Test Bank Docx Introduction Ch1

Children, 14e (Santrock)

Chapter 1 Introduction

1) Which of the following statements about development is accurate?

A) The process of development ends during early adulthood.

B) The process of development starts during early childhood.

C) Most development involves growth, although it also includes decline.

D) Most of the physical development happens during late adulthood.

2) A researcher who wants to study the effect of parenting styles on development would need to take into consideration the socioeconomic status and cultural settings of the families being studied. These aspects are a part of the "________" of development.

A) goals

B) environment

C) domain

D) context

3) Which of the following terms refers to the behavior patterns, the beliefs, and all other products of a specific group of people that are passed on from generation to generation?

A) associative context

B) culture

C) primary background

D) social class

4) Madison grew up in a single-parent, poor, urban home with her mother and three siblings. These factors represent the ________ of Madison's development.

A) context

B) reference

C) environment

D) domain

5) Miyako considers herself to be a member of the Ainu tribe because she speaks their language, follows their customs, practices their religion, and knows a lot about their history. Miyako's membership in the Ainu tribe is an example of her

A) collective efficacy.

B) ethnicity.

C) dominant association.

D) primary conditioning.

6) Which of the following is a benefit of cross-cultural studies?

A) They allow researchers to determine if cultural differences are real or imagined.

B) They allow researchers to collect information from childhood through adolescence.

C) They encourage researchers to ignore genetic similarities across cultures and focus more on individual differences.

D) They allow researchers to determine areas in which development is similar across cultures or specific to only a particular culture.

7) A person's position within society based on occupational, educational, and economic characteristics is referred to as that person's

A) culture.

B) socioeconomic status.

C) marital status.

D) adjusted income status.

8) Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of resilient individuals?

A) good intellectual functioning

B) self-confidence

C) high self-esteem

D) low-expectation parenting

9) Bonds to caring adults outside the family, connections to positive organizations, and attending effective schools are all associated with

A) resilience.

B) declines in cognitive functioning.

C) social policy.

D) cultural differences.

10) Juanita is a homeless child living well below the poverty line. Despite her socioeconomic status, Juanita is an intelligent young girl with multiple talents and self-confidence. Based on research by Ann Masten, we can predict that Juanita will

A) continue to struggle with personality issues and emotional problems for most of her life.

B) demonstrate resilience and find ways to make the best out of most situations.

C) succumb to her surroundings and become a juvenile delinquent.

D) probably join a gang when she reaches her adolescent years.

11) Which of the following represents a government's course of action designed to promote the welfare of its citizens?

A) socialized equity program

B) welfare policy

C) public advancement program

D) social policy

12) The main goal of the Ascend two-generation education intervention is to

A) provide housing for the homeless.

B) insure that all members of a family are paid extra when they are employed.

C) help children escape from poverty by emphasizing education, economic support, and social capital for both children and mothers.

D) increase the likelihood that if a child has more than two siblings, at least one of those siblings will be placed in a middle- to upper-class household.

13) Inherited genes reflect the role of ________ processes in development.

A) biological

B) cognitive

C) socioemotional

D) individualistic

14) The development of the brain, height and weight gains, motor skills, and the hormonal changes of puberty all reflect the role of ________ processes in development.

A) biological

B) cognitive

C) assimilative

D) socioemotional

15) Which of the following examples would BEST reflect the role of cognitive processes in development?

A) developing assertiveness

B) height and weight gains

C) development of the brain

D) memorizing a poem

16) When Tamika solves a simple math problem involving additions and subtractions, she has shown development in her ________ processes.

A) biological

B) cognitive

C) socioemotional

D) integrative

17) Which process of development involves interactions with other people?

A) integrative

B) biological

C) cognitive

D) socioemotional

18) Kwame became angry because Harry took his toy without asking, and Kwame punched Harry in the arm. Kwame's response reflects the role of ________ processes in his development.

A) biological

B) cognitive

C) socioemotional

D) assimilative

19) Imagining what it would be like to be a movie star is an example of a(n) ________ process of development.

A) biological

B) socioemotional

C) cognitive

D) integrative

20) The developmental period of roughly nine months during which a single cell grows into an organism is known as the ________ period.

A) prenatal

B) infancy

C) early childhood

D) adolescent

21) The prenatal period extends from

A) birth to the third month.

B) infancy to early childhood.

C) birth to the first year.

D) conception to birth.

22) The developmental period after birth that is characterized by extreme dependence on adults is the ________ period.

A) infancy

B) early childhood

C) middle and late childhood

D) adolescent

23) ________ is the developmental period that extends from the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years of age.

A) Early childhood

B) Infancy

C) The prenatal period

D) Adolescence

24) The middle and late childhood period is sometimes referred to as

A) adolescence.

B) the elementary school years.

C) the play years.

D) the transition years.

25) During which of the following developmental periods does achievement become a more central theme?

A) adulthood

B) early childhood

C) middle and late childhood

D) adolescence

26) The pursuit of independence and an identity are prominent features of the ________ period of development. During this period, thought becomes more abstract, idealistic, and logical.

A) infancy

B) adolescence

C) early childhood

D) late childhood

27) Which of the following periods of development starts at approximately 10 to 12 years of age and ends at 18 to 22 years of age?

A) middle childhood

B) adolescence

C) adulthood

D) late childhood

28) The period extending from birth to about 18 to 24 months of age is called

A) the neonatal period.

B) early childhood.

C) youth.

D) infancy.

29) The pursuit of independence and an identity are prominent features of the ________ period of development. During this period, thought becomes more abstract, idealistic, and logical.

A) infancy

B) adolescence

C) early childhood

D) late childhood

30) Which of the following periods of development is sometimes referred to as the preschool years?

A) infancy

B) middle childhood

C) early childhood

D) prenatal period

31) A group of people who are born at a similar point in history and share similar experiences are referred to as a

A) cohort.

B) group.

C) culture.

D) family.

32) The generation of individuals who are very connected to technology, such as smartphones, and who show an increase in their ethnic diversity have been labeled

A) Baby Boomers.

B) Generation X.

C) Generation Y.

D) Millennials.

33) Susie has a tablet and smartphone that she carries everywhere. Right now she is texting four different friends at once while updating her social media profile on her tablet. Susie is most likely a member of

A) the Baby Boomers.

B) Generation X.

C) Generation Y.

D) the Millennials.

34) In developmental research, cohort effects include all of the following EXCEPT

A) age.

B) time of birth.

C) era.

D) generation.

35) Dr. Perry believes that who we are is mostly a result of who our parents are, rather than how they brought us up. Dr. Perry would be considered a proponent of the ________ position.

A) nature

B) nurture

C) continuity

D) discontinuity

36) Psychologists who emphasize the importance of nature in development would typically focus on which of the following to explain development?

A) good prenatal care

B) genetic strengths and defects

C) access to nutritious foods

D) educational experiences

37) Nature proponents argue that the most important influence on the development of a child is the child's

A) access to nutrition.

B) education.

C) parent's social status.

D) biological inheritance.

38) "It's no use putting her in a special educational program," Misha's grandfather explained patiently. "She just can't understand things very well. She got it from her father; he's the same way. We might as well get used to it now." Misha's grandfather seems to

A) view development as a discontinuous process.

B) hold a nurture view of development.

C) view development as a continuous process.

D) hold a nature view of development.

39) Which of the following statements is MOST likely to be made by a nurture proponent?

A) No amount of teaching can make one write before one learns to speak.

B) One grows rapidly in infancy and less so in early childhood.

C) Individuals reach the peak of their physical strength in early adolescence.

D) A child's diet will have a substantial effect on how tall the child grows.

40) "The ability to engage in thoughtful reflection seems to happen all of a sudden. But if one carefully examines it, this ability is actually based on an accumulation of experiences across many years." This statement supports a ________ view of development.

A) nature-influenced

B) nurture-influenced

C) continuity

D) discontinuity

41) The idea that a tadpole stops being a tadpole when it enters the frog stage of development is an example of development viewed in terms of

A) cohesiveness.

B) nurture's role.

C) discontinuity.

D) developmental stability.

42) According to the ________ view of development, each person is described as passing through a sequence of stages in which change is qualitatively rather than quantitatively different.

A) nurture

B) discontinuity

C) sequential

D) nature

43) How would a developmentalist who emphasizes continuity describe puberty?

A) It is an abrupt transition phase.

B) It is a gradual process occurring over several years.

C) It is a period of intense emotional stress.

D) It is an extended phase of psychosocial change.

44) Insects go through egg, larval, and adult stages of development. These stages best illustrate the ________ of development.

A) nature view

B) later stages

C) nurture view

D) discontinuity view

45) José was abused as a young boy but did not grow up to become an abuser himself. Instead, he led a fulfilling family life. Which of the following views of development is illustrated in this example?

A) later-experience view of development

B) early-experience view of development

C) discontinuity view of development

D) continuity view of development

46) Shawn is a psychologist from the United States. Lee is a psychologist from China. Based on cultural trends in the study of psychology, which of the following statements is MOST likely to be correct about them?

A) Shawn is more of a proponent of the importance of early experiences, while Lee is more of a proponent of the value of later experiences.

B) Shawn is more of a proponent of the value of later experiences, while Lee is more of a proponent of the value of early experiences.

C) Shawn believes in continuity in development, while Lee believes in discontinuity in development.

D) Shawn believes in discontinuity in development, while Lee believes in continuity in development.

47) The first step in the scientific method is

A) collecting relevant data.

B) revising the working theory.

C) conceptualizing a problem.

D) using statistics to draw conclusions.

48) A researcher observes how a teacher's leadership style affects classroom control. Which of the following steps of the scientific method is being carried out by the researcher?

A) revising a theory

B) drawing a conclusion

C) conceptualizing the problem

D) collecting the data

49) A(n) ________ is an interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and to make predictions.

A) theory

B) doctrine

C) explanation

D) observation

50) Of the following, a scientific hypothesis is MOST like a(n)

A) test.

B) prediction.

C) explanation.

D) observation.

51) If children from impoverished backgrounds are given individual attention by mentors, the children will spend more time studying and will, therefore, make higher grades. This statement is an example of a(n)

A) test.

B) doctrine.

C) explanation.

D) hypothesis.

52) A hypothesis should be

A) simple.

B) testable.

C) accurate.

D) predictable.

53) A researcher conducts an experiment to see which type of therapy is most successful in identifying marital problems. In this situation, the experiment is a part of the ________ step of the scientific method.

A) problem identification

B) theory revision

C) information collection

D) statistical analysis

54) After receiving feedback from colleagues on the results of her experiment, Dr. Chen determines that she must make some changes in her ideas about video games and their effects on children. Her decision reflects which step in the scientific method?

A) revising research conclusions and theory

B) drawing a conclusion

C) conceptualizing the problem

D) collecting the data

55) Which of the following theoretical perspectives of development describes development as primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotion?

A) psychoanalytic

B) cognitive

C) ethological

D) ecological

56) The ________ is the Freudian structure of personality that consists of instincts and is totally unconscious.

A) superego

B) ego

C) id

D) subconscious

57) Freud claimed that

A) genetics is far more important to a child's development than are social and parental influences.

B) the primary motivation of human development reflects a desire to affiliate with other people.

C) early childhood experiences are important determinants of later personality development.

D) children move through a series of increasingly important stages of cognitive development.

58) Ben watches his mother make chocolate-chip cookies and knows she does not want him to eat any of the cookies before dinner. He is seriously tempted to help himself to a cookie or two once his mother leaves the room but decides not to because it is not right to do so. Identify Ben's Freudian structure of personality at work in this situation.

A) superego

B) ego

C) id

D) subconscious

59) According to Freud's theory, as children experience the demands and constraints of reality, a new structure of personality emerges. It deals with the demands of reality and uses reasoning to make decisions. This structure of personality is known as the

A) id.

B) ego.

C) subconscious.

D) superego.

60) Which psychoanalytic theorist believed that our adult personality is determined by the way we resolve conflicts between sources of pleasure and the demands of reality at different stages of life?

A) Erik Erikson

B) Sigmund Freud

C) Jean Piaget

D) John B. Watson

61) Which of the following is TRUE about Erikson's psychosocial theory?

A) It states that our basic personality is shaped in the first five years of life.

B) It analyzes personality in terms of three structures: id, ego, and superego.

C) It places the heaviest emphasis on sexual instincts.

D) It emphasizes both early and later experiences.

62) Billy has begun to assert his independence by wanting to do things by himself. He is MOST likely in Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development.

A) trust versus mistrust

B) autonomy versus shame and doubt

C) initiative versus guilt

D) industry versus inferiority

63) According to Erikson's theory, during the ________ stage of psychosocial development, children are asked to assume responsibility for their bodies.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt

B) initiative versus guilt

C) intimacy versus isolation

D) trust versus mistrust

64) Third-grader Beth is very enthusiastic about learning how to use the computer to find things on the Internet. According to Erikson's theory, she is in the ________ stage of development.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt

B) initiative versus guilt

C) industry versus inferiority

D) identity versus identity confusion

65) According to Erik Erikson, during adolescence, people are in the ________ stage of development.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt

B) initiative versus guilt

C) industry versus inferiority

D) identity versus identity confusion

66) ________ is Erikson's eighth and final stage of development, which individuals experience in late adulthood.

A) Autonomy versus shame and doubt

B) Initiative versus guilt

C) Industry versus inferiority

D) Integrity versus despair

67) Which of the following is a criticism of the psychoanalytic theories?

A) The conscious mind is given too much credit for influencing development.

B) These theories present an image of humans that is too positive.

C) The sexual underpinnings of development are not given adequate importance.

D) They treat Western culture and males as the measure for evaluating everyone.

68) Parenting strategies that focus on developing trust, encouraging initiative, promoting industry, and stimulating identity exploration are based on the work of

A) Sigmund Freud.

B) Albert Bandura.

C) Erik Erikson.

D) Jean Piaget.

69) Erikson charged elementary school teachers to nourish children's motivation for mastery and curiosity. Which stage of his psychosocial theory was Erikson hoping teachers would promote?

A) trust versus mistrust

B) autonomy versus shame and doubt

C) initiative versus guilt

D) industry versus inferiority

70) ________ theories emphasize the importance of conscious thought.

A) Sociocultural

B) Psychoanalytic

C) Cognitive

D) Ethological

71) Because Dr. Simon is a cognitive theorist, we know that she emphasizes the importance of ________ in development.

A) conscious thoughts

B) repressed memories

C) associative interactions

D) biologically determined critical periods

72) According to ________, we go through four stages in understanding the world. Each stage is age-related and consists of a distinct way of thinking, a different way of understanding the world.

A) James Mark Baldwin

B) Sigmund Freud

C) Jean Piaget

D) John B. Watson

73) According to Piaget, the ________ stage lasts from approximately 2 to 7 years of age. In this stage, children begin to go beyond simply connecting sensory information with physical action and begin to represent the world with words, images, and drawings.

A) preoperational

B) concrete operational

C) sensorimotor

D) formal operational

74) Mark, who is 14 years old, spends a lot of time thinking about the world as it currently is and the world as it could be if everyone took a greater degree of personal responsibility for environmental and social conditions. According to Piaget, Mark is in the ________ stage of development.

A) sensorimotor

B) preoperational

C) concrete operational

D) formal operational

75) Lev Vygotsky contended that cognitive skills are

A) not affected by language.

B) developed subconsciously.

C) based on one's genetic makeup.

D) affected by social interaction and culture.

76) ________ work gave rise to the idea that knowledge is situated and collaborative.

