Ch5 Worlds Turned Inside Out 1000 350 Bce Verified Test Bank

a.

Millenarian movements

b.

Incessant warfare

c.

Invasions from the sea

d.

Population loss in urban centers

a.

Teaching rulers how to govern justly and individuals to live ethically

b.

Teaching priests proper beliefs and individuals to treat each other with kindness

c.

Training military leaders to use the forces of nature against opposing armies

d.

Training government bureaucrats to effectively run states

a.

Cheaper and more abundant weapons, products from new iron smelting techniques

b.

New discoveries in hydrology increased the power of rural agriculture.

c.

New sextants, which allowed local rulers to create accurate calendars without the royal astronomers

d.

New interpretations of oracle bones discouraged local gentlemen from supporting the central state.

a.

Unfettered individual freedom

b.

Clear laws and punishments to maintain order

c.

Carefully studying the natural world

d.

Ethical behavior based on family and filial duty

a.

Confucius believed that government work corrupted scholars, preventing them from establishing themselves as moral spokespersons who were removed from political activity.

b.

Confucius believed that strong, coercive laws and punishments were needed to maintain moral order in society.

c.

Confucius set forth a new moral framework stressing correct performance of ritual, responsibility, loyalty to the family, and perfection of moral character.

d.

Confucius only accepted individuals of noble background as his students, as he believed that peasants were too crude for moral contemplation.

a.

Daoism criticized Confucianism for teaching an unnatural social equality.

b.

Both taught that the best way to live was to follow the natural order of things.

c.

Both required acts of charity to effect positive change in the world.

d.

Confucian scholars believed that gentlemen should enter government, but Daoists sought refuge from political life.

a.

Rulers should “do nothing” to interfere with the natural process of change.

b.

Government posts should not be awarded by rank but should be awarded to those who were best qualified.

c.

A state should be modeled on a patriarchal family: the ruler respecting heaven while protecting his subjects.

d.

Authoritarian rulers should provide strict laws and moral education.

a.

Rulers valued spontaneity instead of structure and order.

b.

Rulers rejected advice from and persecuted provincial rulers.

c.

Rulers believed they were free of society’s ethical rules.

d.

Rulers forged an alliance with scholarly elites.

a.

The Qin became the dominant state in China.

b.

“Superior men” were excluded from government.

c.

The power of the military was weakened by excessive punishment for failure.

d.

The Wu became the dominant state in China.

a.

Territorial states could produce armies of up to one thousand men.

b.

Nobles fighting from chariots were replaced by massed infantries of peasants bearing iron-tipped lances.

c.

Armies were led by family members of the king in order to ensure the loyalty of the military.

d.

Siege warfare was less successful because of innovations in defensive fortification.

a.

Peasants bound to the land as serfs

b.

Reforestation to provide fuel for farmers

c.

Decrease in warfare permitted farmers to work in peace

d.

Crop rotation and oxen-pulled iron plows

a.

Population growth, soil erosion, and deforestation

b.

Increased invasions from the steppes

c.

Flight from imposed labor that was required to build canals and dikes

d.

Suppression of Daoism in the north

a.

Class relations became more fluid as commoners were able to gain more economic power.

b.

The status of priests declined as both commoners and elites rejected divination in favor of rational analysis of the present.

c.

The status of peasants fell since they were denied admission into the army.

d.

Gender relations became more flexible as the economic contribution of women increased due to their work in the fields.

a.

Vedic migrants forced local inhabitants into lower castes

b.

Booming agriculture allowed for greater variety of occupations

c.

Increased social mobility

d.

Increased intermarriage between groups

a.

Civic authorities gave specific attention to issues of sanitation.

b.

City planning was carefully organized.

c.

Cities served primarily as administrative centers.

d.

Cities were occupied exclusively by wealthy elites and the priests who served them.

a.

Population declined because of warfare and invasion.

b.

Accounting and financial record keeping had not yet emerged, which limited the growth of financial transactions.

c.

City dwellers, compared to rural peasants, had less material wealth.

d.

Coins came into use around this time, which improved commerce in urban areas.

a.

Vaishyas gained more wealth and social importance because they could now record transactions and thus improve profitability.

b.

The Brahmans’ control over religious ideas was undercut because previously only the Brahmans had memorized the vast amount of Vedic religious literature.

c.

Untouchables took over the role of scribe and began to mingle with other varnas.

d.

Kshatriyas gained prestige because they could now popularize the tales of ancient heroes who had led the migration into India.

a.

Both Mahavira and the Buddha accepted the elaborate cosmology of Brahman scholars.

b.

Both Mahavira and the Buddha objected to the ritual sacrifices of animals by the Brahmans.

c.

Both Mahavira and the Buddha relied upon the oral transmission of their teachings, whereas the Brahmans relied upon writing down their teachings.

d.

Both Mahavira and the Buddha rejected the idea of ritual sacrifice but upheld the caste system.

a.

Both believed that by strict adherence to caste rules one might be reborn into a higher caste.

b.

Both believed that prayer rituals to the gods must be strictly observed so that the gods would intercede to aid the believer.

c.

Both were Kshatriyas who spent part of their lives practicing asceticism.

d.

Both believed that asceticism is the path to permanent bliss.

a.

Rituals to placate Brahmanic deities

b.

Encyclopedic knowledge of the Vedas

c.

Embracing desire instead of asceticism

d.

Seeking a middle path between self-indulgence and self-denial

a.

The small family unit was the most important social unit.

b.

The social equality of the household was seen as a model for social equality in public life.

c.

Adult women were recognized as the public voice of their family’s concerns.

d.

Slaves were allowed to participate in political debate.

a.

Elected monarchies

b.

