Verified Test Bank Chapter.10 Development Of The Self

Chapter 10

Development of the Self

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 10

Development of the Self

MULTIPLE CHOICE

10-1. Eight-month-old Elisha’s crib is located near a large mirror on her dresser, yet Elisha barely ever stops to look at herself in the mirror. On the other hand, her 18-month-old sister, Amanda, stops regularly to gaze at herself as she crawls around on the floor near the full-length bathroom mirror. What is the likely reason that Amanda looks at the mirror but Elisha does not?

a) Amanda has developed self-awareness but Elisha has not.

b) Amanda’s self-awareness has begun to develop into narcissism.

c) Elisha has developed self-awareness, but is too interested in other things to look at herself.

d) Amanda’s mother has given her more attention than she has given Elisha.

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-2. Which term refers to knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how the mind affects behavior?

a) learning theory

b) social referencing

c) theory of mind

d) self-awareness

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-3. When 18-month-old Jarrod realizes that he can ask his mother to give him a cookie, and that his mother will behave under her own power to respond to his request, then Jarrod sees his mother as a __________.

a) legitimate parent

b) compliant agent

c) social reference

d) reluctant agent

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-4. At what age are infants capable of demonstrating empathy for others?

a) 6 months

b) 12 months

c) 14 months

d) 24 months

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-5. Two-year-old Duane and his older brother are eating lunch, and both boys are given cookies for dessert. Duane’s older brother accidentally drops his cookie on the floor and begins crying, so Duane offers to share his cookie with his brother. Duane’s actions indicate he has reached the point where he is able to demonstrate __________.

a) empathy

b) trust

c) self-awareness

d) negotiation

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-6. Five-year-old Wendell is new to his kindergarten classroom. His teacher asks him what he is good at and what he likes. Wendell responds, “I can run fast” and “I like to eat pizza.” Wendell’s responses illustrate his __________.

a) individualistic orientation

b) autonomy

c) self-concept

d) level of intrapsychic development

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-7. Preschool-age children’s views of themselves also reflect the way their culture views the self. For example, many Asian societies tend to adopt a(n) __________.

a) individualistic orientation

b) self-rewarding orientation

c) collectivistic orientation

d) nationalistic orientation

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-8. Which term describes a philosophy that promotes interdependence?

a) nationalism

b) collectivistic orientation

c) individualistic orientation

d) syllogism

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-9. Which term describes the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people?

a) race dissonance

b) ethnic preference

c) race identity

d) cultural identity

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-10. Twelve-year-old Irving believes he is a pretty good soccer player but not as good of a singer. This assessment is an indication of Irving’s __________.

a) self-esteem

b) self-concept

c) social reality

d) social comparison

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-11. Bobbie is a 14-year-old girl who is searching for her identity. Which strategy would characterize the search for her self-concept?

a) She would describe herself using only a list of traits.

b) She would have a broad view of herself, and be able to see various aspects of herself simultaneously.

c) She would look at herself from a purely physical perspective.

d) She would be able to consider only her views.

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-12. If an adolescent was exploring her or his self-concept, the focus would likely be on __________.

a) awareness of personal traits as abstractions

b) looking at various components of the self in isolation

c) considering only desirable traits

d) being unaware of the views of others

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-13. According to Erik Erikson, when adolescents struggle to find and adopt a suitable identity, they may __________.

a) exhibit socially unacceptable roles as a way of expressing who they do not want to be

b) readily form long-lasting and close personal relationships

c) develop a sense of self that is concentrated on a unified core identity

d) develop an identity disorder that carries through their adult years

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-14. According to James Marcia’s view of adolescent development, crisis is a period in which an adolescent __________.

a) decides to take a psychological moratorium

b) is in physical jeopardy or danger

c) makes a psychological investment in an ideology

d) consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-15. According to James Marcia’s view of adolescent development, commitment is a __________.

a) time when an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions

b) psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology

c) period when an adolescent is mature enough for a committed relationship

d) period of identity development when the adolescent decides whether to concentrate on self-development versus relationship development

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-16. According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis is called __________.

a) identity foreclosure

b) identity achievement

c) moratorium

d) identity diffusion

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-17. According to James Marcia, which category of identity development leads to “rigid strength,” authoritarian behavior, and a high need for social approval?

a) moratorium

b) identity achievement

c) identity diffusion

d) identity foreclosure

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-18. According to James Marcia, which category of identity development leads to adolescents living with relatively high anxiety and psychological conflict?

a) identity diffusion

b) moratorium

c) identity foreclosure

d) identity achievement

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-19. According to James Marcia, the status of adolescents who neither explore nor commit to various identity alternatives is called __________.

a) identity diffusion

b) moratorium

c) identity foreclosure

d) identity achievement

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-20. Which U.S. societal model views individual cultural identities as needing to be integrated into a unified culture?

a) pluralistic society model

b) bicultural identity model

c) multicultural model

d) cultural assimilation model

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-21. Which model suggests that U.S. society is made up of diverse, coequal cultural groups that should preserve their cultural features?

a) pluralistic society model

b) bicultural identity model

c) multicultural model

d) cultural assimilation model

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-22. Ingo is proud of his Lithuanian heritage, and equally proud to be an American. In forming his identity he draws inspiration from both his native Lithuanian culture and his adopted homeland. Which perspective on identity development is Ingo following?

a) pluralistic society model

b) bicultural identity model

c) multicultural model

d) cultural assimilation model

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-23. When considering data from 2000 and 2010 U.S. censuses, what is one notable feature that emerges?

a) The data indicate a larger percentage of African Americans.

b) The data indicate a significant decrease in the number of individuals who decline to state their race.

c) The data indicate a significant increase in the number of individuals who think of themselves as belonging to more than one race.

d) The data indicate an increasing percentage of Asian Americans.

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

10-24. Which term do psychologists use to describe a culturally determined psychological timepiece providing a sense of whether an individual has reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time?

a) maturation

b) the intimacy-versus-isolation stage

c) postformal thought

d) the social clock

Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Explain how the process of self-definition continues in adulthood.

Topic: Adulthood: Defining the Self Through Life Events

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-25. According to one view, women finding a spouse and embarking on traditional feminine behavior occurs between the ages of __________.

a) 15 to 23

b) 21 to 27

c) 25 to 33

d) 30 to 35

Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Explain how the process of self-definition continues in adulthood.

Topic: Adulthood: Defining the Self Through Life Events

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-26. Which broad pattern did psychologist Ravenna Helson identify in her research of women’s social roles?

a) Women who chose to focus on family and women who chose to focus on career showed very different personality development.

b) Both women who chose to focus on family and women who chose to focus on career generally demonstrated positive changes in personality development.

c) Women who chose to focus on either family or career tended to show a more negative shift in personality development.

d) Women who chose to focus on family demonstrated less confidence and less satisfaction over time than women who chose to focus on career.

Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Explain how the process of self-definition continues in adulthood.

Topic: Adulthood: Defining the Self Through Life Events

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-27. Psychologist George Vaillant proposed that between the ages of 20 and 40, young adults become centered on their careers, entering a developmental stage called __________.

a) the realistic period

b) the fantasy period

c) career consolidation

d) the tentative period

Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Explain how the process of self-definition continues in adulthood.

Topic: Adulthood: Defining the Self Through Life Events

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-28. __________ refers to an individual’s overall and specific self-evaluations, whereas __________ reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self.

a) Self-concept; self-esteem

b) Self-esteem; self-concept

c) Self-esteem; social comparison

d) Social comparison; self-concept

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-29. Which term relates to an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation?

a) self-awareness

b) self-concept

c) self-esteem

d) self-monitoring

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-30. Wally is facing an important test and expects to do poorly. He is so anxious that he cannot concentrate or study effectively, but he figures that since he’s going to do badly anyway, he shouldn’t bother studying. This reasoning is an indication of Wally’s __________.

a) self-esteem

b) self-concept

c) social reality

d) social comparison

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-31. According to __________, members of a minority group are likely to accept the negative views held by a majority group only if they perceive that there is little realistic possibility of changing the power and status differences between the groups.

a) social justice theory

b) self-verification theory

c) downward social comparison theory

d) social identity theory

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-32. Beginning at around age 11 and continuing through adolescence, African Americans __________.

a) show slightly higher self-esteem compared to whites

b) have lower self-esteem compared to whites

c) demonstrate a stronger sense of racial identity and a higher level of self-esteem when compared with Hispanics

d) demonstrate a weaker sense of racial identity and a higher level of self-esteem when compared with Asian Americans

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

10-33. The combination of race and gender simultaneously affecting an adolescent’s self-esteem is called __________.

a) self-confusion

b) ethgender

c) multiple identity

d) identity confusion

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-34. From an “ethgender” point of view, which adolescent likely has the lowest self-esteem?

a) Juano, an African American male

b) Burt, a Native American male

c) Maria, a Hispanic female

d) Rita, an Asian American female

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-35. During the middle childhood years, children in immigrant families __________.

a) often have significant learning problems

b) often do quite well in the United States

c) are less fluent in communication skills

d) typically suffer from depression

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-36. Sima is a child of recent immigrants to the United States. Sima is likely to demonstrate which of the following behaviors?

a) good grades in school

b) a higher level of self-esteem than nonimmigrant children

c) substantially lower socioeconomic status

d) a high level of popularity among peers

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-37. Rollo looks to his peer group as a source of information to judge the appropriateness of his own opinions, abilities, and physical changes. Rollo is engaged in __________.

a) social reference

b) social comparison

c) peer review

d) reference remediation

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Social Comparison: Asking “How Do I Measure Up?”

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-38. What is the likely reason adolescents rely on their peers rather than their parents for social comparison?

a) Parents cannot remember their adolescent years.

b) Parents are too critical and judgmental of adolescent choices.

c) Parents do not have the time to devote to adolescent issues due to employment commitments.

d) Adolescents’ desire for autonomy makes parents seem to be inadequate and invalid sources for information.

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Social Comparison: Asking “How Do I Measure Up?”

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-39. Groups of people with whom one compares oneself are called __________.

a) allies

b) cohorts

c) reference groups

d) social strata

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Social Comparison: Asking “How Do I Measure Up?”

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-40. Standards against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success are called __________.

a) peer opinions

b) cohort beliefs

c) reference banks

d) norms

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Social Comparison: Asking “How Do I Measure Up?”

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-41. How does effort play a role in the cycle of failure?

a) Low self-esteem leads directly to reduced effort, which in turn produces high anxiety.

b) Low self-esteem leads to a low performance expectation, which in turn leads to reduced effort.

c) High anxiety leads to low self-esteem, which in turn produces increased effort on a task.

d) Reduced effort is a direct consequence of high anxiety felt by low self-esteem children.

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Social Comparison: Asking “How Do I Measure Up?”

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

10-42. According to Eli Ginzberg, the period lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made and discarded without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities, is called __________.

a) career consolidation

b) the fantasy period

c) the tentative period

d) the realistic period

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-43. When Moe was 8 years old, he was sure he wanted to grow up to be a firefighter. But just a year later, Moe told everybody that he wanted to be a cowboy. A few months later he wanted to be a professional quoits player. According to Eli Ginzberg, Moe is in the __________ period of career choice.

a) tentative

b) career consolidation

c) realistic

d) fantasy

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-44. Chico is 16 years old and wants to become an architect like his father. However, Chico has been tested and found to have a specific learning disability in mathematics. Chico may need to reconsider his career plans based upon this information. According to Ginzberg, Chico is in the __________ period of career choice.

a) fantasy

b) tentative

c) career consolidation

d) realistic

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-45. According to Ginzberg’s career choice theory, the stage that occurs in early adulthood, when people begin to explore specific career options and narrow their choices, is called the __________.

a) fantasy period

b) tentative period

c) career consolidation period

d) realistic period

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-46. What was a conclusion reached by John Holland when investigating his personality type theory of career exploration?

a) A person should choose a career based on monetary considerations.

b) Certain personality types match well with certain careers.

c) Career success will depend on the particular training a person acquires.

d) Happiness in a career is dependent on a completing college education.

