Ch4 Test Bank Answers Empires and Cultures Afro Eurasia

a.

Slavery

b.

Military innovation

c.

Literacy

d.

Increased trade

a.

Desperate farmers in the Indus River valley migrated westward, settling in Mesopotamia.

b.

Decreased Nile flooding forced pharaohs to secure food supplies and repel invaders such as the Sea Peoples.

c.

The Mycenaean Greeks used the warmer weather to increase exports of wine and olives.

d.

The Hittites prospered because they controlled the rich agricultural region along the Tigris River.

a.

They conquered existing states and different ethnic groups to become the world’s first empires.

b.

They had short lives, as they lacked local, popular support.

c.

They developed ideologies based on the inclusion of all classes and ethnic groups.

d.

They were primarily focused on agrarian production and trade with their hinterlands.

a.

Bronze technology

b.

Innovations in ship building

c.

Shared religious beliefs

d.

New ways to smelt steel

a.

Administrative centers were unable to organize workers either for defense or canal repair.

b.

New monotheistic religions cast doubt on traditional priesthoods, weakening support for urban centers.

c.

Invaders from peripheral societies that were affected by climate change attacked urban centers.

d.

Increased monsoon activity led to floods and crop failure.

a.

Camels were considered a delicacy, and trade in their meat caused an increase in interregional trade.

b.

Camels became farm animals in regions that were too poor to support cattle, permitting the expansion of agriculture.

c.

Camels became a center of cult worship among nomads, leading them to attack settled regions to spread their new religion.

d.

Camels facilitated caravan travel across deserts in Afro-Eurasia, encouraging long-distance trade between regions.

a.

People who lived in Assyria proper were heavily taxed and regulated in order to prevent rebellion.

b.

People who lived in Assyria proper were forbidden from serving in political offices in order to prevent rival factions from emerging.

c.

The conquered people who lived outside of Assyria were ruled directly by officials appointed by the king.

d.

The conquered people who lived outside Assyria provided tribute that went to the king to support the court and the military.

a.

Forced labor and relocation of large numbers of conquered peoples

b.

Internal trade to supply military resources

c.

Required work from all families on monumental architecture

d.

Soldiers of different ethnic groups mingled together

a.

The Neo-Assyrians believed that their regime had a divine destiny to expand the empire.

b.

The goal of the empire was to create cosmic chaos so that the Assyrian gods could defeat the gods of other peoples.

c.

The king ruled by the mandate of heaven.

d.

Assyrian religion supported a king who was a shepherd to his people.

a.

Assyrian peasants were enslaved to large landowners.

b.

Assyrians who were enslaved for not paying their debts were still permitted to marry free partners and engage in financial transactions.

c.

Foreigners enslaved through war were granted rights of marriage and the ability to work for wages.

d.

Foreigners forcibly relocated were enslaved in their new localities.

a.

Women who served as support troops in the military were granted special privileges.

b.

Veiled women were less restricted than in earlier Mesopotamian cultures and enjoyed special privileges protected by law.

c.

Queens wielded considerable power behind the throne due to the independence granted to them.

d.

Women had almost no control over their lives.

a.

Cyrus the Great relocated the Jews from Jerusalem to Babylon.

b.

Cyrus the Great instituted a bureaucratic system based on central control in order to unify his realm.

c.

Cyrus the Great claimed to liberate conquered peoples from the oppression of their own kings.

d.

Cyrus the Great forced Persian traditions and customs on subject peoples.

a.

Persian administrators taught Old Persian to the local populations in order to create a common language for governmental affairs.

b.

Local provinces were allowed to keep their own currency and standards of weights and measures in order to promote trade.

c.

All subject peoples’ beliefs and customs were respected and they were required only to give loyalty and pay tribute to the king.

d.

All subject peoples were required to convert to Zoroastrianism, in order to create a common religion throughout the kingdom.

a.

The satraps were required to leave close family members as hostages in Persepolis to ensure their good behavior.

b.

The satraps were closely monitored by military officers, tax collectors, and the “eyes of the king.”

c.

The satraps were only appointed from the most highly respected men of their provinces.

d.

The satraps could be enslaved if they failed to account for all taxes collected.

a.

Road building and standardized currency

b.

New shipbuilding techniques and more ports on the Red Sea

c.

Local tax collection and tariffs

d.

Elevating merchants to key administrative posts in the empire

a.

Many different gods fought with one another for human followers.

b.

One god, Ahura Mazda, was worshipped by Persians; another, Ahriman, was worshipped by the conquered peoples.

c.

Humans’ choices between good and evil determined their reward or punishment in the afterlife.

d.

Corpses had to be buried in bare earth so that they would decompose quickly and be reunited with the mother goddess, the consort of Ahura Mazda.

a.

Kings ruled under the mandate of heaven.

b.

Both peoples’ ideologies reflected their pastoral roots, with similar traditions of warrior and priestly classes.

c.

Both peoples’ ideologies reflected their need to conquer large territories to spread their cultures.

d.

Kings were largely figureheads who ruled as puppets for the priestly class.

a.

They were migrants from southeastern Africa who adopted boats as a primary means of transportation.

b.

They disrupted the society of the Minoans, leading to the rise of the Mycenaeans.

c.

They settled in northern Africa, from where they dominated the western Mediterranean Sea.

d.

After conquering Egypt and northern Africa, they became known as the Carthaginians.

a.

The empire as a homogenized state of people who had adopted Persian culture

b.

The empire as heir to pastoral nomadic culture

c.

The empire as a society of diverse and obedient peoples

d.

The empire’s use of terror to control local peoples

a.

A canal linking the Red Sea to the Nile River

b.

Satraps directly oversaw grain production.

c.

Qanats increased the water supply for irrigation.

d.

Harnesses for water buffalo allowed new plowing techniques.

a.

Initially the Greeks gained mastery over Anatolia, providing them a base for attacks into the Persian heartland.

b.

The balance of power shifted and the Greeks gradually regained land in southeastern Europe and western Anatolia.

c.

Persians lost faith in Zoroastrianism and began to follow the more powerful Greek gods.

d.

Outlying Persian cities allied with the Greeks in rebellion against the empire.

a.

Lateen sails, which improved long-distance trade

b.

Monotheism, which led to the beliefs of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

c.

The alphabet, which permitted more widespread literacy

d.

The sextant, which led to the creation of astronomy

a.

Their location on the Red Sea allowed them to control trade between Egypt and Persia.

b.

They were able to develop seaworthy crafts from the massive cedar trees in their region.

c.

They sought to establish a maritime empire throughout the Indian Ocean.

d.

They did not produce manufactured goods themselves, but only acted as traders.

a.

was universally encouraged by the priestly elite, who hoped to expand their power by developing a single ethnic community worshipping a single deity.

b.

was rejected by the prophets, who broke off to form splinter groups.

c.

unified a people who had long rejected all outside cultural influences.

d.

came after a period of henotheism, in which one god has power and ascendancy over other spirits and deities that still exist.

a.

Israel served as a trader-state with special status, controlling trade with Egypt under Assyrian authority.

b.

The kingdom established by King Saul lasted for many generations.

c.

The Israelites were a hybrid society that merged aspects of the Minoan states with their own traditions.

d.

Under King Solomon, the Israelites centered their kingdom on the great temple in Jerusalem.

a.

The Vedic people did not have previous territorial states in South Asia upon which to base their administration.

b.

The Vedic people were pastoralists, unlike the Assyrians or Persians.

c.

Vedic culture did not have core beliefs or rituals and adopted those of the Indus Valley people, while Persians and Neo-Assyrians imposed their belief systems on the conquered people.

d.

The Vedic people did not create trade routes, in contrast to the Persians.

a.

They developed trading networks in order to obtain much-needed copper.

b.

They adopted the language and religion of the local people.

c.

They adopted settled agricultural practices from the local people.

d.

They gave up their veneration of horses and substituted veneration of cattle.

a.

The early Vedic people established a central monarchy that organized the regions by appointing provincial governors.

b.

Early Vedic society remained socially unified in order to survive among the indigenous peoples.

c.

The early Vedic people refused to include indigenous peoples in their lineages.

d.

Early Vedic political life was organized through kin and clan structures.

a.

It was uniformly enforced throughout South Asia, putting conquered people in the lowest caste.

b.

The word Varna means color in Sanskrit.

c.

It had its roots in a myth about the meeting of mystical horses, each representing one of the four castes.

d.

It originated with the Vedic people’s nomadic life on the central Asian plains.

a.

They were descended from agricultural commoners, the original residents of South Asia.

b.

They were descended from the most politically powerful clans that entered South Asia, and became rulers of the new land.

c.

They were descended from servants and menial laborers, and became the lowest caste.

d.

They were descended from Vedic priests and became the highest caste in South Asia.

a.

The caste system

b.

The Upanishads

c.

Pastoral trade routes

d.

Gender equality

a.

The integration of all people into atman

b.

The Book of the Dead

c.

The Laws of Manu

d.

Local gods could be easily absorbed into the pantheon

a.

A patrimonial state centered on ancestor worship

b.

A state in which the rulers came to power through the designation of oracles

c.

Direct control of peripheral states through appointed governors

d.

Queens held complementary power with kings

a.

Tenant farmers, use of Yellow River flooding to irrigate crops, sorghum

b.

Crop rotation, reliance on monsoon rains, drought-resistant wheat

c.

Bronze plows, plantation agriculture, slave labor

d.

Iron plows, field rotation, canals

a.

The Zhou rejected the Shang’s patrimonial state structure.

b.

The Zhou regarded all those they had conquered as one people—Huaxia or Chinese.

c.

The Zhou created a non-hereditary bureaucracy reporting directly to the king to govern conquered states.

d.

The Zhou encouraged women to take an active part in political and cultural life.

a.

A dynasty could end if priests undermined the power of the king.

b.

A dynasty could end if the ruler turned over authority to local kings.

c.

A dynasty could end if religious rituals and ideas unified political rivals.

d.

A dynasty could end if the ruler did not uphold harmony and act with honor.

a.

The prince of Wu repeatedly defeated the nomads in the steppes with superior weapons and tactics.

b.

The nomads came to depend on trade with the fertile farmland near the Yellow River.

c.

The Zhou use of diplomacy won the nomads over.

d.

The fortified walls of Zhou cities repelled the nomads.

a.

It asserted power over the empire’s diverse people and created social stability.

b.

It enshrined sufficient members of each craft group so trade could proceed.

c.

It served as a counter to the Confucian hierarchy promoted by Zhou’s rivals.

d.

It promoted opportunities for women in trades.

a.

The Zhou attacked the people of the steppe to try to demonstrate their military power.

b.

The Zhou introduced ritual reforms and grandiose ceremonies involving bronze vessels.

c.

The Zhou managed to hold on to power until a peasant revolt drove the Zhou from their capital.

d.

The last Zhou rulers allied with northern steppe invaders against local leaders within the empire.

a.

The Zhou state became a regional superpower, dominating nearby kingdoms.

b.

Zhou rulers relied on culture and ideology, such as the mandate of heaven, to maintain leadership among rival powers within and without its borders.

c.

Zhou rulers sought to control local principalities through military intimidation and threats to withhold grain shipments on the canals.

d.

The Zhou state monopolized the resources of the region, leaving their opponents without power to oppose them.