a broad, inclusive view of religion and all humanity.

a) conjunctive

b) universal

c) communal

d) reflective

Learning Objective: LO 11.6 Identify the purposes religion and spirituality serve in adulthood, and describe Fowler’s stages of faith development.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q11.10

Derek watches Stephan play with a new dump truck, one with a crank to lift the back, and doors that really open. Suddenly, Derek swoops down and yanks the truck away, shouting at Stephan that it’s his truck now. This is an example of __________.

a) relational aggression

b) contextual aggression

c) disordered aggression

d) instrumental aggression

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

EOC Q11.11

Which of the following is a characteristic of students prone to committing school violence?

a) low tolerance for frustration

b) difficulty learning languages

c) dressing in “goth” clothes

d) listening to heavy metal

Learning Objective: LO 11.7 Explain the development of aggression in preschool children, and summarize the gender differences.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q11.12

Jessica watches Brandon punch Tim because Tim took too long at the drinking fountain. The next day, Jessica slaps Eleanor because Eleanor sat in the blue chair Jessica wanted during singing circle. Jessica’s aggressive behavior is explained by which of the following?

a) the sociobiological approach

b) the relational aggression theory

c) the social learning approach

d) the cognitive development theory

Learning Objective: LO 11.8 Compare and contrast the different approaches that seek to explain the causes of aggression in children.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

EOC Q11.13

Longitudinal studies have found that preferences for violent television shows at age 8 are related to __________ by age 30.

a) the seriousness of criminal convictions

b) an obsession with violent video games

c) failure in love relationships

d) difficulties settling on a career

Learning Objective: LO 11.8 Compare and contrast the different approaches that seek to explain the causes of aggression in children.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q11.14

Three stages often occur in marital aggression. In order, they are __________.

a) the loss of love stage, the act of violence, and the complete denial stage

b) the episode of dishonesty, the violent disagreement stage, and the battering incident

c) the tension-building stage, an acute battering incident, and the loving contrition stage

d) the unresolved conflict stage, the confused emotions stage, and the violent incident

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q11.15

Like the social learning theory, the __________ suggests that family aggression is perpetuated from one generation to another by example.

a) predictive gene theory

b) cycle of violence hypothesis

c) sociobiology approach

d) poverty of violence theory

Learning Objective: LO 11.9 Summarize the cycle of violence hypothesis, and identify the social and cultural factors that contribute to family violence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand