Chapter 15: Work, Consumption, and the Economy

Test Bank

Multiple Choice1. Which social institution organizes the way society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services?

a. the stock market

b. the economy

c. the government

d. the military–industrial complex

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Economy in Historical Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy2. Which of the following is considered a good?

a. restaurant service

b. a factory

c. an automobile

d. financial advice

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Economy in Historical Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard3. Which of the following are economically productive activities that do not result directly in physical products?

a. goods

b. services

c. interests

d. stocks

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Economy in Historical Perspective

Difficulty Level: Easy4. Working a cash register and repairing a car are examples of which of the following?

a. goods

b. services

c. economies

d. industries

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Economy in Historical Perspective

Difficulty Level: Hard5. Which statement is true of the agricultural revolution?

a. It decreased human productivity compared to earlier hunting, gathering, and pastoral societies.

b. It was spurred by the development of innovations such as mass production and scientific management.

c. The majority of people in agricultural societies didn’t manage to produce surplus crops.

d. The economic role of merchants emerged from it.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Agricultural Revolution and Agricultural Society

Difficulty Level: Medium6. A craftsman who makes baskets at home engages in which type of industry?

a. subsistence

b. machine

c. agricultural

d. cottage

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Agricultural Revolution and Agricultural Society

Difficulty Level: Hard7. The Industrial Revolution began in which country?

a. United States

b. Germany

c. France

d. England

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Who introduced modern mass production and the use of assembly lines in the early 1900s?

a. Henry Ford

b. Frederick Taylor

c. Karl Marx

d. Max Weber

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy9. Which statement is true of mass production?

a. Mass production reduces efficiency but improves safety conditions.

b. Each individual worker is responsible for putting entire products together from start to finish.

c. Mass production results in the development of large numbers of identical components and products.

d. Mass production increases cost and decreases efficiency.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium10. Which of the following sociologists first described the concept of a reserve army of labor?

a. Auguste Comte

b. Karl Marx

c. Max Weber

d. Pierre Bourdieu

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy11. Ciara has been offered an entry-level position in marketing. She tries to negotiate her salary but is in a weak bargaining position due to the large number of qualified applications. Her situation best reflects which of the following concepts?

a. mass production

b. labor exploitation

c. scientific management

d. reserve army of labor

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Hard12. Which of the following was a consequence of scientific management?

a. Workers were de-skilled and more vulnerable to layoffs.

b. Productivity decreased.

c. Factory managers lost control of the production process.

d. Workers became more difficult to replace.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium13. “Taylorism” is another term for which of the following?

a. reserve army of labor

b. industrial capitalism

c. scientific management

d. social stratification

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy14. Which of the following developed alongside the rise of industrial capitalist society?

a. automation

b. production of agricultural surpluses

c. cottage industries

d. new economic classes

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium15. Which of the following is an example of a means of production?

a. factories

b. the bourgeoisie

c. scientific management

d. the proletariat

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium16. What led Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels to posit that the two classes—the bourgeoisie and the proletariat—would come into conflict?

a. the modern division of labor

b. the poor conditions in 19th-century English factories

c. the efficiency of mass production

d. the publication of Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium17. Who wrote the Manifesto of the Communist Party?

a. Henry Ford

b. Max Weber

c. Frederick Winslow Taylor

d. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy18. Marx and Engels believed that the exploitation of wage labor by capitalists would have which of the following effects?

a. cause profits to plummet

b. increase job security for the proletariat

c. improve conditions and opportunities for the proletariat

d. result in revolution and the end of private ownership of the means of production

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium19. What step did Henry Ford take to improve opportunities for workers on his Model T assembly line?

a. He offered his workers $5 a day.

b. He offered workers a pension.

c. He offered maternity and paternity leave.

d. He offered continuing education classes.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy20. The passage of the Wagner Act in 1935 prompted an increase in which of the following?

a. manufacturing

b. privatization

c. unionization

d. automation

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy21. Which of the following is true of the industrial laborer today?

a. The industrial laborer is more likely to belong to a union.

b. The industrial laborer is more likely to have appreciable job security.

c. The industrial laborer is more likely to have experienced a decline in wages and benefits.

d. The industrial laborer is more likely to be a member of the middle class.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium22. Which invention spurred the information revolution?

a. cell phone

b. microchip

c. Internet

d. personal computer

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy23. Which of the following is a characteristic of postindustrial economies?

