TestBank - Chapter 1

1. Which cognitive task is designed to tap inhibitory processes and asks participants to name the colour in which colour names are presented?
   1. Stroop
   2. Anti-saccade
   3. Stop-signal
   4. Wisconsin colour sort
   5. ANT task
2. Early versions of the information-processing approach assumed that all processing was:
   1. Parallel and bottom-up
   2. Serial and bottom-up
   3. Serial and top-down
   4. Serial and parallel
   5. Parallel and top-down
3. Parallel processing is most likely to occur when:
   1. People attempt a new task
   2. People lack the necessary skills to complete a task
   3. People attempt to process a task sequentially
   4. People are highly practised at a task
   5. All of these
4. Which research field attempts to construct computer systems that produce intelligent outcomes, but without necessarily any regard for whether the processes involved bear a resemblance to those used by humans?
   1. Artificial intelligence
   2. Computational cognitive science
   3. Cognitive neuropsychology
   4. Cognitive neuroscience
   5. Physiological psychology
5. Which neurologist produced a cytoarchitectonic map of the brain, with many of these numbered regions corresponding to functionally distinct areas?
   1. Weber
   2. Ebbinghaus
   3. Lashley
   4. Milner
   5. Brodmann
6. The extent to which laboratory findings are applicable to everyday life is called:
   1. Individual differences
   2. Measurement reliability
   3. Ecological validity
   4. Hubristic albescence
   5. Sentience
7. A processor in the cognitive system that functions in an independent/separate fashion is termed a:
   1. Node
   2. Lexicon
   3. Unit
   4. Component
   5. Module
8. The notion that parts of the processing system can be impaired by brain damage, but parts cannot be added, forms the basis of which cognitive neuropsychology assumption?
   1. Domain specificity
   2. Subtractivity
   3. Additivity
   4. Anatomical interdependence
   5. Uniformity
9. If one patient performs well on task A, but poorly on task B, and another performs poorly on task A, but well on task B, we say that we have a(n):
   1. Trifecta
   2. Association
   3. Deviant association
   4. Syndrome
   5. Double dissociation
10. A group of symptoms or impairments commonly found together is known as a:
    1. Lesion
    2. Syndrome
    3. Cohort
    4. Distributed network
    5. Categorical misnomer
11. In order to address the problem that brain-damaged patients do not represent a homogeneous group, many cognitive neuropsychologists use:
    1. Group studies
    2. Diary studies
    3. Observation studies
    4. Case studies
    5. Double-blind studies
12. What term is used to describe the exaggerated importance of neuroimaging to further our understanding of cognition?
    1. Ghosting
    2. Neuroenchantment
    3. Aliasing fallacy
    4. Neuroimaging illusion
    5. Neural trap
13. Technically, the signal measured in fMRI is known by which acronym?
    1. MEG
    2. ERP
    3. OXYN
    4. BOLD
    5. ACT-R
14. Which computational modelling theory was developed by Anderson (1993)?
    1. E-Z Reader
    2. ACT-R
    3. TRACE model
    4. Working memory theory
    5. NETtalk
15. A unit in a connectionist network will produce an output when:
    1. The weighted sum of all inputs exceeds a threshold
    2. It receives any excitatory input
    3. It receives any inhibitory input
    4. It forms a connection with an inhibitory unit
    5. It is flooded by an antagonist
16. The process whereby a neural network learns to associate an input pattern with an output pattern, by comparing actual responses against correct ones, is called:
    1. Forward propagation
    2. Retroactive interference
    3. Backward propagation
    4. Proactive interference
    5. Retrospective learning
17. Which of the following divides the frontal and parietal lobes of the brain?
    1. Lateral fissure
    2. Parieto-occipital sulcus
    3. Pre-occipital notch
    4. Corpus callosum
    5. Central sulcus
18. Which term is used to describe structures that are located at the sides of the brain?
    1. Medial
    2. Lateral
    3. Dorsal
    4. Ventral
    5. Occipital
19. The term that describes how precisely a technique can identify where in the brain a task is being performed is:
    1. Temporal resolution
    2. Medial resolution
    3. Magnetic resolution
    4. Spatial resolution
    5. None of these
20. Averaging together time-locked portions of recordings of the brain’s electrical activity, to produce a single waveform, produces:
    1. Single-unit recordings
    2. Electroencephalogram
    3. Event-related potentials
    4. CT scans
    5. Lesions
21. PET scans are used to detect changes in:
    1. Regional cerebral blood flow
    2. Electrical activity
    3. Neurotransmitter release
    4. Magnetic activity
    5. Brain volume
22. Which of the following techniques can only be applied to brain areas lying just beneath the skull but not to areas overlying muscle?
    1. Ablation
    2. TMS
    3. Pharmaceutical intervention
    4. Spectroscopy
    5. fMRI
23. Which of the following techniques measures the magnetic field produced by electrical brain activity?
    1. fMRI
    2. PET
    3. EEG
    4. MEG
    5. tDCS
24. Which of the following techniques allows us to make the most confident CAUSAL statements?
    1. MEG
    2. fMRI
    3. EEG
    4. TMS
    5. PET
25. When we find similar results using several different brain-imaging techniques, we say that we have:
    1. Dissociations
    2. Double dissociations
    3. Temporal derivatives
    4. Inverse solution
    5. Converging operations
26. What does the term “bottom-up” processing mean?
    1. Processing influenced by the individual’s expecations and knowledge
    2. One process occurs at a time before the onset of the next
    3. Processing that is indirectly influenced by environmental stimuli
    4. More than one proccess occurs at the same time
    5. Processing that is directly influenced by environmental stimuli
27. Which statement best reflects social cognition?
    1. It focuses on the role of cognitive processes in influencing group behaviour in social situations
    2. It focuses on the role of cognitive processes in influencing individuals’ behaviour in social situations
    3. It focuses on the role of cognitive processes in society’s behaviour
    4. It focuses on the role of cognitive processes in animals’ behaviour in social situations
    5. All of the above