Schooling Culture and Society Ch.14 Complete Test Bank

Chapter 14

Schooling, Culture, and Society:

Living in a Multicultural World

Total

Assessment

Guide

Chapter 14

Schooling, Culture, and Society: Living in a Multicultural World

MULTIPLE CHOICE

14-1. Developmental psychologists have found that children can benefit from involvement in some form of __________ before they enroll in formal schooling, which takes place at ages 5 or 6 in the United States.

a) computer video intake

b) rudimentary child care

c) educational activity

d) socialization with peers

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the Pre- Out of the Preschool Period

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-2. How effective are child care programs for children compared to at-home care?

a) Child care programs produce intellectual benefits but not social ones.

b) High-quality child care results in intellectual and social benefits.

c) High-quality child care produces children who feel entitled, privileged, and unique.

d) Any form of external child care produces more benefits than at-home care.

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the Pre- Out of the Preschool Period

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

14-3. Which attribute helps to define “high-quality” child care?

a) a quiet environment where children can be by themselves

b) a child–teacher ratio of 17:1

c) a large collection of donated board games and teen-reader books

d) carefully planned curriculum

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the Pre- Out of the Preschool Period

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-4. Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a different way. What do Japanese parents view as the most likely benefit of preschool?

a) academic head start

b) developing a sense of independence

c) experience of being a member of a group

d) learning to be a good citizen

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the Pre- Out of the Preschool Period

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-5. Parents in China, Japan, and the United States all see the benefits of preschools in a different way. What do U.S. parents view as the most likely benefit of preschool?

a) start making connections in the community

b) developing a sense of independence

c) experience of being a member of a group

d) learning to be a good citizen

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the Pre- Out of the Preschool Period

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-6. Each year, approximately how many U.S. children between the ages of 3 and 4 are enrolled in Head Start programs?

a) 1 million

b) 6 million

c) 12 million

d) 23 million

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the Pre- Out of the Preschool Period

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-7. What conclusion should be reached about the effectiveness of Head Start programs?

a) Head Start programs show few short-term gains for students, with benefits not recognizable until high school

b) Despite decades of research, no demonstrable gains have been demonstrated for Head Start programs.

c) Across both short- and long-term periods, the evidence of benefits is mixed.

d) Head Start programs show clear short-term benefits, and these become stronger through the middle school years.

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the Pre- Out of the Preschool Period

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

14-8. The guidance counselor at Davis Elementary has been asked to present a discussion to the school’s PTA regarding creating an atmosphere that promotes school success. What should her topics include?

1. promoting a “literacy environment”
2. encouraging student dependence on offered services
3. effective money spending restrictions
4. time management

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

14-9. A major drawback of homeschooling cited by critics focuses on __________.

1. the physical health of children
2. academic preparation of parents versus well-trained teachers
3. insufficient extracurricular activities
4. low effectiveness rates

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-10. What is the most common configuration of middle school education in the United States?

1. grades 5 through 7
2. grades 5 through 8
3. grades 6 through 8
4. grades 7 and 8

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-11. Independent measures of achievement, such as SAT scores, have not risen in the past decade, but overall grades in school have risen over that same period. What is the most likely explanation for this outcome?

a) Student performance in school has changed for the better, and the students are demonstrating greater achievement.

b) Student performance in school has improved, but only because students are cheating more often on tests.

c) Instructors have become more lenient, awarding higher grades for the same performance, which is known as grade inflation.

d) Independent measures of achievement such as the SAT are harder than they were a decade ago.

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

14-12. Which factor is an important consideration when interpreting the gap in educational achievement between U.S. students and other students around the world?

a) U.S. students spend more time in classes but get less intensive instruction.

b) There is a broader diversity of students in the United States compared to the student bodies of other countries.

c) U.S. parents and students do not care as much about education as do parents and students from other countries.

d) There are low literacy rates for female U.S. students.

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-13. Which countries’ students have the highest academic achievement in math and science compared to the others?

a) Japan

b) United States

c) Italy

d) Canada

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-14. Members of certain minority groups may have low academic achievement because they __________.

a) perceive that school success is relatively unimportant to future workplace success because discrimination will hamper advancement

b) are at a genetic disadvantage compared to members of other groups

c) lack the social, interpersonal, and communication skills to fully benefit from a formal education

d) have a greater number of parents who themselves never succeeded within the educational environment

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-15. The involuntary immigration of Africans as slaves to America and the motivation to succeed educationally in subsequent generations of African Americans is analogous to the __________ and the motivation for learning and success in their subsequent generations.

a) voluntary immigration of Italians to America

b) involuntary immigration of Irish to America

c) voluntary immigration of Germans to America

d) involuntary immigration of Koreans to Japan during World War II

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-16. Statistically, who is at greatest risk for dropping out of school?

a) Ming, an Asian girl in high school

b) Darnell, an African American boy in middle school

c) Miguel, a Hispanic boy in high school

d) Denisse, a Caucasian girl in middle school

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

14-17. Students from lower-income households are __________ more likely to drop out of high school than are middle- and higher-income students.

a) two times

b) three times

c) four times

d) five times

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Topic: From Kindergarten to High School: Preparing Students for Success

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-18. Approximately what percent of white high school graduates enter college?

a) 42 percent

b) 57 percent

c) 71 percent

d) 82 percent

Learning Objective: LO 14.3 Describe the nature of the U.S. college population.

Topic: Beyond High School: The Pursuit of Higher Education and Lifelong Learning

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-19. What percent of students entering college finish with a degree within six years?

a) 40 percent

b) 45 percent

c) 50 percent

d) 55 percent

Learning Objective: LO 14.3 Describe the nature of the U.S. college population.

Topic: Beyond High School: The Pursuit of Higher Education and Lifelong Learning

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-20. The national dropout rate for African American college students is approximately __________.

a) 72 percent

b) 60 percent

c) 44 percent

d) 38 percent

Learning Objective: LO 14.3 Describe the nature of the U.S. college population.

Topic: Beyond High School: The Pursuit of Higher Education and Lifelong Learning

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-21. Differences in gender distribution and attrition rates across college course subject areas reflect which of the following causes?

a) gender stereotypes

b) perceived self-inadequacies

c) first-year adjustment reaction

d) genetic limitations

Learning Objective: LO 14.3 Describe the nature of the U.S. college population.

Topic: Beyond High School: The Pursuit of Higher Education and Lifelong Learning

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-22. Whom are college professors more likely to call on and assist?

a) men

b) women

c) older students

d) first generation students

Learning Objective: LO 14.3 Describe the nature of the U.S. college population.

Topic: Beyond High School: The Pursuit of Higher Education and Lifelong Learning

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-23. Which reason correctly explains why older, nontraditional students attend college?

a) They seek greater economic opportunities that come with education.

b) They want the social stimulation a college atmosphere brings.

c) They have no other sources of intellectual stimulation.

d) College is pursued because of therapeutic reasons.

Learning Objective: LO 14.3 Describe the nature of the U.S. college population.

Topic: Beyond High School: The Pursuit of Higher Education and Lifelong Learning

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-24. Which methodology do developmental psychologists use to accurately gauge what adolescents do during their spare time?

1. interviews
2. surveys
3. self-reports
4. experience sampling method

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-25. What do suburban, middle-class white adolescents do all day?

1. They spend about half their time in leisure activities.
2. A substantial majority of them are involved in religious activities.
3. They spend about half their time on “maintenance,” such as eating, grooming, or chores.
4. Three-quarters of each day are devoted to school and academic pursuits.

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-26. How is busyness related to academic performance in adolescence?

1. Adolescents who are involved in just a few activities tend to be more academically successful.
2. Involvement in three activities seems to be the optimal level for predicting greater academic success.
3. Busier adolescents, committed to many tasks, tend to be more academically successful.
4. How busy an adolescent is tends to be unrelated to how academically successful that person is.

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-27. Based on evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, which area of the brain is responsible for switching attention from one task to another?

1. occipital lobe
2. hippocampus
3. anterior prefrontal cortex
4. corpus callosum

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-28. How does the human brain process information that requires attention?

1. simultaneously
2. from least to most important
3. haphazardly
4. sequentially

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

14-29. A survey of girls and boys aged 8 to 18 years found that young people spend a daily average of about __________ with some kind of media.

a) 1.4 hours

b) 3.7 hours

c) 6.5 hours

d) 10.2 hours

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-30. What form of bullying is enacted electronically?

a) physical torture

b) verbal bullying

c) cyberbullying

d) theft and vandalism of property

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

14-31. Approximately how many hours per day do 8- to 18-year-olds watch television?

a) 1.7

b) 3.3

c) 4.5

d) 7.8

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-32. The “digital divide” refers to __________.

a) the difference between students who use the Internet for entertainment purposes and students who use the Internet to complete schoolwork

b) the difference between the computer-savvy generation of the current decade compared to their parents, who have less computer experience

c) poorer adolescents and members of minority groups having less access to computers than more affluent adolescents

d) the difference between educators who believe that computers should be integrated into the curriculum, compared to educators who argue for a traditional educational experience for students

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-33. Which group of students tends to have the highest rate of computer use?

a) Hispanic

b) Asian American

c) white

d) African American

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-34. Approximately how many hours per week does a middle-aged person in the United States watch television?

a) 10

b) 15

c) 20

d) 25

Learning Objective: LO 14.5 Explain how the use of time changes in early and middle adulthood.

Topic: Life Beyond Work: More Time for Leisure in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-35. Approximately how many hours per week does the average middle-aged person in the United States spend socializing?

a) 6

b) 8

c) 10

d) 15

Learning Objective: LO 14.5 Explain how the use of time changes in early and middle adulthood.

Topic: Life Beyond Work: More Time for Leisure in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-36. Which country has the fastest overall pace of living?

a) United States

b) South Korea

c) Singapore

d) Switzerland

Learning Objective: LO 14.5 Explain how the use of time changes in early and middle adulthood.

Topic: Life Beyond Work: More Time for Leisure in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-37. Which country has the slowest overall pace of living?

a) England

b) Mexico

c) Poland

d) Taiwan

Learning Objective: LO 14.5 Explain how the use of time changes in early and middle adulthood.

Topic: Life Beyond Work: More Time for Leisure in Middle Adulthood

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-38. Which term refers to the integration of cultures, social movements, and financial markets around the world?

a) unionization

b) globalization

c) acculturation

d) marginalization

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Topic: How Culture Defines Us

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-39. Changes and adjustments that occur when groups of different people come into sustained firsthand contact with one another is referred to as __________.

1. integration
2. acculturation
3. separation
4. marginalization

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Topic: How Culture Defines Us

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-40. Juanita moved with her family from Argentina to the United States. It is important to her to maintain her identity with her native culture while adapting to the U.S. culture. Juanita is seeking __________.

1. integration
2. acculturation
3. separation
4. marginalization

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Topic: How Culture Defines Us

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

14-41. Which term refers to maintaining one’s original culture identity while integrating oneself into the dominant culture?

a) bicultural identity

b) pluralistic society model

c) cultural assimilation model

d) multicultural education

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Topic: How Culture Defines Us

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-42. Some people may adopt the values and beliefs of the majority culture while rejecting the values and beliefs of their native culture. Which term best describes this position?

1. culture
2. marginalization
3. assimilation
4. separation

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Topic: How Culture Defines Us

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-43. Which term describes the process in which people identify with the ethnic minority culture to which they belong while rejecting the majority culture?

1. separation
2. marginalization
3. assimilation
4. integration

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Topic: How Culture Defines Us

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-44. The extent of identification with one’s ethnicity increases with __________.

1. wisdom
2. educational attainment
3. age
4. professional career orientation

Learning Objective: LO 14.7 Examine the meaning and importance of an ethnic identity.

Topic: Developing an Ethnic Identity

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-45. Which term refers to how members of ethnic, racial, and cultural minorities view themselves?

1. achievement
2. ethnic identity
3. acculturation
4. separation

Learning Objective: LO 14.7 Examine the meaning and importance of an ethnic identity.

Topic: Developing an Ethnic Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-46. What characterizes an unexamined ethnic identity?

1. rejection of the cultural practices of the ethnic majority
2. acceptance of the norms and attitudes of the dominant culture
3. belligerence directed toward people who have solidified an ethnic identity
4. a consolidation of one’s ethnic identity, practices, and values

Learning Objective: LO 14.7 Examine the meaning and importance of an ethnic identity.

Topic: Developing an Ethnic Identity

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Understand the Concepts

APA Learning Objective: 1.2 Develop a working knowledge of psychology’s content domains.

14-47. What is the second stage of ethnic identity development called?

1. examine ethnic identity
2. unexamined ethnic identity
3. achieved ethnic identity
4. ethnic identity search

Learning Objective: LO 14.7 Examine the meaning and importance of an ethnic identity.

Topic: Developing an Ethnic Identity

Difficulty Level: Easy

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-48. Chavo has reached the stage of achieved ethnic identity for his Guatemalan culture. What behavior is Chavo most likely to engage in?