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-47. According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are possess good verbal and interpersonal skills are described as __________.

a) conventional

b) enterprising

c) social

d) realistic

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-48. According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are risk-takers and have good leadership skills are described as __________.

a) conventional

b) enterprising

c) social

d) realistic

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-49. According to John Holland’s personality type theory, people who are down-to-earth, practical problem solvers, and physically strong, but have mediocre social skills, are best described as __________.

a) conventional

b) enterprising

c) realistic

d) intellectual

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-50. Occupations that are associated with getting things accomplished are often conceptualized as __________ professions.

a) fraternal

b) agentic

c) communal

d) intrinsic

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-51. Occupations that are associated with interpersonal relationships are often conceptualized as __________ professions.

a) maternal

b) agentic

c) communal

d) intrinsic

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-52. Critics who argue that immigrants lack the knowledge and skills to contribute to the U.S. economy fail to see some fundamental aspects of immigrant success, including which fact?

a) Most legal and illegal immigrants never succeed financially.

b) Only a few immigrants come to the United States to get on welfare.

c) Immigrants take away more from the U.S. economy than they contribute.

d) Most immigrants eventually marry into native-born American families.

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-53. Bernice is a go-getter at her sales job because she likes the finer things in life, such as sports cars, jewelry, and exotic vacations. Bernice is most likely motivated to succeed by __________.

a) intrinsic factors

b) career consolidation

c) differential bias

d) extrinsic factors

Learning Objective: LO 10.7 Explore the varied reasons why people work.

Topic: Why Do People Work? It’s More Than Earning a Living

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-54. The motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, not for the rewards work may bring, is called __________.

a) intrinsic motivation

b) career consolidation

c) status evaluation

d) extrinsic motivation

Learning Objective: LO 10.7 Explore the varied reasons why people work.

Topic: Why Do People Work? It’s More Than Earning a Living

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-55. The evaluation by other relevant members of a group or society of a role a person fulfills is called __________.

a) career classification

b) status

c) motivation depletion

d) extrinsic evaluation

Learning Objective: LO 10.7 Explore the varied reasons why people work.

Topic: Why Do People Work? It’s More Than Earning a Living

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-56. Which factor affects job satisfaction for middle-aged workers?

a) recognition and approval

b) opportunities for advancement

c) specific policies that affect their jobs

d) being able to work from home

Learning Objective: LO 10.7 Explore the varied reasons why people work.

Topic: Why Do People Work? It’s More Than Earning a Living

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

10-57. Since the mid-1980s, the number of __________ in the workforce has grown substantially.

a) women in their 50s and older

b) men in their 50s and older

c) men in their early 20s and 30s

d) women in their early 20s and 30s

Learning Objective: LO 10.7 Explore the varied reasons why people work.

Topic: Why Do People Work? It’s More Than Earning a Living

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-58. When a highly trained professional experiences dissatisfaction, disillusionment, frustration, and weariness from her or his job, it is called __________.

a) a midlife crisis

b) burnout

c) critical mass

d) extinction

Learning Objective: LO 10.8 Examine some of the challenges that workers face today.

Topic: Challenges of Work: Burnout, Unemployment, and Age Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-59. According to one analysis, every time the unemployment rate goes up 1 percent, there is a __________ percent rise in suicides.

a) 1

b) 4

c) 5

d) 10

Learning Objective: LO 10.8 Examine some of the challenges that workers face today.

Topic: Challenges of Work: Burnout, Unemployment, and Age Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

10-60. Which statement is correct regarding middle-aged workers compared to younger workers?

a) Older workers show more absenteeism.

b) Older workers hold their jobs longer and are more reliable.

c) Older workers lack sufficient technological skills.

d) Older workers are not willing to learn new skills.

Learning Objective: LO 10.8 Examine some of the challenges that workers face today.

Topic: Challenges of Work: Burnout, Unemployment, and Age Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

10-61. Compare collectivistic and individualistic cultural orientations, and describe how they impact the development of self-concept.

