Fungi Exam Prep Chapter 14

Chapter 14: Fungi

Multiple-Choice Questions

Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?

a. They are heterotrophic organisms.

b. Most are multicellular.

c. They are more closely related to plants than to animals.

d. The largest living organism may be a fungus.

e. Only the insects have a greater number of species.

A fungus that is important in baking, brewing, and winemaking is:

a. Pneumocystis carinii.

b. Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

c. Candida.

d. Tolypocladium inflatum.

e. Cladosporium herbarum.

The first eukaryote to have its genome completely sequenced is:

a. Pneumocystis carinii.

b. Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

c. Candida.

d. Tolypocladium inflatum.

e. Cladosporium herbarum.

Hyphae are types of fungal:

a. spores.

b. zygotes.

c. storage products.

d. filaments.

e. cell wall components.

The cell walls of fungi are composed of:

a. cellulose.

b. glycogen.

c. hemicellulose

d. chitin.

e. pectin.

Which of the following statements about fungal nutrition is FALSE?

a. Fungi are able to engulf small microorganisms.

b. All fungi are heterotrophic.

c. Yeasts are able to obtain their energy from fermentation.

d. Rhizoids are hyphae specialized for anchorage.

e. Haustoria are hyphae specialized for absorbing nutrients directly from the cells of other organisms.

Which of the following statements about nuclear division in fungi is FALSE?

a. In many species, the nuclear envelope does not disintegrate.

b. Except for the chytrids, all fungi have centrioles.

c. In most fungi, the spindle forms within the nuclear envelope.

d. In some fungi, spindle pole bodies function as microtubule organizing centers.

e. In some fungi, the spindle moves into the nucleus from the cytoplasm.

When two haploid nuclei do not fuse, the result is a:

a. gametangium.

b. sporangium.

c. conidiogenous cell.

d. dikaryon.

e. gamete.

Karyogamy is the:

a. fusion of protoplasts.

b. formation of a dikaryon.

c. fusion of nuclei.

d. formation of rhizoids.

e. absorption of nutrients.

______ are probably the earliest fungal lineage.

a. Ascomycetes

b. Chytrids

c. Basidiomycetes

d. Zygomycetes

e. Deuteromycetes

Which of the following statements concerning the evolution of fungi is FALSE?

a. They are more closely related to animals than to plants.

b. They are part of the Opisthokonta supergroup.

c. They arose from a protist related to Nuclearia.

d. The flagellated condition is a relatively recent character.

e. There are relatively few fossil fungi.

_____ are characterized by the presence of a polar tube that shoots out and penetrates the host cell.

a. Zygomycetes

b. Basidiomycetes

c. Microsporidia

d. Ascomycetes

e. Chytrids

Which of the following statements about chytrids is FALSE?

a. They are primarily terrestrial.

b. They have cell walls of chitin.

c. Some are unicellular.

d. Most are coenocytic.

e. Most have a single, posterior, whiplash flagellum.

Allomyces is a type of:

a. ascomycete.

b. basidiomycete.

c. chytrid..

d. zygomycete.

e. glomeromycete.

In the life cycle of Rhizopus stolonifer, asexual spores are produced within a:

a. zygosporangium.

b. stolon.

c. rhizoid.

d. sporangium.

e. sporangiophore.

Heterothallic species of zygomycetes require ______ for sexual reproduction.

a. two + strains

b. two − strains

c. + and − strains

d. two homothallic strains

e. flagellated male and female gametes

All members of the _______form mycorrhizae and do not reproduce sexually

a. ascomycetes

b. basidiomycetes

c. chytrids

d. zygomycetes

e. glomeromycetes

Fungi that cause powdery mildews, chestnut blight, and Dutch elm disease are classified as:

a. ascomycetes.

b. basidiomycetes.

c. chytrids.

d. zygomycetes.

e. glomeromycetes.

In the ascomycete life cycle, meiosis takes place within a(n):

a. sporangium.

b. ascus.

c. conidium.

d. conidiophore.

e. antheridium.