1. organizing a float at the Guatemalan Days parade in his new city
2. fully embracing the norms and practices of the dominant culture in which he now lives
3. renouncing his Guatemalan heritage in public
4. seeking a French restaurant for his birthday celebration

Learning Objective: LO 14.7 Examine the meaning and importance of an ethnic identity.

Topic: Developing an Ethnic Identity

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

14-49. Based on recent figures, poverty is defined as a household income level below __________ per year for a family of four.

1. $15,034
2. $19,229
3. $28,290
4. $34,562

Learning Objective: LO 14.8 Explain how socioeconomic status affects children and adolescents.

Topic: The Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Poverty on Children and Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-50. How high is the cost of childhood poverty in the United States estimated to be each year?

1. between $36 billion and $177 billion
2. between $250 million and $2 billion
3. between $450 billion and $750 billion
4. between $600 billion and $1.2 trillion

Learning Objective: LO 14.8 Explain how socioeconomic status affects children and adolescents.

Topic: The Impact of Socioeconomic Status and Poverty on Children and Adolescents

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

14-51. Which aspect of disliking others is behavioral in nature?

a) prejudice

b) renouncement

c) discrimination

d) stereotyping

Learning Objective: LO 14.9 Define prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, and explain their origins and effects.

Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

14-52. Which aspect of disliking others is cognitive in nature?

a) stereotyping

b) discrimination

c) prejudice

d) identification

Learning Objective: LO 14.9 Define prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, and explain their origins and effects.

Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

14-53. Assuming that most old people eventually end up living in a nursing home is an example of what kind of thinking?

a) misattribution

b) social learning

c) stereotyping

d) self-fulfilling prophecy

Learning Objective: LO 14.9 Define prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, and explain their origins and effects.

Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

14-54. The theory that people learn prejudicial attitudes in the same way they acquire other attitudes, beliefs, and values is called __________.

a) stereotyping

b) the social learning view

c) attribution

d) the social identity theory

Learning Objective: LO 14.9 Define prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, and explain their origins and effects.

Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

14-55. According to __________ theory, adolescents use group membership as a source of pride and self-worth.

1. gender schema
2. dominance hierarchy
3. the triarchic developmental
4. social identity

Learning Objective: LO 14.9 Define prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, and explain their origins and effects.

Topic: Prejudice and Discrimination

Difficulty Level: Moderate

Skill Level: Remember the Facts

APA Learning Objective: 1.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology.

ESSAY QUESTIONS

14-56. Describe the varieties of early education.

• Child-care centers (previously known as day-care centers) typically care for children outside of the home. Their purpose is to provide a warm, safe environment that includes some intellectual stimulation but mostly social and emotional rather than cognitive stimulation.
• Family child-care centers are small operations run in private homes where the quality of care may not be as high as in center-based care facilities.
• Preschools are explicitly designed to provide intellectual and social experiences for children, typically 3 to 5 hours per day.
• School child care refers to prekindergarten programs for 4-year-olds funded by local school systems.

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the Pre- Out of the Preschool Period

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

14-57. Describe the factors that contribute to high-quality child care.

• • The care providers are well trained, preferably with bachelor’s degrees.
  • The child-care center has an appropriate overall size and ratio of care providers to children. Single groups should not have more than 14 to 20 children, and there should be no more than 5 to 10 3-year-olds per caregiver, or 7 to 10 4- or 5-year-olds per caregiver.
  • The child–teacher ratio should be 10:1 or better.
  • The curriculum of a child-care facility is not left to chance but is carefully planned out and coordinated among the teachers.
  • The language environment is rich, with a great deal of conversation.
  • The caregivers are sensitive to children’s emotional and social needs, and they know when and when not to intervene.
  • Materials and activities are age appropriate.
  • Basic health and safety standards are followed.
  • Children should be screened for vision, hearing, and health problems.
  • At least one meal a day should be served.
  • The facility should provide at least one family support service.

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Topic: Early Childhood Education: Taking the Pre- Out of the Preschool Period

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Analyze It

APA Learning Objective: 2.1 Use scientific reasoning to interpret psychological phenomena.

14-58. What are some benefits and disadvantages to adolescents’ increased use of media and technology, such as the Internet?

• Surveys indicate that adolescents spend a considerable amount of time daily interacting with screens; 6.5 hours on average, although that figure is more like 8.5 hours when simultaneous sources, such as cell phones and computers, are taken into account.
• A disadvantage of this trend is that adolescents may impede their face-to-face social competence, interacting instead through social media. Other evidence, however, suggests that social media use may enhance certain social skills.
• Although online video games may seem isolating, interacting with other players can be socially beneficial, and even violent video games may foster the development of cognitive and perceptual skills.

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Topic: Time on Their Hands: Leisure in Adolescence

Difficulty Level: Difficult

Skill Level: Apply What You Know

APA Learning Objective: 1.3 Describe applications of psychology.

REVEL QUIZZES

The following questions appear at the end of each module and at the end of the chapter in Revel for Life Span Development, Fourth Edition.

Quiz: Schooling Throughout the Life Span

EOM Q14.1.1

The percentage of children enrolled in preschool programs in the United States __________ other countries.

a) is the same as

b) is much greater than

c) is slightly less than

d) lags behind

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q14.1.2

__________ preschools, developed in Italy, use a carefully designed set of materials to create an environment that fosters sensory, motor, and language development through play.

a) Family child-care

b) Montessori

c) School child-care

d) Reggio Emilia

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q14.1.3

In general, early-enrolling children who are younger than their classmates __________.

a) outperform their peers both academically and socially

b) manifest moderate emotional and psychological difficulties by grade 3

c) progress at the same rate as their older peers

d) are substantially behind their peers in reading ability by grade 3

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q14.1.4

Parents can best create an atmosphere that promotes successful entry into elementary school by __________.

a) teaching their children to read and write

b) introducing fundamental math skills and concepts to their children

c) encouraging their children’s problem-solving skills

d) giving their children practice in sitting still and listening

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q14.1.5

Which of the following statements about gender bias in higher education is true?

a) Men in college classrooms are called on more often than women.

b) Professors make more eye contact with women than with men.

c) Women receive more positive feedback for their comments than men.

d) Men are less likely than women to attend classes.

Learning Objective: LO 14.3 Describe the nature of the U.S. college population.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

Quiz: Leisure

EOM Q14.2.1

Compared to white suburban adolescents, poor, urban, African American adolescents spend more time on __________ activities.

a) leisure

b) extended family

c) work

d) organized sports

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q14.2.2

Research shows that adolescents who multitask, performing several tasks simultaneously, tend to __________.

a) complete all tasks more quickly than non-multitasking adolescents

b) perform tasks more effectively than non-multitasking adults

c) produce more errors than non-multitasking adolescents

d) perform more efficiently than adults who also multitask

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q14.2.3

The technological medium to which adolescents are exposed most often is __________.

a) the smart phone

b) the computer

c) the Internet

d) television

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q14.2.4

As people move from early adulthood into midlife, they typically begin to place a higher priority on __________.

a) social relationships

b) career pursuits

c) childrearing

d) amassing wealth

Learning Objective: LO 14.5 Explain how the use of time changes in early and middle adulthood.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOM Q14.2.5

People in middle adulthood typically report that, compared with earlier in life, the pace of their lives is __________.

a) far slower

b) about the same

c) a little slower

d) a little faster

Learning Objective: LO 14.5 Explain how the use of time changes in early and middle adulthood.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

Quiz: Living in a Multicultural World

EOM Q14.3.1

When two or more different groups of people come into sustained contact, they make changes and adjustments known as __________.

a) acculturation

b) assimilation

c) globalization

d) integration

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q14.3.2

Moving back and forth between the majority and minority cultures according to the particular situation that one is in is called __________.

a) bicultural identity

b) flexible acculturation

c) code switching

d) cultural adaptation

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOM Q14.3.3

Phinney's first stage of ethnic identity development that is characterized by a lack of exploration of one's own identity and acceptance of the beliefs of the dominant culture is known as __________.

a) achieved ethnic identity

b) ethnic identity search

c) unexamined ethnic identity

d) pluralistic identity

Learning Objective: LO 14.7 Examine the meaning and importance of an ethnic identity.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

EOM Q14.3.4

Which of the following is one effect of poverty?

a) poor medical care

b) increased employment opportunities

c) greater academic success

d) diminished talent and intelligence

Learning Objective: LO 14.8 Explain how socioeconomic status affects children and adolescents.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOM Q14.3.5

__________ is a set of beliefs and expectations about members of a group simply because they belong to that group.

a) Discrimination

b) A stereotype

c) Prejudice

d) A self-fulfilling prophecy

Learning Objective: LO 14.9 Define prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, and explain their origins and effects.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

Chapter Quiz: Schooling, Culture, and Society: Living in a Multicultural World

EOC Q14.1

Long-term participation in child care at an early age is particularly helpful for __________.