• Cultures differ in the extent to which they emphasize the self versus the larger social whole
• Collectivistic cultures place a premium on interdependence, valuing responsibility to others and the importance of the larger social network.
• Individualistic cultures place a premium on independence, valuing the uniqueness of each individual and emphasizing personal identity.
• A child raised in a collectivistic culture is likely to develop a self-concept that sees the individual as part of a much larger, integrated whole. Rather than emphasizing personal goals or unique skills, the child’s self-concept would likely focus on her or his role in the greater social fabric.
• A child raised in an individualistic culture is likely to see the self as unique, autonomous, and self-contained. Such a child’s self-concept would probably focus on what makes her or him stand apart from others.

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Topic: The Roots of Self-Awareness

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-62. Explain the dimensions of commitment and crisis in James Marcia’s theory of adolescent development, and describe how they combine to produce different types of adolescent identity.

• Marcia proposed that commitment (investment in an ideology or a course of action) and crisis (conscious choice among alternatives) were the basis for adolescent identity exploration. Combinations of the presence or absence of these factors produce four identity statuses.
• When commitment and crisis are both present, identity achievement results. An adolescent commits to a particular identity after exploring options and alternatives.
• Commitment and no crisis produces identity foreclosure; an adolescent adopts an identity without fully considering alternatives.
• No commitment coupled with crisis leads to moratorium. Here an adolescent may have explored identity alternatives but not yet committed to one.
• Finally, no commitment and no crisis produces identity diffusion. Not exploring, not committing, or not doing either results in this lack of a solid identity.

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Topic: Understanding Oneself in Middle Childhood and Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

10-63. Which outcomes typically result for children of immigrant families?

• Immigrant children are faring quite well, and in some ways, doing better than their nonimmigrant peers in the United States.
• They tend to have equal or better grades than nonimmigrant students, and demonstrate similar levels of self-esteem.
• Their socioeconomic status is relatively high, and their parents are educated.
• Immigrant children are highly motivated and place a higher value on education than nonimmigrant children, and immigrant children feel an obligation and duty to succeed.

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Topic: Self-Esteem: Developing a Positive—or Negative—View of Oneself

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

10-64. Describe the process of social comparison, and apply it to a child who wants to evaluate her intellectual and social abilities.

• Social comparison is the process of evaluating one’s own behavior, abilities, or opinions by comparing them to those of others.
• Upward social comparison involves evaluation against others who are presumed to be more competent on the dimension under consideration.
• Downward social comparison involves evaluation against others who are presumed to be less competent on the dimension under consideration.
• A child who wants to evaluate her intellectual abilities actually wouldn’t need social comparison, as there are objective measures available, such as test scores, grades on projects, class rankings, and so on. However, a child making an upward comparison might evaluate herself in relation to slightly smarter peers, whereas a child making a downward comparison might evaluate herself in relation to slightly duller peers. The consequence of upward social comparison in this case might be a blow to esteem (as the child realizes she is not as smart as others), whereas the consequence of downward comparison might be a boost to esteem (especially if the child chooses a much lower comparison standard).
• Social skills, which are more nebulous to begin with, could also be evaluated either upward or downward. The choice of a comparison target who is either a bit more or a bit less socially skilled would be appropriate in this case.

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Topic: Social Comparison: Asking “How Do I Measure Up?”

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

10-65. Explain criticisms of Eli Ginzberg’s career choice theory.

• Critics charge that Ginzberg’s approach is an oversimplification of the process of choosing a career.
• Because his research was based on the middle socioeconomic class, his theory may overstate the choices and options available to lower socioeconomic levels.
• The ages that Ginzberg associates with each level or stage may be too rigid and not reflect the seriousness of decisions that people make who leave high school and immediately enter a job.
• Additionally, economic shifts may cause people to change careers at different points in their lives, even though they did not plan on doing so.

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Topic: Embarking on a Career

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

REVEL QUIZZES

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Life Span Development, Fourth Edition.