A) Erikson's

B) Freud's

C) Vygotsky's

D) Piaget's

77) Dr. Baker-Finch considers early computers as the "founding fathers" of the developmental theory he supports. He is trying to draw analogies between a computer's hardware and the brain and between computer software and cognition. Dr. Baker-Finch would be considered a(n) ________ theorist.

A) psychoanalytic

B) psychosocial

C) sociocultural

D) information-processing

78) The work of Ivan Pavlov and ________ provided the foundations of behaviorism, which essentially holds that we can study scientifically only what can be directly observed and measured.

A) James Mark Baldwin

B) Sigmund Freud

C) Jean Piaget

D) John B. Watson

79) ________ theorists believe that scientifically we can study only what can be directly observed and measured.

A) Behavioral

B) Psychoanalytic

C) Cognitive

D) Information-processing

80) "Sit down, shut up, and respect your brother!" Mom shouts to Timmy. "Learn to talk, instead of fighting!" According to Bandura, Timmy is likely to

A) sit down, shut up, and learn to respect his brother.

B) learn to yell in order to solve his problems.

C) learn to talk in order to resolve the conflicts he faces.

D) sit down and shut up, but never respect his brother.

81) Pavlov discovered the principle of ________, in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by another stimulus.

A) sociocultural modification

B) cognitive development

C) classical conditioning

D) social cognition

82) ________ stresses that behavior is strongly influenced by biology, is tied to evolution, and is characterized by critical or sensitive periods.

A) Ethology

B) Sociology

C) Necrology

D) Entomology

83) John Bowlby's view that the first year of human life is a sensitive period for the development of social relationships is an application of the ________ theory to human development.

A) ethological

B) observational learning

C) behavioral

D) sociocultural

84) In Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory, the term "________" refers to the setting in which the individual lives.

A) microsystem

B) mesosystem

C) exosystem

D) macrosystem

85) According to Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, when a wife's or a child's experience at home is influenced by the husband's experiences at work, the situation serves as an example of the

A) microsystem.

B) mesosystem.

C) macrosystem.

D) exosystem.

86) According to ecological theory, the term macrosystem represents

A) the setting in which an individual lives.

B) indirect experiences that individuals have in their environment.

C) relationships between microsystems.

D) the culture in which individuals live.

87) A social worker is trying to help Tina put her life back together, find housing and work, and finish her technical degree. The social worker uses Skinner's theory to understand how to reward Tina for her efforts; uses Erikson's theory to understand the identity and intimacy crisis Tina is now facing; and uses Bronfenbrenner's theory to understand how the relations between family, school, and work will affect Tina's development. The social worker is using a(n) ________ approach to developmental theory.

A) ethological

B) ecological

C) eclectic

D) ethnographic

88) A researcher uses a video camera to record children as they play on a school playground. The researcher plans to watch the video carefully to understand the children's helping behaviors. Which of the following research methods is being used by the researcher for collecting data?

A) case study

B) observation

C) standardized test

D) multifactorial study

89) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding laboratory observation?

A) It allows a researcher to control most factors that influence behavior.

B) It permits a researcher to see behavior in a natural setting.

C) Virtually any aspect of development can be observed in such a setting.

D) People who are willing to come to a university laboratory fairly represent groups from diverse cultural backgrounds.

90) Observing behavior in real-world settings and making no effort to manipulate or control the situation is called ________ observation.

A) non-intervention

B) naturalistic

C) real-world

D) social

91) Professor Gonzalez is studying the interaction patterns of preschool children on the playground. He has set up hidden cameras in several locations and plans to analyze the recordings from a month's worth of observation. Professor Gonzalez is utilizing

A) naturalistic observation.

B) the interview technique.

C) laboratory observation.

D) a sequential design.

92) Sandra is taking a test with her classmates. All students must follow the same rules, are given the same allotted time, and are not allowed to talk or leave the room until the test is finished. Sandra is taking a(n) ________ test.

A) standardized

B) informal

C) restricted

D) rules based

93) Tate has been the subject of a study for nearly 20 years. A psychologist identified Tate as being extremely intelligent at a very early age and has been evaluating Tate's academic progress ever since. The psychologist's approach would be described as

A) a case study.