a. an emphasis on outsourcing

b. an emphasis on manufacturing goods

c. an emphasis on mass production

d. an emphasis on jobs with benefits

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium24. Which term refers to the replacement of human labor with machines?

a. mass production

b. automation

c. flexible production

d. offshoring

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy25. Which of the following is an example of automation?

a. the manufacturing of identical commodities on a mechanical assembly line

b. the movement of manufacturing jobs overseas

c. contracting outside workers to do a job for less pay than a company’s employee would earn

d. robots performing tedious and dangerous work

Learning Objective: 15.3: Discuss current and potential effects of automation and artificial intelligence on the labor market.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Hard26. Which of the following describes post-Fordism?

a. reliance on more flexible, less standardized forms of production

b. reliance on outsourcing and offshoring

c. reliance on contracted work

d. reliance on assembly lines

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium27. Which term best describes the use of low-cost foreign labor?

a. outsourcing

b. post-Fordism

c. globalization

d. knowledge workers

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy28. Microsoft’s use of “permatemps” is an example of which of the following?

a. automation

b. outsourcing

c. offshoring

d. “just-in-time” delivery systems

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium29. Which term best describes the practice among U.S. companies of contracting with businesses outside the country to perform services that would otherwise be done by U.S. workers?

a. mass production

b. flexible production

c. outsourcing

d. offshoring

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy30. Of the following, who would be considered a symbolic analyst?

a. an artist who paints abstract landscapes

b. an industrial worker who assembles automobiles

c. a customer service agent

d. an engineer who develops medical technologies

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Hard31. Where is job growth concentrated in the modern U.S. economy?

a. agriculture

b. manufacturing

c. the government

d. the service sector

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium32. Which of the following is considered a service sector position?

a. computer scientist

b. cell phone sales rep

c. automobile factory worker

d. farmer

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Hard33. Which statement is true of the service sector?

a. Most positions require extensive education or training.

b. A growing fraction of positions are part-time rather than full-time.

c. A growing fraction of positions are unionized.

d. Quite a few of these jobs are viewed as “men’s jobs.”

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium34. Arlie Russell Hochschild used which of the following to describe the commodification of feelings?

a. the existence of emotional labor

b. the future of the second shift

c. the occurrence of the third shift

d. the spill-over effects of the first shift

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Service Economy and Emotional Labor

Difficulty Level: Easy35. According to Arlie Hochschild, which of the following is true of emotional laborers?

a. They are not allowed to suppress negative feelings.

b. Their physical strength is the most important part of their work.

c. Their labor has no exchange value.

d. They become alienated from their emotional lives.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

36. The highest-valued companies these days share which quality?

a. emotional labor

b. provision of thousands of jobs

c. production of physical goods

d. a small workforce

Learning Objective: 15.3: Discuss current and potential effects of automation and artificial intelligence on the labor market.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Big Names, Few Workers: Digital Networking Companies in the Contemporary Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium37. Which of the following companies is most likely to be “headcount-efficient?”

a. General Motors

b. Chrysler

c. U.S. Steel

d. Snapchat

Learning Objective: 15.3: Discuss current and potential effects of automation and artificial intelligence on the labor market.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Big Names, Few Workers: Digital Networking Companies in the Contemporary Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium

38. A newly graduated student hopes to get a job working for a highly valued tech company, like Facebook or Snapchat. What should the student be aware of?

a. These companies are constantly hiring.

b. There are likely very few jobs available at such a company.

c. The rise of machines will probably make these jobs obsolete soon.

d. They are likely to find greater job security in manufacturing.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Discuss current and potential effects of automation and artificial intelligence on the labor market.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Big Names, Few Workers: Digital Networking Companies in the Contemporary Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium39. A recent article on robot surgeons highlighted which of the following?

a. Robots are generally ineffective at complex analytical and technological tasks.

b. Robots are better at many tasks than humans.

c. Robots are generally not trusted by patients.

d. Robots reduce headcount efficiency.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Discuss current and potential effects of automation and artificial intelligence on the labor market.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Rise of the Robots?

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which emerging technology is most likely to lead to layoffs of workers who typically do not need higher education in the coming years?

a. social media

b. robot surgeons

c. automated journalism

d. self-driving cars

Learning Objective: 15.3: Discuss current and potential effects of automation and artificial intelligence on the labor market.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Rise of the Robots?

