Chapter 15: Gender Past, Present, and Future

Test Bank

Multiple Choice

1. Which of the following did Miles (1935) identify as a trend in the psychology of sex and gender research in its first 50 years?

A. intersectional views of sex and gender

B. marriage and sex norms across cultures

C. LGBTQ issues

D. gender and parenting

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past, Present, and Future

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. Which of the following trends in sex and gender research identified by Miles in 1935 is notably still central in the field today?

A. experiences of the LGBTQ community

B. psychoanalytic views of sex

C. development of sex-typed behaviors and attitudes

D. marriage and sex norms across cultures

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past, Present, and Future

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In the 19th century, sex and gender researchers’ preexisting beliefs about ______ guided and biased the research process.

A. the intellectual superiority of women

B. academic elitism

C. men’s intellectual superiority

D. Christianity

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. Which of the following describes an accomplishment of Helen Thompson-Woolley?

A. utilized science as a means to advance her political agenda

B. one of the first women to receive a doctorate in experimental psychology

C. discovered sex differences in the brains of men and women highlighting men’s superiority

D. advocate for LGBTQ rights

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. A white middle-class woman in North America in the 19th century would most likely be expected to do which of the following?

A. stay active and work during pregnancy

B. vote but do so in line with their husbands

C. pursue their educational and career goals

D. marry, have children, and remain in the domestic sphere

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Hard

6. Behavior enacted on behalf of a group with the goal of improving conditions for the entire group is referred to as ______.

A. collective action

B. communal traits

C. benevolent sexism

D. benevolent action

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Which of the following is an example of an ideology with the potential to undermine collective action when advocating for women’s rights by encouraging women to justify their lower status?

A. hostile sexism

B. benevolent sexism

C. intersectionality

D. liberalism

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. In 1920, the United States became the ______ country to grant women the right to vote.

A. 1st

B. 12th

C. 19th

D. last

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Which of the following statements captures 20th-century gender psychology as compared to 19th century?

A. Systematic research in the 20th century supported earlier conclusions about men’s intellectual superiority.

B. The 20th-century research did not support earlier conclusions about women’s intellectual inferiority.

C. The 20th-century research promoted gender bias and misconceptions.

D. The 20th-century research contained much less critical thinking and was less systematic research than the prior century.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Which of the following provides an example of a human rights issue that became a focus of gender research in the second half of the 20th century?

A. substance abuse

B. religious freedom

C. domestic violence

D. immigration reform

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Which of the following changes in the realm of sex and gender took place in the second half of the 20th century?

A. Women’s participation in the workforce steadily decreased.

B. Women began earning more money, on average, than men.

C. Men invested less time in housework and child-rearing.

D. The gender wage gap narrowed.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. In a 2019 article, what did Janet Hyde and other researchers encourage the field of psychology to do?

A. incorporate evolutionary theories more often

B. continue to examine sex differences between men and women

C. embrace intersectionality

D. move beyond the gender binary

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Present: Where Are We Now (in the 21st Century)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Which of the following is a central theme of the present state of sex and gender psychology?

A. the separation of nature and nurture

B. the importance of qualitative research methods

C. the roles of status, power, and intersectionality

D. scientific positivism

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Present: Where Are We Now (in the 21st Century)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. A scientist who believes that empirical investigation can lead to objective and value-free knowledge likely adopts which of the following positions?

A. positivism

B. postabsolutism

C. absolutism

D. postpositivism

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Gender Present: Where Are We Now (in the 21st Century)?

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. The gonadal hormones operate in various ways in human bodies, such as ______.

A. stop blood cell development

B. facilitate libido and mood

C. cause sex differences

D. damage bone and tissues

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: “Male” and “Female” Hormones

Difficulty Level: Medium

16. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding testosterone among people of different sexes?

A. On average, women have higher testosterone levels than men.

B. Sex differences in adult testosterone levels are larger than most people think.

C. Individual testosterone levels remain stable across contexts and situations.

D. There is a lot of within-sex variability in testosterone levels, for both women and men.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: “Male” and “Female” Hormones

Difficulty Level: Medium

17. What statement differentiates between previous common notions of gonadal hormones in gender research and Hyde et al.’s (2019) view on gonadal hormone research?

A. As opposed to previous common notions, Hyde et al. argue that researchers should view gonadal hormones as “male” and “female” hormones.

B. As opposed to previous common notions, Hyde et al. recommend that researchers should study testosterone only in men and progesterone only in women.

C. As opposed to previous common notions, Hyde et al. state that gonadal hormones have some sex-specific functions but overall do not function in a binary manner.