In an ascomycete, the female gametangium is the:

a. antheridium.

b. sperm.

c. ascogonium.

d. ascus.

e. trichogyne.

In ascomycetes, plasmogamy occurs within the:

a. antheridium.

b. crozier.

c. ascogonium.

d. ascogenous hypha.

e. trichogyne.

In yeasts, meiosis occurs within the:

a. antheridium.

b. crozier.

c. bud.

d. basidium.

e. ascus.

Which of the following statements about the Deuteromycetes is FALSE?

a. In some, the sexual phase of the life cycle has been lost.

b. In some, the sexual phase of the life cycle has not been discovered.

c. Some have a sexual phase, but it is not the principal basis of classification.

d. Some have a sexual phase, but the organism is classified because of its resemblance to an organism that lacks a sexual phase.

e. Most Deuteromycetes are clearly basidiomycetes.

Heterokaryosis is the presence of ______ in a common cytoplasm.

a. more than one nucleus

b. genetically different nuclei

c. a haploid and a diploid nucleus

d. two haploid nuclei

e. two diploid nuclei

Penicillin and aflatoxin are both produced by members of the:

a. asexual fungi.

b. microsporidia.

c. chytrids.

d. rusts.

e. glomeromycetes

In the Basidiomycota, ______ are borne on a ______.

a. basidiospores; primary mycelium

b. basidiospores; parenthosome

c. dolipores; basidium

d. basidiospores; basidium

e. basidia; basidiospore

Which of the following statements about the mycelium of the Basidiomycota is FALSE?

a. The primary mycelium is monokaryotic.

b. The secondary mycelium is dikaryotic.

c. The tertiary mycelium is dikaryotic.

d. Clamp connections are characteristic of the monokaryotic mycelium.

e. The basidioma is a mycelium composed of dikaryotic hyphae.

A ______ is a representative of the hymenomycetes.

a. stinkhorn

b. puffball

c. rust

d. smut

e. mushroom

The edible mushrooms belong to the subphylum:

a. Hymenomycetes.

b. Pucciniomycotina.

c. Ustilaginomycotina.

d. Agaricomycotina.

e. Gasteromycetes.

The pileus is the ______ of a mushroom.

a. stalk

b. cap

c. gill

d. sterigma

e. hymenium

In the mushroom life cycle, karyogamy occurs in a:

a. stipe.

b. volva.

c. sterigma.

d. basidium.

e. basidiospore.

______ is one of the many mushrooms cultivated commercially.

a. Agaricus bisporus

b. Aaspergillus flavus

c. Amanita muscaria

d. Puccinia graminis

e. Ustilago maydis

Members of the phylum Basidiomycota that have a peridium belong to the class:

a. Hymenomycetes.

b. Teliomycetes.

c. Ustomycetes.

d. Gasteromycetes.

e. Chytridiomycetes.

The rusts belong to the subphylum:

a. Hymenomycetes.

b. Pucciniomycotina.

c. Ustilaginomycotina.

d. Gasteromycetes.

e. Agaricomycotina.

In the life cycle of Puccinia graminis, dikaryotic hyphae extend downward from the spermogonium and give rise to:

a. spermogonia.

b. spermatia.

c. aecia.

d. uredinia.

e. urediniospores.

In the life cycle of Puccinia graminis, which of the following are produced on wheat?

a. spermogonia

b. aecia

c. spermatia

d. periphyses

e. urediniospores

The smuts belong to the subphylum:

a. Hymenomycetes.

b. Pucciniomycotina.

c. Ustilaginomycotina.

d. Gasteromycetes.

e. Agaricomycotina.

In the Ustilago maydis life cycle, plasmogamy and karyogamy take place in:

a. basidia.

b. teliospores.

c. sporidia.

d. spermogonia.

e. aecia.

Which of the following statements about lichens is FALSE?

a. They consist of a mycobiont and a photobiont.

b. They live in the harshest environments.

c. They are very resistant to pollutants.

d. They reproduce asexually by forming fragments, soredia, or isidia.

e. They have very slow growth rates.