Difficulty Level: Hard41. Which statement best represents a sociological understanding of economic systems?

a. Nearly all countries display a mix of economic systems, not purely capitalist, socialist, or communist.

b. The majority of societies have a communist economic system.

c. The United States and other similarly developed countries have a purely capitalist economic system.

d. Socialism relies more heavily on a service economy.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Economic Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium42. Which of the following is true of capitalist systems?

a. They emphasize highly regulated markets.

b. They emphasize private decision-making about which goods to produce.

c. Governments play a minor role in shaping economic life.

d. They reject mass production of goods and services.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Capitalism

Difficulty Level: Medium43. Which of the following is the best example of a public-sector job?

a. an engineer at Snapchat

b. a flight attendant at American Airlines

c. an attorney at the State Department

d. a janitor at Walmart

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Capitalism

Difficulty Level: Hard44. Which of the following is the best example of a private-sector job?

a. accountant at General Electric

b. police officer at the Chicago Police Department

c. teacher at the Boston public school system

d. postal worker at the U.S. Postal Service

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Capitalism

Difficulty Level: Hard45. Which of the following is true of communism?

a. It eliminates economic inequality in its ideal-typical form.

b. It is a transitional form of economic organization between capitalism and socialism.

c. Its primary motive is profit.

d. It emphasizes private ownership of the means of production.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Socialism and Communism

Difficulty Level: Medium46. An economic system in which, theoretically, the government manages the economy in the interests of the workers, while maintaining private ownership of the means of production, is referred to as ______.

a. communism

b. federalism

c. socialism

d. capitalism

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Socialism and Communism

Difficulty Level: Easy47. Which of the following is characteristic of socialism?

a. minimizing the government’s role in economic decision-making

b. efforts to keep wages as low as possible

c. unregulated markets

d. elimination of extreme poverty

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Socialism and Communism

Difficulty Level: Medium48. Before the collapse of the Soviet Union and its socialist allies in Eastern Europe, nearly one third of the world’s population lived in which type of countries?

a. industrialist

b. communist

c. capitalist

d. socialist

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Socialism and Communism

Difficulty Level: Easy49. What is the largest remaining socialist country in the world today?

a. India

b. Russia

c. South Africa

d. China

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Socialism and Communism

Difficulty Level: Easy50. Which of the following would be exempt from government management under a socialist system?

a. religious institutions

b. hospitals

c. housing

d. meat factories

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Socialism and Communism

Difficulty Level: Easy51. Which of the following is true of work?

a. It excludes paid labor in the factory or office.

b. It excludes unpaid labor at home.

c. It includes volunteer activities in the community.

d. It includes hobbies pursued purely for personal pleasure.

Learning Objective: 15.5: Distinguish between the formal and informal economy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Working on and off the Books

Difficulty Level: Easy52. Which of the following would be exempt from being considered work?

a. playing a guitar in your backyard

b. feeding and diapering one’s baby

c. volunteering at a nursing home

d. writing campaign letters at your unpaid internship

Learning Objective: 15.5: Distinguish between the formal and informal economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Working on and off the Books

Difficulty Level: Medium53. Which type of society is most likely to feature a barter economy?

a. hunting and gathering societies

b. agricultural societies

c. industrial societies

d. postindustrial societies

Learning Objective: 15.5: Distinguish between the formal and informal economy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Working on and off the Books

Difficulty Level: Easy54. Which statement is true of the formal economy?

a. It is not regulated by government institutions.

b. It excludes self-employment.

c. It is what people ordinarily have in mind when they refer to work.

d. It has decreased in significance since the Industrial Revolution.

Learning Objective: 15.5: Distinguish between the formal and informal economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Formal Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium55. Which statement is true of the underground or informal economy?

a. Few of us ever participate in it.

b. All income-generating activities in the informal economy are illegal.

c. It is larger in advanced countries than in developing economies.

d. Disproportionate numbers of low-income, female, and immigrant people work in it.

Learning Objective: 15.5: Distinguish between the formal and informal economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Informal (or Underground) Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium56. Which of the following activities in the informal economy would be most easily detected by the government as a source of paying income taxes?

a. gambling earnings in Las Vegas

b. holding a summer yard sale

c. selling pirated movies on eBay

d. selling homemade alcohol to friends

Learning Objective: 15.5: Distinguish between the formal and informal economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Informal (or Underground) Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium57. Which statement is true of George Ritzer’s concept of the means of consumption?

a. It rejects Marx’s concept.

b. It distinguishes between the end product and the means of production that allow us to obtain the good.

c. It asserts that consumption is devoid of spontaneity, spirituality, or surprise.

d. It is a modern instrument of control not of the consumer, but of the worker.

