Carbohydrates The Main Energy Food Ch.4 Verified Test Bank

Nutrition for Health, Fitness & Sport, 12e (Williams)

Chapter 4 Carbohydrates: The Main Energy Food

1) The three major monosaccharides are ________.

A) glucose, fructose, and glycogen

B) glucose, glycogen, and sucrose

C) glucose, fructose, and sucrose

D) glucose, fructose, and galactose

2) Lactose is considered a ________.

A) disaccharide

B) monosaccharide

C) polysaccharide

D) starch

3) Complex carbohydrates are primarily found in ________.

A) starchy vegetables and whole grains

B) fresh, but not frozen, fruits and vegetables

C) green, leafy vegetables and fruits

D) whole grains and citrus fruits

4) Amylose is considered a type of ________.

A) plant starch

B) dietary fiber

C) disaccharide

D) monosaccharide

5) According to the 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans, added sugars should provide no more than 20 percent of a person's total daily kcal intake.

6) Based on the Adequate Intake (AI) recommendations, a 25-year-old male should consume ________ gram of fiber daily.

A) 38

B) 30

C) 25

D) 21

7) According to the AMDR's, carbohydrate intake should be ________ percent of total daily kcal intake.

A) 65–70

B) 45–65

C) 10–25

D) 30–45

8) One-half of a bagel provides about 30 grams of carbohydrate. The carbohydrate in the bagel supplies about ________ kcal.

A) 120

B) 210

C) 90

D) 270

9) Which of the following foods has the highest glycemic index (GI)?

A) 1 medium baked potato

B) 1 cup brown rice

C) 1 cup baked beans

D) 1 medium grapefruit

10) Which of the following is true of fructose?

A) It is absorbed more slowly than glucose

B) It is absorbed more quickly than glucose

C) Provides more carbohydrate per gram than glucose

D) Recommendations are for consumption of a 8–10% solution during exercise

11) Which of the following statements concerning the fates of blood glucose is FALSE?

A) Blood glucose may be used as energy

B) Liver glycogen may be reconverted directly to blood glucose

C) Muscle glycogen may be reconverted directly to blood glucose

D) Blood glucose may be converted to and stored as fat

12) It has been three hours since she had anything to eat and Karla's blood glucose level is 165 mg/dL. This blood glucose level is considered ________.

A) hyperglycemia

B) normal

C) hypoglycemia

D) euglycemia

13) If blood glucose levels decrease, gluconeogenesis is a process in the body that produces glucose internally by ________.

A) converting fatty acids to glucose

B) converting amino acids to glucose during the glucose-alanine cycle

C) chemical reactions that occur in the villi of the small intestine

D) utilizing substrates obtained only from glycerol

14) One reason why carbohydrate is the most important energy food for exercise is that ________.

A) it is the only food that can be used for aerobic energy production

B) it is a more efficient fuel than fat

C) it produces ATP for muscle contraction more slowly than fat, but for a longer period of time

D) All of these choices are correct.

15) The hormone ________ is secreted following consumption of a meal. This hormone stimulates the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells.

A) insulin

B) glucagon

C) gastrin

D) amylase

16) During several months of endurance training, all of the following have been noted to occur EXCEPT ________.

A) you may be able to perform at 70 percent or higher of your VO2 max, without excess lactic acid accumulation

B) the enzymes that metabolize carbohydrates in muscle cells will increase

C) there is more reliance on carbohydrate oxidation during submaximal exercise

D) you will be able to work at a greater percentage of your VO2 max without fatigue

17) Enzymatic digestion of starch begins in the mouth through the action of salivary ________.

A) amylase

B) maltase

C) lipase

D) sucralase

18) The majority of carbohydrates are stored as ________ in the average adult.

A) muscle glycogen

B) liver glycogen

C) blood glucose

D) fat

19) The dietary technique designed to increase the glycogen content in both the liver and the muscles in an attempt to delay the onset of fatigue is referred to as all of the following EXCEPT ________.

A) carbohydrate loading

B) glycogen loading

C) glycogen super compensation

D) glucose loading

20) The most practical way to determine if muscles have increased their glycogen stores would be ________.

A) to keep an accurate record of your body weight

B) to have a muscle biopsy taken

C) to keep an accurate record of carbohydrates ingested and convert this to caloric intake

D) to strictly follow the classic program and assume that the stores have increased

21) The ________ refers to the process by which lactate that has accumulated in the muscles is transported to the liver, the lactate is converted to glucose, and the glucose can then be transported back to the muscles.

A) Cori Cycle

B) Lactate Circulation

C) Lactic Acid Conversion Process

D) Gluconeogenesis

22) What is the recommended amount of carbohydrate that should be consumed 4 hours prior to exercise for an individual participating in intense training?

A) 8–10 g/kg body weight

B) 4–5 g/kg body weight

C) 1–2 g/kg body weight

D) There are no such recommendations

23) Although more research is needed, which of the following carbohydrate substrates have been shown to have the potential for ergogenic effects?