D. As opposed to previous common notions, Hyde et al.’s position is that gonadal hormones should be viewed in a binary, male–female manner.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: “Male” and “Female” Hormones

Difficulty Level: Hard

18. A researcher studying sex differences in math scores finds that on average, boys scored higher than girls in math. The researcher interprets this finding to mean that boys are better at math than girls. The researcher is exhibiting which of the following approaches?

A. maximalist

B. minimalist

C. positivist

D. postpositivist

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Effect Sizes of Psychological Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Hard

19. What approximate percentage of sex difference effect sizes are in the close-to-zero or small ranges?

A. 35%

B. 50%

C. 85%

D. nearly 100%

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Effect Sizes of Psychological Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. As an exception to the general rule that sex differences are often negligible, girls tend to score higher than boys (in the medium to large effect size range) for which of the following variables?

A. attachment to peers

B. physical aggression

C. mental rotation ability

D. pornography use

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Effect Sizes of Psychological Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Which of the following is an example of a critical thinking skill?

A. data entry

B. perspective-taking

C. public speaking

D. cooking

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Effect Sizes of Psychological Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. Which of the following represents an individual who does not identify with any gender?

A. cisgender

B. agender

C. nonbinary

D. transgender

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which of the following provides a definition for gender fluid?

A. Gender identity shifts over time.

B. The biological components of sex do not consistently fit the typical female or male patterns at birth.

C. a match between gender identity and sex assigned at birth

D. a mismatch between gender identity and sex assigned at birth

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. Which statement accurately differentiates between transgender and nonbinary/genderqueer?

A. Transgender individuals experience a mismatch between their gender identity and their assigned sex at birth, whereas nonbinary/genderqueer individuals’ gender identity shifts over time.

B. Transgender individuals’ identity is neither male nor female, whereas nonbinary/genderqueer individuals experience a mismatch between their gender identity and their assigned sex at birth.

C. Transgender individuals’ gender identity shifts over time, whereas for nonbinary/genderqueer individuals, their gender identity is neither male nor female.

D. Transgender individuals experience a mismatch between their gender identity and their assigned sex at birth, whereas for nonbinary/genderqueer individuals, their gender identity is neither male nor female.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Hard

25. Lex was born with biological components of sex that do not consistently fit the typical male or female patterns. Lex is raised as a girl and has a complicated identification to their assigned sex/gender. This is an example of which identity?

A. cisgender

B. agender

C. intersex

D. genderqueer

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Hard

26. What do Thailand, Native American societies, India, and Samoa have in common?

A. societies in which third sexes/genders are illegal

B. societies in which third sexes/genders are recognized

C. societies with no reported third sexes/genders

D. societies in which sex and gender binaries are strongly enforced

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. Which statement is TRUE regarding measuring sex and gender identity variables?

A. When participants select a third-gender option, write in their own self-descriptions or leave questions about sex and gender blank, they are typically included in analyses.

B. Currently, researchers almost always ask participants to report both their sex assigned at birth and their gender identity.

C. Nonbinary and agender people are thus largely present in Western psychological research.

D. Practices of ignoring data from transgender, nonbinary, agender, and intersex individuals are so standard in research that they go unacknowledged and unquestioned.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. Flores et al. (2016) found that approximately ______% of U.S. adults are transgender.

A. 0.6

B. 0.2

C. 6.0

D. 2.0

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Which of the following aligns with the findings of Joel and colleagues (2014) regarding gender identity?

A. Most cisgender people report consistently stable gender identity over time.

B. At least one third of cisgender people feel gender fluid and agender at times.

C. Over 90% of cisgender people feel gender fluid and agender at times.

D. Transgender individuals rarely feel gender fluid.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Medium

30. Approximately how much of the population variance in testosterone is due to nongenetic, sociocultural factors?

A. 0%–4%

B. 20%–24%

C. 40%–44%

D. 56%–60%

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theme 2: The Interconnectedness of Nature and Nurture

Difficulty Level: Easy

31. Research by Sari van Anders and her collaborators reveals that ______ leads to increases in testosterone in women.

A. breakup of a committed relationship

B. soothing a crying infant

C. being in a monogamous relationship

D. wielding power over a subordinate

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theme 2: The Interconnectedness of Nature and Nurture

Difficulty Level: Easy

32. ______ are biological mechanisms--which can be influenced by environmental conditions and life experiences--that determine whether or not certain genes get activated.

A. Epigenetic factors

B. Sociocultural factors

C. Heritability estimates

D. Biosocial factors

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theme 2: The Interconnectedness of Nature and Nurture

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. Which of the following best describes the biopsychosocial model?