B) a naturalistic observation.

C) an experiment.

D) a correlational study.

94) ________ measures are used by researchers to examine the influence of hormones on development.

A) Psychological

B) Physiological

C) Sociological

D) Emotional

95) According to your text, the hormone cortisol has been used by developmental researchers to study all of the following EXCEPT

A) temperament.

B) emotional reactivity.

C) peer relations.

D) intelligence.

96) Stephen is being exposed to violent and nonviolent images, and researchers are using a technique that constructs images of his brain tissue and biochemical activity as he views the images. The researchers are using

A) electroencephaly (EEG).

B) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

C) habituation techniques.

D) diagnostic x-rays.

97) Another physiological measure used in developmental research is eye movement. Eye-tracking equipment is being used to study all of the following EXCEPT

A) infant perception.

B) attention.

C) development of autism.

D) cognitive functioning in the elderly.

98) Cause-and-effect relationships can best be determined by ________ studies.

A) longitudinal

B) cross-sectional

C) correlational

D) experimental

99) Dr. Martin, a psychologist interested in studying children's memory, gave a memory test to a group of 6-year-olds in 1995 and repeated the tests with the same children in 1998 when they were 9-year-olds. The research strategy used here was the ________ approach.

A) sequential

B) longitudinal

C) correlational

D) cross-sectional

100) The term "ethnic ________" refers to the use of an ethnic label, such as African American or Latino, in a superficial way that portrays an ethnic group as being more homogeneous than it really is.

A) homogenization

B) cover

C) gloss

D) standardization

101) Describe three ways that children's lives can be made better.

102) Define context, culture, and ethnicity and then explain why cross-cultural studies are necessary for a broader understanding of the development of children within a specific context.

103) Explain how differences in socioeconomic status lead to unequal opportunities.

104) For the purposes of organization and understanding, a child's development is commonly described in terms of periods, which are given approximate age ranges. What are the various periods of a child's development? List a few characteristics of each period.

105) What sets apart specific groups of people like "Millennials" from others? What term refers to such groups of people?

106) The nature versus nurture controversy has been a longstanding issue in child development. Describe the main ideas of the nature versus nurture controversy.

107) In the following scenario, consider the early and later experience of Ginny's childhood. How might a later-experience advocate evaluate Ginny's influences and expectations of development?

Scenario: Ginny was born to two warm, loving parents who were killed in an auto accident when Ginny was three. At that time she was placed in the care of an aunt, who was inconvenienced by her presence there. Her aunt left her at a local day care for most of the day. When Ginny entered school she was a quiet, withdrawn child with poor motor skills, further hindered by an inability to read in the early grades.

108) Harry wants to study whether watching TV for several hours is linked with being overweight in children aged 9 to 13. "You think this is science? It most definitely is not," ridicules his friend, who is majoring in physics. Do you agree with his friend? Why? Why not?

109) Pete wants to study the effect of differences in parental nurturing styles on child development. What are the steps he must follow in order to base his study on the scientific method?

110) Evaluate the psychoanalytic theories in terms of their contributions and criticisms.

111) Describe Piaget's cognitive developmental theory.

112) Discuss Vygotsky's sociocultural cognitive theory.

113) Describe the salient features of information-processing theory.

114) What is behaviorism? What do behavioral and cognitive theories of child development emphasize in terms of the continuity-discontinuity issue?

115) Carol is a counselor for parents of toddlers and young children. She wants to base her advice on Bandura's social cognitive theory. What advice is she likely to give parents for teaching young children good manners?

116) Evaluate behavioral and social cognitive theories of child development in terms of their contributions and criticisms.

117) Describe the five environmental systems discussed in Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory.

118) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of two of the following methods for collecting data: naturalistic observation, laboratory observation, surveys and interviews, standardized tests, and case study.

119) Describe the three main types of research designs. What are the advantages and disadvantages of these research designs?

120) James is planning to study the effect of violent images and videos on preschoolers. What are the four ethical issues he must take into account before and during this study?