Quiz: The Development of the Self

EOM Q10.1.1

__________, or knowledge of oneself, begins to grow in infants around the age of 12 months, while __________, the set of beliefs about what they are like as individuals, develops in the preschool years.

a) Self-consciousness; self-esteem

b) Egocentrism; self-consciousness

c) Self-awareness; self-concept

d) Self-concept; egocentrism

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q10.1.2

Early in life, infants begin to develop a __________, defined as knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it influences behavior.

a) theory of mind

b) practical understanding

c) social conscience

d) mental map

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q10.1.3

In comparison with their self-concepts in middle childhood, adolescents begin to __________.

a) develop a conviction that they are good at everything

b) divide their self-concepts into personal and academic spheres

c) differentiate their own views of themselves from others’ views

d) include psychological characteristics in their self-concepts

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q10.1.4

According to James Marcia, adolescents who, after exploring identity alternatives, have not committed to any one of them are in the __________ category of identity development.

a) identity diffusion

b) moratorium

c) identity foreclosure

d) identity achievement

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q10.1.5

The culturally determined sense of timing that signals and records major milestones in adults’ lives is referred to as the __________ of adulthood.

a) social clock

b) ticking time bomb

c) biological countdown

d) developmental schedule

Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Explain how the process of self-definition continues in adulthood.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

Quiz: Evaluating the Self

EOM Q10.2.1

Whereas self-concept reflects beliefs and thoughts about the self, self-esteem is focused more on __________ considerations.

a) cognitive

b) emotional

c) moral

d) intellectual

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q10.2.2

What is one reason that the self-esteem of adolescent girls is lower than that of adolescent boys?

a) Girls generally perform less well than boys in high school academic courses.

b) High school boys are more concerned than girls about physical appearance.

c) High school girls often have to choose between academic success and social success.

d) Boys at this age do not face society’s stereotypical gender expectations.

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q10.2.3

What is the primary source of social comparison for adolescents?

a) peer groups

b) older siblings

c) teachers

d) one or both parents

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q10.2.4

Layla wants to do well at softball but keeps missing the ball and striking out. Now she never expects to do well when she comes to bat, and sure enough, she continues to strike out. Layla is caught in a __________.

a) self-esteem trap

b) web of low expectations

c) cycle of failure

d) disappointment spiral

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

EOM Q10.2.5

A __________ is a group of people that presents a set of norms against which adolescents can judge their abilities and social success, whether or not they belong to that group.

a) social comparison

b) peer group

c) social identity unit

d) reference group

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

Quiz: Picking an Occupation: Choosing Life's Work

EOM Q10.3.1

According to Ginsburg’s theory of career choice, people begin to weigh job requirements, their own abilities and interests, and their personal values and goals in the __________ period.

a) tentative

b) fantasy

c) realistic

d) rational

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q10.3.2

Traditionally, women are considered to be more suited to __________ professions associated with interpersonal relationships, and men are considered to be more suited to __________ professions associated with getting things accomplished.

a) social; entrepreneurial

b) mental; physical

c) emotional; practical

d) communal; agentic

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q10.3.3

While people who work for tangible rewards, such as money or prestige, are said to have __________ motivation, those who work for their own enjoyment or fulfillment are said to have __________ motivation.

a) extrinsic; intrinsic

b) concrete; theoretical

c) practical; idealistic

d) physical; metaphysical

Learning Objective: LO 10.7 Explore the varied reasons why people work.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q10.3.4

Job satisfaction has been found to be higher when workers have __________.

a) clear, well-structured, predictable jobs

b) input into the nature and operation of their jobs

c) regular and close monitoring and supervision

d) hours and pay that can vary from week to week

Learning Objective: LO 10.7 Explore the varied reasons why people work.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q10.3.5

Frustration and disillusionment with one’s job is frequently a symptom of __________, the feeling that one’s efforts are inadequate to solve vast societal problems.

a) a midlife crisis

b) occupational insecurity

c) burnout

d) underemployment

Learning Objective: LO 10.8 Examine the challenges that workers face today.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

Chapter Quiz: Development of the Self

EOC Q10.1

An infant who fusses and kicks when a parent enters the room to signal that she is hungry is demonstrating an understanding that parents are __________, self-directed beings who can respond to requests.