A. views sexual orientations as patterns of experiences that are shaped by interactions between genes, hormones, social interactions, cultural norms, and other internal and external factors

B. proposes that biology and environment mutually influence each other in shaping sex differences and similarities in cognitive abilities

C. proposes that biological sex differences lead to a division of labor between the sexes, which in turn leads cultures to socialize girls and boys differently

D. proposes that women routinely face more objectification and sexualization than men do, which yields negative consequences ranging from appearance preoccupation to body dissatisfaction to depression

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theme 2: The Interconnectedness of Nature and Nurture

Difficulty Level: Easy

34. Evan identifies as heterosexual in high school. When he goes to college, he is exposed to new ideas and many LGBTQ+ people. This provides a safe context for him to explore his sexuality, and he later comes out as bisexual. Several years later, he is in a LGBTQ-supportive community with many transgender, nonbinary/third-gender individuals and begins to identify as pansexual. Evan’s sexual orientation aligns with which theoretical approach?

A. dynamical systems approach

B. categorical sexual orientation theory

C. biopsychosocial model

D. neurohormonal theory

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theme 2: The Interconnectedness of Nature and Nurture

Difficulty Level: Hard

35. Whereas ______ refers to qualities that garner respect and prestige from others, ______ is the capacity to determine outcomes for oneself and for others.

A. power; assertiveness

B. agency; power

C. status; power

D. assertiveness; agency

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Across and within cultures, there is a lot of variance in how much ______ power women have.

A. structural

B. matrilineal

C. societal

D. dyadic

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

37. ______ refers to the idea that people’s experiences are shaped by multiple, interconnected identities as well as by the power and privilege associated with these identities.

A. Dynamical systems

B. Intersectionality

C. Biopsychosocial approach

D. Maximalism

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. According to ______, it is not useful to examine single identities in isolation.

A. epigenetics

B. evolutionary theory

C. the biopsychosocial model

D. intersectionality theory

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. The finding that racial and ethnic minority LGBTQ individuals face a heightened risk for psychological distress relative to their White LGBTQ peers is consistent with which of the following?

A. objectification theory

B. double jeopardy hypothesis

C. biobehavioral approach

D. scarcity hypothesis

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Hard

40. Hyde et al. (2019) note that the tendency to view the world as operating within sex and gender binaries draws attention away from ______.

A. intersectionality

B. important sex differences

C. gender stereotypes

D. the multiple different identities that shape people’s experiences

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

41. Anderson and colleagues (2018) found that which of the following groups of people is more likely to experience sexual objectification by white viewers?

A. white women

B. white men

C. Black women

D. Black men

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Easy

42. Which of the following refers to the gender paradox in happiness regarding primarily white men and women in the United States?

A. Women as a group tend to be happier than men.

B. Women’s happiness has gradually declined since the 1970s, whereas men’s happiness has remained relatively stable.

C. Women’s happiness tends to decline after childbirth, whereas men’s happiness remains relatively stable.

D. Women as a group tend to report lower levels of happiness as they age compared to men’s reported happiness as they age.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

43. A recent methodological advancement that may help unlock the mysteries of gender in the future is ______.

A. phone interviews

B. online surveys

C. big data methodologies

D. focus groups

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Methodological Advances

Difficulty Level: Medium

44. What did data scientists and author Seth Stephens-Davidowitz (2017) utilize to discover that women and men both seem to overreport how much sex they are having?

A. sales of condoms

B. self-report surveys

C. Google searches

D. daily tracking logs

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Methodological Advances

Difficulty Level: Easy

45. Which of the following did the textbook authors propose as an important gender research question for the future?

A. What are the major differences between the sexes?

B. How might qualitative research methods change our understandings of sex and gender?

C. What biological factors influence men and women?

D. What are the origins of gender identity and sexual orientation?

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Unanswered Questions

Difficulty Level: Easy

46. The doing gender perspective views gender as ______.

A. a stable identity construct

B. a behavioral process in which gender is practiced and negotiated

C. a noun or who someone is

D. a strong internal sense of belonging to a certain gender group

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Unanswered Questions

Difficulty Level: Easy

47. The authors state that the future of sex and gender research requires which methodological approach?

A. qualitative

B. mixed methods

C. quantitative

D. single method

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Unanswered Questions

Difficulty Level: Easy

48. The authors propose that the future of gender research should shift focus away from predominantly studying sex differences to ______.

A. studying how gender operates in context and in interaction with other factors

B. examining the motivation behind sex-types behaviors

C. examining how sex-typed behaviors develop across the life span

D. creating new theories to explain sex and gender development

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Unanswered Questions

Difficulty Level: Easy

49. According to Rainie and Anderson (2017), U.S. employers are looking for central features of which job skill?

A. rule following

B. assertiveness

C. critical thinking

D. leadership

Learning Objective: 15.4: Demonstrate the habit of critical thinking about gender and carry this practice forward in their daily lives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Revisiting Our Challenge to You: Critical Thinking

Difficulty Level: Easy

50. The more individuals think about and connect new material to content already stored in their long-term memory, ______.