A) Fructose 1, 6-diphosphate salts

B) Dihydroxyacetone and pyruvate

C) Lactate salts

D) All of these choices are correct.

24) Julie will be playing in a competitive soccer match at 11 am tomorrow. She plans on eating breakfast at around 7 a.m. If Julie weighs 150 lbs, how much carbohydrate should she consume as part of that pre-game meal?

A) 204–272 grams of carbohydrate

B) 156–194 grams of carbohydrate

C) 60–80 grams of carbohydrate

D) 302–334 grams of carbohydrate

25) CJ just finished running in a 10K road race.  How much carbohydrate should CJ consume after the 10K run?

A) 60–80 grams per hour for 3–4 hours

B) 20–25 grams immediately after the race

C) 30–60 grams within an hour of finishing the race

D) CJ should not consume any carbohydrate right after the race, but should wait until 3–4 hours after the race and have a high-fiber meal.

26) When a person is at rest, carbohydrate supplies approximately ________ percent of the body's energy needs.

A) 85

B) 70

C) 60

D) 40

27) The maximal amount of energy that may be derived from exogenous carbohydrate is approximately ________ grams per minute.

A) 1–2

B) 2–3

C) 3–4

D) 4–5

28) How much carbohydrate per kilogram body weight should be consumed daily in order to restore muscle glycogen levels to normal after intense training?

A) 1–3

B) 4–6

C) 7–10

D) 11–13

29) Twenty-year-old Jewell was a high school athlete who is now in her sophomore year of college. The transition from high school to college was challenging for Jewell and she rarely exercised her freshman year of college. Jewell has now started a training program with a goal of running in a 10K race in three months. Which of the following adaptations have been found following several months of endurance training?

A) Increase in GLUT-4 receptors

B) Decrease in VO2 max

C) Increased use of muscle glycogen as an energy source

D) Decrease in muscle cell mitochondria density

30) The Food and Drug Administration, Consumer Union and other researchers have concluded that artificial sweeteners ________.

A) are a definitive risk for cancer

B) appear to be safe to use in small amounts

C) are not very effective in weight-control programs

D) All of these choices are correct.

31) Approximately one in nine American adults experiences bloating, gas, abdominal pain, and diarrhea after consuming ________.

A) lactose

B) sucrose

C) resistant starches

D) amylopectin

32) Which organ secretes the major enzymes for digestion of carbohydrates?

A) Pancreas

B) Gall bladder

C) Kidney

D) Liver

E) Stomach

33) During exercise, which of the following carbohydrate solutions is recommended for active individuals?

A) 2–4%

B) 4–6%

C) 6–10%

D) 10–18%

34) During the week before an endurance event, an athlete may chose to carbohydrate load.  While carbohydrate loading, the athlete should gradually ________ their exercise intensity and duration and ________ their carbohydrate intake.

A) decrease; increase

B) decrease; decrease

C) increase; decrease

D) increase; increase

35) Which of the following hormones is involved in reducing the amount of glucose in the blood in reaction to hyperglycemia?

A) Epinephrine

B) Cortisol

C) Glucagon

D) Insulin

36) Which of the following athletes would benefit most from carbohydrate loading?

A) Long-distance cyclist

B) Sprint swimmer

C) Competitive basketball player

D) Bodybuilder

37) Which of the following statements relative to carbohydrate loading is false?

A) It is beneficial primarily for athletes involved in prolonged endurance events, such as the typical marathon (26.2 miles)

B) It involves the intake of about 500–600 grams of carbohydrate each day for several days prior to competition

C) Although some, but not all, research generally supports its effectiveness as a means to help delay the onset of fatigue in the latter stages of prolonged exercise tasks, its use by endurance athletes, such as marathoners, appears to be prudent

D) The major advantage of carbohydrate loading is the increased storage of glycogen in the adipose cells for use during exercise

E) The increase in carbohydrate stores in the body may be detected by the increased body weight attributed to the water-binding effect of stored glycogen

38) Which of the following statements relative to the intake of carbohydrates and physical performance is FALSE?

A) If an individual has normal glycogen levels in the muscle and liver, carbohydrate feedings are usually not necessary if the exercise task is only about 30–60 minutes

B) The intake of concentrated sugar solutions may actually impair performance if it leads to osmosis of fluids into the intestines and precipitates gastrointestinal distress

C) Carbohydrate intake may help delay the onset of fatigue in prolonged exercise by either preventing the early onset of hypoglycemia or delaying the depletion of muscle glycogen levels

D) Carbohydrate intake prior to and during endurance exercise tasks lasting more than two hours may be helpful as a means to enhance performance

E) If consumed during exercise, it takes approximately 60–90 minutes for the carbohydrate to find its way into the muscle and be used as an energy source

39) Which of the following is the LEAST likely metabolic fate of glucose intake following a prolonged aerobic exercise task?