“Fruticose” describes a lichen with a ______ appearance.

a. flattened

b. greenish-yellow

c. crusty

d. leaflike

e. bushy

Isedia and soredia are types of:

a. sexual reproductive structures.

b. gametes.

c. dispersal units.

d. lichen acids.

e. mycobionts.

The survival of lichens under severe environmental conditions is due mainly to their ability to:

a. produce toxic compounds for their defense.

b. dry out rapidly.

c. carry out photosynthesis under very high light intensities.

d. carry out respiration at very low temperatures.

e. parasitize plants.

A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a(n) ______ and a ______.

a. alga; fungus

b. fungus; root

c. lichen; root

d. alga; root

e. fungus; lichen

Ectomycorrhizae differ from endomycorrhizae in that the fungal component of ectomycorrhizae:

a. is usually a zygomycete.

b. forms arbuscules and vesicles.

c. is not highly specific for the plant component.

d. penetrates the cortical cells of the root.

e. forms a Hartig net and mantle.

True-False Questions

Fungi and bacteria are the principal decomposers of the biosphere.

All fungi are composed of hyphae.

Fungi that are dimorphic exhibit both unicellular and filamentous growth forms.

Glycogen is the primary storage polysaccharide in fungi.

During cell division in fungi, the nuclear envelope disintegrates and then re-forms.

In fungi, budding is a type of asexual reproduction.

The phylum Microsporidia consists of aquatic, free-living fungi.

Cells of the microsporidia contain only a remnant of the mitochondria.

Most chytrids are terrestrial.

Glomeromycetes are also called arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has both haploid and diploid budding stages.

In heterokaryosis, genetically different nuclei exist together in the same cytoplasm.

Clamp connections are found only in members of the Phylum Basidiomycota.

Mycologists consider mushrooms to be edible and toadstools to be poisonous.

At maturity, basidiospores are discharged forcibly from the basidium.

Black stem rust of cereals belongs to the subphylum Pucciniomycotina.

In the rust Puccinia graminis, meiosis occurs in a teliospore.

Ustilago maydis is a basidiomycete that causes corn smut.

Smuts are heteroecious.

The three major recognized growth forms of lichens are flat, spherical, and leafy.

Isidia are powdery propagules produced by lichens.

Today, lichen symbiosis is considered to be parasitic.

Ectomycorrhizae are much more common in nature than endomycorrhizae.

The Hartig net is a network of fungal hyphae in the ectomycorrhizae of conifers and angiosperms.

Essay Questions

1. The Importance of Fungi; p. 280; easy

In what ways are fungi economically important?

2. Characteristics of Fungi; pp. 282–283; moderate

Explain how the structure of a fungus is well-adapted to its absorptive mode of nutrition.

3. Characteristics of Fungi; p. 283; moderate

Describe the unique features of mitosis and meiosis in fungi.

4. Characteristics of Fungi; p. 284; moderate

Explain the relationship between plasmogamy, karyogamy, and dikaryon formation.

5. Characteristics of Fungi; pp. 286–287; moderate

What evidence suggests that microsporidia and chytrids are the most primitive fungi?

6. Zygomycetes: A Polyphyletic Group of Filamentous Fungi; pp. 289–290; moderate

Describe the sexual and asexual life cycles of Rhizopus stolonifer.

7. The Basidiomycetes: Phylum Basidiomycota; pp. 296–297; moderate

Describe the life cycle of a typical mushroom.

8. The Basidiomycetes: Phylum Basidiomycota; p. 299; easy

Explain how “fairy rings” of mushrooms are formed.

9. Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi; p. 311; moderate

Are lichens the result of a parasitic or mutualistic relationship? Give reasons to support your answer.

10. Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi; pp. 311–312; moderate

Outline the ecological importance of lichens.

11. Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi; p. 312; moderate

Compare and contrast the two major types of mycorrhizae.

12. Symbiotic Relationships of Fungi; pp. 314–315; moderate

What role are mycorrhizae thought to have played in the evolution of vascular plants?