a) children from impoverished home environments

b) intellectually gifted children

c) children with serious behavior problems

d) children in two-parent families

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q14.2

Which of the following is a characteristic of high-quality child care?

a) a rich language environment involving a lots of interaction

b) a child–teacher ratio of 30:1 or better

c) a loosely planned, improvisational curriculum

d) a staff with high school degrees

Learning Objective: LO 14.1 Analyze the functions and types of preschool education in the United States.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q14.3

Children whose entry into first grade has been delayed so they can be older than most of their classmates __________.

a) usually are more athletic and more popular than their classmates

b) generally outperform their classmates academically and socially

c) have a tendency to become schoolyard bullies

d) may show emotional and behavioral problems in adolescence

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q14.4

Compared to their peers in traditional schooling, children who have been homeschooled generally __________.

a) have better social and interpersonal skills

b) perform lower on standardized tests

c) have comparable college acceptance rates

d) have higher college dropout rates

Learning Objective: LO 14.2 Explain how U.S. students generally progress from kindergarten through high school.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q14.5

Which of the following is one of the major reasons why adults are participating in higher education in greater numbers?

a) They are seeking to gain a better understanding of their children.

b) They are attending for leisure.

c) They are seeking the attention of their children.

d) They want to acquire skills to prepare for their future retirement.

Learning Objective: LO 14.3 Describe the nature of the U.S. college population.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q14.6

Compared to time spent on productive and maintenance activities, suburban, white, middle-class adolescents typically spend about __________ percent of their time on leisure activities.

a) 40

b) 50

c) 60

d) 70

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q14.7

The human brain handles multitasking by __________.

a) switching back and forth between tasks

b) dividing tasks into bits and processing the bits sequentially

c) assigning each task to a different processing channel

d) assigning less urgent tasks to a back channel for slower processing

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q14.8

Television that shows women with large breasts, small waists, and slender legs are represented as an ideal is likely to have negative consequences on which area?

a) body image

b) religious faith

c) weight control

d) school alertness

Learning Objective: LO 14.4 Describe how adolescents spend their leisure time.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Apply

EOC Q14.9

In general, people who have adequate resources to choose early retirement __________.

a) show a moderately fast decline in physical health

b) watch more television and experience more boredom than their peers

c) show a moderately fast decline in mental health

d) take up a variety of new activities that keep them busy

Learning Objective: LO 14.5 Explain how the use of time changes in early and middle adulthood.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q14.10

According to measures of the average pace of life, __________ has a quicker pace of life than the United States.

a) Brazil

b) Italy

c) Kenya

d) Mexico

Learning Objective: LO 14.5 Explain how the use of time changes in early and middle adulthood.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze

EOC Q14.11

When different cultures come together, one result may be that people identify with neither their own minority culture nor the majority culture. This is called __________.

a) assimilation

b) integration

c) marginalization

d) separation

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q14.12

Minority ethnicity group members who embrace the dominant culture often have a __________, in which they regard themselves simultaneously as part of the dominant culture and their own culture of origin.

a) bicultural identity

b) fluid ethnicity

c) split ethnicity

d) cultural appropriation

Learning Objective: LO 14.6 Analyze how cultural background affects individual self-definition.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q14.13

According to psychologist Jean Phinney, people who have developed a clear sense of their ethnicity and are proud of it are in the __________ stage of ethnic identity.

a) ethnic resolution

b) achieved ethnic identity

c) unexamined ethnic identity

d) ethnic identity search

Learning Objective: LO 14.7 Examine the meaning and importance of an ethnic identity.

Difficulty: Easy

Skill: Remember

EOC Q14.14

Compared with those in other developed countries, U.S. government-supported public assistance programs for families in poverty are __________.

a) more generous

b) growing more rapidly

c) less generous

d) at about the same level

Learning Objective: LO 14.8 Explain how socioeconomic status affects children and adolescents.

Difficulty: Moderate

Skill: Understand

EOC Q14.15

Noticing that two of her friends from elementary school are seated at the “cool girls” table in the front row of the cafeteria, Samantha tries to sit with them. She is coldly told that the table is full. The “cool girls” apparently regard themselves as __________.

a) a majority group

b) an outgroup

c) a social identity group

d) an ingroup

Learning Objective: LO 14.9 Define prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination, and explain their origins and effects.

Difficulty: Difficult

Skill: Analyze