Self-governing city-states

c.

Theocracies

d.

Merchant oligarchies

a.

Warfare was an uncommon feature of relations between the city-states.

b.

Warfare fueled new developments in military technology and tactics.

c.

Warfare led to consolidation of city-states into territorial empires.

d.

Warfare among the city-states made it more difficult to colonize new territories.

a.

Temple to the city’s god

b.

Palace of the king

c.

Administrative offices of the city officials

d.

Marketplace

a.

These colonies created a city-state culture founded on a market-based economy and private property.

b.

These colonies had little influence on populations in the hinterlands.

c.

These colonies tended to develop individual cultures as influenced by the local populations.

d.

These colonies led to the establishment of an ever-widening imperial state.

a.

Rapid population increase

b.

A new aristocratic culture featuring public displays of wealth

c.

The establishment of large bureaucracies

d.

The use of paper money to facilitate commercial exchanges

a.

The Greeks only enslaved non-Greeks, but the Zhou enslaved their own people.

b.

Greek slaves comprised a very small portion of the population of most city-states, while under the Zhou nearly half of the population was enslaved.

c.

The Greeks created chattel slavery, while the Zhou used labor as a form of tribute.

d.

The Greeks sold off women to pay debts such as taxes, but the Zhou never allowed women to be sold as slaves.

a.

Representing naturalistic views of nude human figures

b.

Creating elaborate mosaics of mythical creatures

c.

Rejecting decorative arts in favor of intellectual pursuits

d.

Creating idealized art to reflect the theoretical realms created by philosophers

a.

They were based in northern Africa, where they were influenced by Egyptian thought.

b.

They drew heavily on the older, traditional values they encountered through trade with more established states and empires.

c.

They were independent thinkers, all of whom rejected the existence of the gods.

d.

They looked to nature itself rather than focusing on the role of gods to explain the universe.

a.

All believed that true freedom of mind only came after ascetic renunciation of the flesh.

b.

All described a vision of a perfect city ruled by philosopher-kings.

c.

All stressed the importance of honor and integrity over wealth and power.

d.

All believed that ideas were perfect models of abstract concepts that were imperfectly copied in the real world.

a.

Socrates and Plato were more influenced by Egyptian science, while Aristotle followed Mesopotamian scientific thought.

b.

Aristotle believed that to understand the world, one must collect as much evidence as possible and then deduce patterns from that data.

c.

Aristotle tried to create an ideal state for humans to imitate, while Socrates sought to understand natural law.

d.

Socrates and Plato were more deeply interested in experimentation and mathematics, while Aristotle studied theoretical physics.

a.

The tenets of Axial Age philosophers probably did not apply to women, nonelites, or those living in rural areas.

b.

The ideas of the Buddha and Socrates all derive from those of Confucius.

c.

The development of these philosophies in different parts of Eurasia demonstrates how isolated these civilizations were.

d.

Axial Age philosophers in Asia were reacting to political chaos and warfare, while those in the Mediterranean were reacting to environmental and cultural upheaval.

a.

They developed hardy wheat crops that flourished in the colder elevations.

b.

They lacked the technology to produce metal goods, so they specialized in wood carving.

c.

They relied on llamas to transport political officials across the empire.

d.

They organized their societies vertically along steep mountainsides to take advantage of the different crops that could be grown in different zones.

a.

They shared an artistic tradition manifested in devotional cults focused on powerful animal deities.

b.

They established a spiritual center in caves on the coast of Peru that echoed with “divine voices.”

c.

They relied strictly on local influences to maintain the purity of their religious beliefs and symbols.

d.

They created a common spiritual landscape in an imaginary city that their priests could enter after ingesting hallucinogenic substances.

a.

Cities served as political centers from which kings established their authority.

b.

Cities evidenced little planning or organization in their construction.

c.

Cities were large, often encompassing more people than their Afro-Eurasian counterparts.

d.

Cities had a ceremonial life that revolved around agricultural and rainfall cycles.

a.

Olmec priests studied weather patterns in order to develop an accurate calendar system for planting crops.

b.

The Olmecs were more simple and egalitarian than other agrarian cultures.

c.

The Olmecs developed an elaborate social system characterized by many tiers of rankings.

d.

Olmec chieftains were organized for warfare, not for overseeing the economy and agriculture.

a.

The Olmecs were defeated in a series of wars with the Maya.

b.

In many areas, religious centers were abandoned, but not destroyed.

c.

As the Olmec hierarchies collapsed, the hinterland became depopulated and unproductive.

d.

The Olmecs fell because of a peasant uprising against the priests and chieftains.

a.

Sub-Saharan Africa was isolated from trade with the Nile Valley and North Africa.

b.

Sub-Saharan African agriculture was based on barley, not wheat or rice.

c.

Sub-Saharan Africans valued labor more than land because of the lack of plow agriculture.

d.

Sub-Saharan African land was held by chieftains who parceled it out to tenants to grow crops.

a.

Sudanic peoples borrowed their institutions from equatorial Africa.

b.

Sudanic peoples were skilled weavers of linen, a crop they had domesticated.

c.

Sudanic peoples’ religious beliefs were dominated by a high god served by sacred kings.

d.

Sudanic peoples had no large domesticated animals such as horses or cattle.

a.

The Nok

b.

Assyria

c.

The Persians

d.

Egypt

a.

The Nok were isolated and therefore developed a distinct artistic style.

b.

The Nok were the only culture to develop agriculture in this region.

c.

The Nok produced terra-cotta figurines believed to have the power to bless the soil.

d.

The Nok developed a sophisticated written script that preserved religious texts.

a.

Socrates

b.

Confucius

c.

Master Zeng

d.

Zoroaster