A. the more likely they are to forget it

B. the more passionate they become about it

C. the more likely they are to criticize it

D. the better they learn and remember it

Learning Objective: 15.4: Demonstrate the habit of critical thinking about gender and carry this practice forward in their daily lives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Revisiting Our Challenge to You: Critical Thinking

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. By the mid-19th century, women were able to pursue higher levels of education without discrimination.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

2. In contrast to the 19th century, research in the 20th century more frequently promoted gender bias and misconceptions.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. In the 20th century, while social/contextual explanations for sex differences dominated gender research, evolutionary theorizing for sex differences also grew.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Over time, gender researchers gradually shifted from relying on complex theories about sex and gender to using methods that reinforced gender stereotypes.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Most gender researchers today work with a positivist frame.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Gender Present: Where Are We Now (in the 21st Century)?

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. People of all sexes and genders have testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “Male” and “Female” Hormones

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Outside of menstruation and pregnancy, women and men do not differ in their average levels of progesterone and estradiol.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: “Male” and “Female” Hormones

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Systematic research indicates that women and men are quite similar, with large overlap in their score distributions on most psychological variables.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Effect Sizes of Psychological Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. Researchers interested in improving young people’s critical thinking skills will likely benefit from ignoring the sex and gender binaries.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Effect Sizes of Psychological Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. The existence of transgender, agender, and intersex people is a relatively new phenomenon in the 21st century.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Surveys likely overestimate the true numbers of people with nonbinary/third-gender identities.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Most societies around the world have a patriarchal social structure.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. Women of all races have shown gradual decreases in happiness since the 1970s.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Medium

14. Research shows that women and men both seem to overreport how much sex they are having.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Methodological Advances

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. Researchers today have a strong understanding of why people identify as cisgender, transgender, or genderqueer, straight, gay, bisexual, pansexual, or asexual.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Unanswered Questions

Difficulty Level: Medium

Short Answer

1. Describe the criticisms of 1970s mainstream gender psychology.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Identify how past developments in gender psychology have shaped the present field.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Gender Past: Where Were We (in the 19th and 20th Centuries)?

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explain the distinction between maximalist and minimalist approaches to sex difference research.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Effect Sizes of Psychological Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. The authors state that “the worker of the future will need to go beyond the binary to achieve success.” Describe what the authors mean by this statement and the rationale behind it.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Effect Sizes of Psychological Sex Differences

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Define and describe the differences between transgender, cisgender, nonbinary/genderqueer, gender fluid, agender, and intersex individuals.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Transgender, Agender, and Intersex People

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. What is the difference between a matriarchal and a matrilineal society?

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Explain the doing gender perspective as compared to the idea of being gendered.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Unanswered Questions

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Summarize what the authors stated the future of sex and gender research should look like in their reflections.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Identify gaps in our current understandings of gender and important questions that face the field of gender psychology as we move forward.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Unanswered Questions

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. Describe how Sari van Anders’s (2013) interpretation of testosterone undermines sex and gender binaries. Start by describing common understandings of testosterone and the limitations of these beliefs. Highlight research findings that inform van Anders’s interpretation in your response. How does this interpretation reflect the interconnectedness of nature and nurture?

Learning Objective: 15.2: Evaluate central themes in the present field of gender psychology, particularly in terms of critiquing the sex and gender binaries.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Theme 2: The Interconnectedness of Nature and Nurture

Difficulty Level: Hard

2. Describe how an intersectional approach can lead to more meaningful discoveries regarding the underlying causes of gender-related outcomes. In your answer, highlight the gender paradox in happiness and how Cummings (2020) intersectional perspective offers a different explanation for this “gender phenomenon.”

Learning Objective: 15.4: Demonstrate the habit of critical thinking about gender and carry this practice forward in their daily lives.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Theme 3: Status, Power, and Intersectionality

Difficulty Level: Hard

3. At the end of the textbook, the authors challenge you to identify important questions that the field has yet to tackle. The authors provide some of their own questions to help guide your thinking. Your task is to either select one of those questions or generate your own question that you think the future field of sex and gender research should prioritize over the next 20 years. Provide a rationale including at least three reasons for why you think this question is important for the field using content you have learned throughout this book.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Demonstrate the habit of critical thinking about gender and carry this practice forward in their daily lives.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Unanswered Questions

Difficulty Level: Hard