Learning Objective: 15.6: Describe historical and contemporary trends in U.S. consumption and consumer debt.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Theorizing the Means of Consumption

Difficulty Level: Medium58. Which of the following is an example of market patriotism?

a. a manufacturing company profiting off a military contract

b. citizen-consumers spending money to stimulate the economy after a disaster

c. individuals saving money to invest in educational credentials

d. a government asking its citizens to join the military during a war

Learning Objective: 15.6: Describe historical and contemporary trends in U.S. consumption and consumer debt.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Historical Perspective on Consumption

Difficulty Level: Hard59. Juliet Schor argued that consumption patterns in the United States are heavily driven by Americans’ reliance on which of the following?

a. the government

b. market patriotism

c. reference groups

d. social media

Learning Objective: 15.6: Describe historical and contemporary trends in U.S. consumption and consumer debt.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Historical Perspective on Consumption

Difficulty Level: Medium60. Robert Reich posited that the consumption-driven economy originated in which type of relationship between workers and employers?

a. basic bargain

b. stalemate

c. emotional labor

d. means of production

Learning Objective: 15.6: Describe historical and contemporary trends in U.S. consumption and consumer debt.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: A Historical Perspective on Consumption

Difficulty Level: Easy61. Which statement is true of the 1970s?

a. The real value of workers’ pay rose dramatically.

b. Consumption continued to decline.

c. Consumption continued to rise, driven by gains in income.

d. Consumption continued to rise, driven by the growing credit card markets.

Learning Objective: 15.6: Describe historical and contemporary trends in U.S. consumption and consumer debt.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Consumers, Consumption, and the U.S. Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium62. Which statement is true of the early 21st century?

a. Consumption was the direct cause of bankruptcies.

b. Financial reforms in 2015 made the declaration of bankruptcy much easier and more common.

c. The financial crisis during the Great Recession saw another rise of bankruptcies.

d. Car debt increasingly became a burden for many Americans.

Learning Objective: 15.6: Describe historical and contemporary trends in U.S. consumption and consumer debt.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Credit: Debt and More Debt

Difficulty Level: Easy63. Which statement is true of the new economic order?

a. The U.S. economic order today has been powerfully affected by the emergence of a stratified economic system.

b. The United States is best viewed as an isolated economic unit.

c. In many respects, the world has become a single economic unit.

d. Economic integration is becoming shallower than ever.

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Globalization and the New Economic Order

Difficulty Level: Medium64. Which statement describes a characteristic of shallow economic integration?

a. Corporations are multinational rather than just national.

b. Raw materials may be sourced in one country and shipped to another for production.

c. Most countries do business with other countries.

d. A single product is made in a single country.

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Economic Interdependence

Difficulty Level: Medium65. Shallow integration is more characteristic of which of the following time periods?

a. the agricultural revolution

b. the industrial revolution

c. the globalization of several decades ago

d. the globalization of today

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Economic Interdependence

Difficulty Level: Medium66. Which statement describes a characteristic of deep economic integration?

a. It is typical of the globalization of several decades ago.

b. Countries are less interdependent.

c. All of the manufacturing of a product is done in one country.

d. Management and sales might be located in different countries.

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Economic Interdependence

Difficulty Level: Medium67. Nike, Apple, and Ford are all brands with a globalized labor force. They reflect which of the following?

a. deep integration

b. shallow integration

c. an isolated economic society

d. cottage industries

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Global Economic Interdependence

Difficulty Level: Medium

68. Which of the following is the best example of the race to the bottom?

a. a garment company moving its manufacturing operations to Bangladesh

b. a garment company cutting costs by sourcing cheaper fabrics

c. a garment company lowering wages in response to an increase in job applications

d. a garment company advertising online instead of in print

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Global Market for Labor

Difficulty Level: Hard

69. Which of the following is true of the global market for labor?

a. Corporate executive salaries have increased.

b. The global wage is higher than U.S. workers are accustomed to for virtually any job.

c. It does not include professional and technical occupations.

d. Companies are becoming less likely to relocate jobs in search of lower labor costs.

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Global Market for Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

70. Which of the following is true of corporate executive salaries?

a. Globalization has had some negative effects on earnings for corporate executives.

b. Corporate executive salaries have skyrocketed.

c. Median CEO pay increased slightly during the recession.

d. Median CEO pay has declined somewhat in the postcrisis period.