a) loving nurturers

b) compliant agents

c) responsible providers

d) sympathetic caregivers

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q10.2

Which of the following aspects of a child’s self-concept develops first?

a) race

b) ethnicity

c) gender

d) self-worth

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q10.3

International studies of infants show that the timing of the development of self-recognition is strongly influenced by __________.

a) the cultural environment

b) the presence of siblings

c) the physical environment

d) inherited traits

Learning Objective: LO 10.1 Describe the process by which young children develop an understanding of themselves.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q10.4

The ability to distinguish the views of others from their own views in defining their identities typically begins to develop during __________.

a) early childhood

b) middle childhood

c) adolescence

d) young adulthood

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q10.5

According to Erik Erikson, adolescents are in the __________ stage of development.

a) initiative-versus-guilt

b) industry-versus-inferiority

c) identity-versus-identity-confusion

d) intimacy-versus-isolation

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q10.6

According to James Marcia, adolescents who have committed to an identity without having explored alternatives are in the __________ stage of identity development.

a) identity achievement

b) identity foreclosure

c) moratorium

d) identity diffusion

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q10.7

Minority group members who draw on their own culture while integrating themselves into the dominant culture are examples of the __________ model.

a) racial dissonance

b) cultural assimilation

c) pluralistic society

d) bicultural identity

Learning Objective: LO 10.2 Trace the shift in self-understanding in the middle childhood and adolescent years.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Understand

EOC Q10.8

According to psychiatrist George Vaillant, young adults reach a stage called __________, in which they focus on their professional achievements.

a) career consolidation

b) work-versus-leisure

c) status acquisition

d) advancement-versus-stagnation

Learning Objective: LO 10.3 Explain how the process of self-definition continues in adulthood.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q10.9

During middle childhood, self-esteem becomes more __________.

a) confused

b) differentiated

c) rigid

d) changeable

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q10.10

During adolescence, self-concept becomes increasingly accurate. What effect does this have on adolescents’ self-esteem?

a) It usually leads to an increase in self-esteem.

b) It leads to a clearer self-assessment, which may be positive or negative.

c) It usually leads to a decrease in self-esteem.

d) It brings on a harsher assessment of self, which leads to adolescent rebellion.

Learning Objective: LO 10.4 Analyze the origins and effects of self-esteem.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q10.11

Sixth-grader Thad, a low-achieving student, compares his school grades with those of less-able students in his class, while Jason, a high-achiever, compares his grades with those of his academic peers. Thad has higher academic self-esteem than Jason. Thad’s strategy in this regard is known as __________.

a) favorable social referencing

b) strategic norming

c) downward social comparison

d) self-serving referencing

Learning Objective: LO 10.5 Explain how social comparison functions in childhood and adolescence.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q10.12

According to John Holland’s Personality Type Theory, people who have the __________ personality type are most appropriate for occupations involving highly structured tasks.

a) realistic

b) conventional

c) social

d) enterprising

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q10.13

Which of the following statements about immigrants in the United States is true?

a) Illegal immigrants, and even legal immigrants, rarely succeed financially.

b) The primary reason most people immigrate is to take advantage of welfare.

c) Over time, immigrants contribute more to the economy than they take away.

d) Most immigrants have little motivation to seek or keep employment.

Learning Objective: LO 10.6 Analyze the methods by which people choose their careers and the ways in which career choices affect personal identity.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q10.14

Compared with younger workers, middle-aged workers are more interested in __________.

a) opportunities for advancement

b) the chance to make a lasting difference in the world

c) opportunities for recognition and approval

d) the here-and-now qualities of the work situation

Learning Objective: LO 10.7 Explore the varied reasons why people work.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q10.15

Which of the following statements to an older woman applying for a job is an example of age discrimination?

a) “Frankly, your past experience seems inappropriate for the requirements of this job.”

b) “I’m sorry, but we need workers with at least two years of college coursework in marketing.”

c) “Sorry, but we’re looking for new ideas and high energy in our workforce.”

d) “This job requires at least two years’ experience using spreadsheets, which you don’t have.”

Learning Objective: LO 10.8 Examine some of the challenges that workers face today.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze