Full Test Bank Chapter 3 Nomads and Early Societies Pollard

a.

A series of earthquakes led to the destruction of walled cities such as Troy and Jericho.

b.

Excessive monsoon rains flooded many of the fields needed to produce food, which led to the downfall of ruling elites.

c.

Prolonged drought led to famine, which caused the downfall of ruling elites.

d.

Cooling temperatures led to the destruction of crops needed to support urban populations.

a.

Nomads were unable to provide trade links between urban centers because of prolonged rains and flooding.

b.

Nomads descended on river-valley population centers in large numbers to find food and water for their drought-stricken herds.

c.

Nomads withdrew from population centers in search of better grazing, leaving cities without supplies of meat.

d.

Impoverished nomads, who had lost their herds to drought, developed new types of boats and turned to piracy.

a.

Nomads introduced military technologies such as faster horse-drawn chariots.

b.

Nomads introduced new ways to recruit and train bureaucracies.

c.

Nomads introduced writing, which was essential to record keeping in larger, territorial states.

d.

Nomads introduced new siege technologies for attacking walled cities.

a.

The need to explain similarities between languages such as Sanskrit and Greek

b.

A desire to describe societies in inner Europe

c.

The explanation for the chariot’s European origin

d.

Having to map the migration of transhumant herders from Europe to Southwest Asia

a.

The creation of written taxation lists

b.

People identified themselves by ethnic group

c.

Clearly defined borders

d.

The abandonment of centralized power

a.

Large territorial states were in constant conflict with one another.

b.

Monarchs of territorial states ruled distant hinterlands through widespread bureaucracies and elaborate legal codes.

c.

Once the state was established, monarchs ceased ambition for further expansion.

d.

States were linguistically and ethnically homogeneous.

a.

angered the priestly class and caused a civil war that destroyed the Twelfth Dynasty.

b.

raised the standing of the merchant class, who had adopted Amun as their patron.

c.

was criticized after several poor rainy seasons led to drought conditions.

d.

contributed to greater unification of the kingdom and power for the pharaoh.

a.

Merchants were responsible for bringing wood from the Nile Delta to the building projects around Luxor.

b.

Merchants kept their own chariot forces to protect their caravans.

c.

Merchants took on burial privileges and constructed tombs of a type previously reserved for the royal family.

d.

Merchants became important in the priesthood of Osiris.

a.

Rulers learned to use bronze as part of their regalia.

b.

Rulers began to build elaborate pyramids to prepare for the afterlife.

c.

Rulers used new writing systems created by the Hyksos.

d.

Rulers could no longer rely upon deserts as barriers and had to maintain armies to watch their borders.

a.

Thutmosis III

b.

Hatshepsut

c.

Djoser

d.

Pepy II

a.

New agricultural products such as hemp, rice, and barley

b.

Bronze-working techniques, the vertical loom, and an improved potter’s wheel

c.

Bow and arrow, donkey-pulled chariots, and use of slings

d.

New deities such as Amun, Aton, and Isis

a.

Loss of control of the priestly class over trade

b.

Invasions of nomads from the Iranian plateau

c.

Intensive cultivation for a millennium combined with drought

d.

Earthquakes destroying city walls

a.

Transhumant herders repeatedly attacked the Sumerian cities.

b.

Transhumant herders paid taxes to and labored on public works projects for the Sumerian cities.

c.

Transhumant herders sought to maintain economic independence from the cities.

d.

Transhumant herders prevented order from being restored after the collapse of the Third Dynasty of Ur.

a.

Priests of Marduk

b.

A council elected by influential members of the community

c.

Tribal and clan leaders

d.

Merchants and nobles

a.

The role of the king as the kind but firm father figure

b.

A clear relationship between crimes and the severity of punishments

c.

Equal punishments for all social classes

d.

The role of the priestly class to represent divine order

a.

To force their language and culture on the conquered peoples

b.

To create work for unemployed soldiers and renew prosperity

c.

To prove they understood the region’s core values

d.

To show the superiority of Amorite kings over effete Sumerians

a.

New rulers designated private entrepreneurs to collect taxes and allowed them to keep a portion of tax revenues for their profits.

b.

New rulers forced individuals to donate large amounts of labor to support the maintenance of the city’s defensive walls.

c.

New rulers allowed farmers to purchase land from the state in order to obtain economic independence.

d.

New rulers allowed their generals to control all long-distance trade.

a.

Gilgamesh was descended from pastoralists such as the Amorites.

b.

Transcribing traditional tales helped the new kings learn cuneiform script.

c.

Heroic tales about legendary founders helped legitimize the new rulers.

d.

Transcribing traditional tales was a way to teach Amorite scribes.

a.

A cache of 350 letters found near Amarna in Egypt

b.

Inscriptions in Babylonian tombs

c.

Hittite epic poetry

d.

Reports from merchants who traded between states

a.

Hittites

b.

Hyksos

c.

Shang

d.

Harappans

a.

Thera

b.

Amarna

c.

Hattusis

d.

Qadesh

a.

It marked the first time two territorial states engaged in peaceful trade.

b.

It is the first document written in cuneiform.

c.

It is the oldest surviving peace treaty.

d.

It contains the oldest record of Hammurapi’s Code.

a.

The Vedic people brought large flocks of cattle with them, which consumed the crops of the Indus Valley people.

b.

The Vedic people used their simpler written language to send messages during battles.

c.

The Vedic people were horse charioteers and masters of copper and bronze metallurgy.

d.

The Vedic people had mastered iron metallurgy and the use of the phalanx.

a.

Aryans destroyed the culture of Indus societies.

b.

Aryans did not immediately establish a large territorial state.

c.

Aryans abandoned their religion and adopted that of the Indus people.

d.

Aryans did not use horses or wheeled carts.

a.

Vedic people adopted the local religious culture of the people of South Asia and the South Asians adopted iron working from the newcomers.

b.

Vedic people adopted the agricultural skills of the people of South Asia and the South Asians adopted the newcomers’ language.

c.

Indus Valley people found horse breeding to be a major source of wealth and Vedic people adopted the social structure of the Indus people.

d.

Indus Valley people added beef to their diets and Vedic people relinquished their elaborate religious rituals.

a.

The lack of state religions in South Asia undermined efforts to create religious justifications for kingly rule.

b.

The lack of horse-powered chariots in South Asia diminished the ability of ruling classes to expand their territorial control.

c.

South Asia had fewer territorial states and thus fewer rivalries that prompted ruling classes to integrate their dominions.

d.

South Asian populations became so large that they could not be easily conquered.

a.

They created strong regional networks through tribal clan relations and trade.

b.

They poisoned the leaders of all opposing groups.

c.

They created a new state religion.

d.

They prevented their rivals from getting access to tin and copper to forge bronze weapons.

a.

The Shang used chariots primarily as symbols of wealth instead of for warfare.

b.

The Shang used iron fittings for their chariots.

c.

The Shang developed horseshoes, so that horses suffered fewer leg and foot injuries.

d.

The Shang made chariots lighter and more maneuverable.

a.

horses and cattle.

b.

precious metals and gems.

c.

foodstuffs, soldiers, and workers.

d.

silk and bronze.

a.

Building cisterns and aqueducts

b.

Draining low-lying fields and clearing forested lands

c.

Growing wheat and rice in the northern portion of the kingdom

d.

Forging iron and bronze agricultural implements

a.

Hereditary rulers who derived power from their relationship to the gods

b.

A copper metal industry

c.

Divination using pottery shards

d.

Walled towns built on a grid

a.

Elite Shang women did not receive as elaborate a burial as did elite Shang men.

b.

The inclusion of bronze weapons implies that she was a military leader in her own right.

c.

No human or animal sacrifices were used in women’s burials.

d.

The lack of oracle bones implies that women were illiterate.

a.

Southeast Asia

b.

The Japanese islands

c.

Coastal South China

d.

The Philippines

a.

Pottery, written scripts, and rice cultivation

b.

Ritual human sacrifice, rice cultivation, and stone tools

c.

Written scripts, ritual human sacrifice, and domesticated pigs

d.

Pottery, stone tools, and domesticated pigs

a.

Both failed to develop craft specialization.

b.

Both were fragmented and decentralized.

c.

Both integrated chains of islands into mainland culture.

d.

Both were conquered by the territorial states.

a.

Cyprus became a focal point of trade between Egypt, Crete, and the Euphrates River.

b.

Cyprus was able to conquer Crete and Sicily.

c.

A large number of independent palace centers emerged in Cyprus.

d.

Minoan Crete colonized the islands of the Aegean Sea.

a.

A number of islands flourished within a seaborne trading network focused on the exchange of tin and copper.

b.

There was little trade, as all valued commodities were close at hand.

c.

Polities struggled to recover lost grandeur after the droughts of the second millennium BCE.

d.

Political centralization was quickly established due to the large common plain that dominated the landscape.

a.

The epic of Gilgamesh

b.

The exchanges described in the Amarna letters

c.

Hatshepsut’s instructions to Nubian traders

d.

Trade records from the Indus Valley

a.

Large palaces

b.

Large temple complexes

c.

Worship focused on a female deity

d.

Dominant priestly class

a.

Greek society focused on trade instead of military conquest.

b.

The advent of iron weapons led to the glory days of phalanx infantry warfare.

c.

Movement of the Mycenaeans into the region was sudden.

d.

Mycenaean Greek society was politically fragmented but had a common culture and ideals.