A) It is taken into the muscles to help reform muscle glycogen

B) It is taken into the adipose cells to help form body fat

C) It is taken into the liver to help restore liver glycogen

D) It helps to restore the blood glucose levels, if low, to normal

40) Georgiana consumed a breakfast of corn flake cereal with milk, strawberries, and coffee sweetened with table sugar.  Which of the following is most likely to occur in the 1–2 hours after Georgiana eats her breakfast?

A) Suppression of insulin with a resultant hyperglycemia

B) Hyperglycemia, which stimulates insulin secretion followed by a possible hypoglycemia

C) Hypoglycemia, which stimulates insulin secretion and a return to normal blood glucose levels

D) Hyperglycemia with a suppression of insulin secretion and movement of blood glucose into the liver and muscle tissues

E) No change in blood glucose level

41) Zander has heard that eating a diet rich in fiber can protect against chronic disease. All of the following are potential health benefits of eating fiber EXCEPT ________.

A) preventing osteoporosis

B) reducing risk for heart disease

C) controlling body weight

D) preventing hypertension

42) Which of the following is NOT a recommendation you might make to someone trying to increase their fiber intake?

A) Consume more foods from the protein foods group

B) Consume more whole grains

C) Consume raw vegetables, such as carrots or celery

D) Eat the skin on an apple or baked potato

43) Which hormone secreted during exercise, particularly intense exercise, is the key hormone for mobilizing glucose from the liver and fatty acids from the adipose tissue to provide blood sources of energy to the muscle?

A) Insulin

B) Epinephrine

C) Cortisol

D) Thyroxin

E) Testosterone

44) Which of the following statements concerning carbohydrate use as an energy source is FALSE?

A) It supplies about 40 percent of the body's energy at rest

B) It is the main fuel during exercise of high intensity

C) Most athletes should consume large amounts just prior to performance for quick energy

D) Intake during performance may help to prolong endurance capacity in very prolonged events

E) The major source of carbohydrate energy during exercise is muscle glycogen and a well-fed athlete will have enough for over an hour of exercise

45) Which of the following CANNOT be used to form new glucose in the body?

A) Amino acids

B) Pyruvate

C) Fatty acids

D) Protein

E) Glycerol

46) Where is the majority of glycogen found in the human body?

A) Liver and muscles

B) Kidneys and liver

C) Muscles and adipose tissue

D) Muscles and kidney

E) Adipose tissue and muscles

47) The glycemic index represents ________.

A) the degree to which an athlete suffers from hypoglycemia

B) the amount of glucose released into the blood in response to exercise

C) the effect a particular food has on the rate and amount of increase in the blood glucose level

D) the amount of stored glycogen in the muscle and liver

E) the total amount of insulin released in response to food intake

48) Which hormone is secreted from the pancreas as a result of low blood glucose levels?

A) Glucagon

B) Cortisol

C) Epinephrine

D) Insulin

49) A diet in which added sugars provide more than 10 percent of a person's total kcal intake may contribute to chronic disease risk, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, and heart disease.

50) Carbohydrates are organic nutrients that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen.

51) Strawberries, raspberries, and watermelon naturally contain fructose.

52) Dietary fiber is found only in plant foods, can be classified based on solubility, and is nondigestible by enzymes in humans.

53) Maltose is a disaccharide made from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose.

54) Insulin facilitates the uptake and utilization of sucrose by various tissues in the body.

55) The sole function of carbohydrates in the body is for energy production.

56) John-Paul is a runner with his high-school cross-country team. The team regularly goes on 1- to 1.5-hour training runs in preparation for the cross-country meets. Carbohydrates are the most important fuel for the high-intensity runs lasting over an hour. 

57) The body relies on muscle glycogen as a main source of energy during prolonged physical activity, such as cross-country skiing for 2 hours.

58) Epinephrine, glucagon, and cortisol are hormones that help to maintain and even increase blood glucose levels during exercise.

59) Carbohydrate loading is necessary for the vast majority of athletes.

60) A healthy diet provides at least 70 percent of kcal from carbohydrates.

61) If an endurance athlete follows a carbohydrate loading protocol correctly, the loading should increase glycogen content in the muscle two to three times beyond normal and nearly double liver glycogen content.

62) Athletes participating in high-intensity activities, such as sprinting, often benefit from supplementation with carbohydrate by-products, such as Kreb's cycle intermediates.

63) The amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid are found in aspartame.

64) Foods containing high amounts of refined sugars typically have a high glycemic index.

65) The ________ of a food is determined based on the effects of consuming 50 g of a particular carbohydrate food on blood glucose response over 2 hours.

A) glycemic index

B) glycemic load

C) glucose chart

D) glycemia

66) Legumes, such as pinto or black beans, are a good source of dietary fiber.

67) If an athlete consumes more carbohydrate than is needed to support their physical activity, the extra carbohydrate may be converted into ________.

A) fat

B) protein

C) liver glycogen

D) muscle glycogen