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: A Global Market for Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. During the Industrial Revolution, factories were replaced by cottage industries.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. The term Fordism is sometimes used to describe scientific management.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. Unionization slowed down after the Great Depression.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Being a flight attendant requires a high degree of emotional labor.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Although work in the manufacturing sector has declined, it still makes up about a third of the total labor market in the United States.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Information Revolution and Postindustrial Society

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. Due to headcount efficiency, the most well-known and visible companies today have the largest number of workers.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Big Names, Few Workers: Digital Networking Companies in the Contemporary Economy

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Companies engaged with digital networking are the most financially valuable firms in the global economy.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Discuss current and potential effects of automation and artificial intelligence on the labor market.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Big Names, Few Workers: Digital Networking Companies in the Contemporary Economy

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Laissez-faire capitalism means hands-off capitalism.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Capitalism

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. A similarity of capitalism and socialism is that they share a common commitment to economic growth and increased living standards.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Types of Economic Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium10. The informal economy is also known as the shadow economy.

Learning Objective: 15.5: Distinguish between the formal and informal economy.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Informal (or Underground) Economy

Difficulty Level: Easy

Short Answer

1. Why is Taylorism problematic for workers?

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Why did Henry Ford pay his workers nearly three times more than the wage of factory workers at that time? What were the results?

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Classes in Industrial Capitalism

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Compare and contrast workers in the early industrial era (1800s), industrial workers in the 1900s, and industrial workers today.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Industrial Revolution and Industrial Society

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Discuss the reserve army of labor and its consequences in the context of contemporary society.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Birth of the Industrial Laborer

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Define the term emotional labor and provide three examples of occupations that require emotional labor.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Service Economy and Emotional Labor

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Discuss how robots are taking jobs from humans and provide two examples.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Discuss current and potential effects of automation and artificial intelligence on the labor market.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Rise of the Robots?

Difficulty Level: Hard

7. Explain the difference between the public sector and the private sector in a capitalist country.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Capitalism

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the economic system of capitalism.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Case of Capitalism in Practice: A Critical Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Discuss the informal economy and the reasons why people participate in the informal economy.

Learning Objective: 15.5: Distinguish between the formal and informal economy.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: The Informal (or Underground) Economy

Difficulty Level: Medium10. What are enchanted or reenchanted goods or services? Provide two examples that focus on the consumption of enchanted and reenchanted goods and services.

Learning Objective: 15.6: Describe historical and contemporary trends in U.S. consumption and consumer debt.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Theorizing the Means of Consumption

Difficulty Level: Hard

Essay

1. Describe the class system of early industrial society and include a discussion of the relationships between classes. Explain how this class system created conflict.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Describe the three major economic revolutions that have shaped the contemporary world.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Classes in Industrial Capitalism

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Explore the relationship between the growth of the service sector in the United States and its impact on the social class structure.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Transformation of the Occupational and Class Structure

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Identify the differences between outsourcing and offshoring and discuss their impact on U.S. labor.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Reliance on Outsourcing and Offshoring

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Explain how unemployment is measured in the United States by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Provide a sociological critique of this measurement.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Understand key social indictors used to describe the state of the economy and labor market, including employment and unemployment.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Understanding the Data: Unemployment, Employment, and Underemployment in the United States

Difficulty Level: Medium

5. Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the economic system of socialism.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: A Case of Socialism in Practice: A Critical Perspective

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. Discuss the similarities between the economic system of socialism and the economic system of capitalism.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Compare the economic characteristics of capitalism and communism.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Types of Economic Systems

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. Explain the differences between the formal and informal economy. Apply a conflict-oriented perspective to explain why the informal economy disproportionately employs low-income, female, and immigrant workers.

Learning Objective: 15.5: Distinguish between the formal and informal economy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: The Formal Economy

Difficulty Level: Hard

8. Discuss the rise of the credit industry in the United States and the present-day consumer’s relationship to debt.

Learning Objective: 15.6: Describe historical and contemporary trends in U.S. consumption and consumer debt.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Credit: Debt and More Debt

Difficulty Level: Medium

9. Some politicians have proposed addressing unemployment in the United States by “bringing back” manufacturing jobs. Explain whether you think that is likely given the globalization of labor in a postindustrial economy.

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: A Global Market for Labor

Difficulty Level: Hard10. Explain the difference between deep and shallow economic integration in a global economy and illustrate each with a detailed example pertaining to smartphones.

Learning Objective: 15.7: Discuss the relationship between globalization and the U.S. economy.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Global Economic Interdependence

Difficulty Level: Hard