Exam Prep Crime II Disorganization Subculture Chapter.9 3e

Test Bank

Chapter 9: Social Structure Theories of Crime II: Social Disorganization and Subcultures

Multiple Choice

1. ______ claimed that much of human behavior, especially the way cities grow, follows the basic principles of ecology that had already been documented and applied to wildlife.

a. Charles Darwin

b. Ernest W. Burgess

c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

d. Robert E. Park

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. By the late 1800s, ______ was largely made up of citizens who did not speak a common language and did not share one another’s cultural values.

a. Denver

b. Detroit

c. Los Angeles

d. Chicago

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s

Difficulty Level: Easy

3. The term eminent domain is used in this chapter to describe how urban sprawl takes place; in this context, it means that local government can ______.

a. take land from low-income homeowners to build luxury, high-income homes

b. give land to low-income families to build on

c. take land from homeowners to rezone and import businesses

d. reassign land from commercial use to residential use

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

4. ______ is a modern example of an area or zone invading another area or zone, and the previously dominant area must succeed or die off.

a. White flight

b. Gentrification

c. Urban sprawl

d. Migration

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Business or industrial development in suburban or rural areas can devastate all of the following controls EXCEPT ______.

a. social bonds

b. family ties

c. neighborhood networks

d. local laws

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. The breakdown in the conditions of a neighborhood leads to social disorganization, which in turn leads to delinquents learning criminal activities from whom?

a. adults

b. younger youth

c. older youth

d. parents

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. The center circle according to Burgesses zone model is called ______.

a. Zone I

b. Zone II

c. Zone III

d. Zone IV

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. The development of the Chicago School of criminology was the epitome of using theoretical development and ______ to help improve conditions in society when it was most needed.

a. individual knowledge

b. scientific testing

c. collaborative efforts

d. test cities

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Ecological School and the Chicago School of Criminology

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. What ethnic group did not show high delinquency rates in Shaw and McKay’s longitudinal data?

a. Caucasians

b. Hispanics

c. African Americans

d. Asians

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. ______ proposed a framework that began with the assumption that certain neighborhoods in all cities have more crime than other parts of the city.

a. Charles Darwin

b. Ernest W. Burgess

c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

d. Robert E. Park

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. ______ proposed a theory of city growth in which cities were seen as growing not simply on the edges but from the inside outward.

a. Charles Darwin

b. Ernest W. Burgess

c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

d. Franco Ferracuti and Marvin E. Wolfgang

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Shaw and McKay’s findings rejected ______ because it is obvious that the culture is not what influences crime and delinquency but rather the criminogenic nature of the environment.

a. the Chicago School of criminology

b. social Darwinism

c. concentric circles

d. natural areas

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The area most significantly subjected to the ecological principles suggested by Park (invasion, domination, etc.) is ______.

a. Zone I

b. Zone II

c. Zone III

d. Zone IV

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. Some critics of Shaw and McKay have stated that their original research did not actually measure their primary construct of ______.

a. concentric zones

b. culture

c. environment

d. social disorganization

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reactions and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. According to cultural theories of crime in the United States, what large group blatantly denies the middle-class norms of society?

a. Arian Brotherhood

b. Gothic subculture

c. environmental activists

d. no such groups exist

Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criticism

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. According to the text, most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in conventional values, such as all of the following EXCEPT ______.

a. delayed gratification

b. respect authority

c. hard work

d. autonomy

Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criticism

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. ______ model assumes that all cities grow in a natural way with the same five zones.

a. Zones in transition

b. Natural areas

c. Concentric circles

d. Urban sprawl

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. All of the following are considered part of the six (6) focal concerns proposed by Miller EXCEPT ______.

a. autonomy

b. trouble

c. smartness

d. engagement

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. According to Shaw and McKay, the neighborhoods that have the highest rates of crime typically have all of the following common problems EXCEPT ______.

a. poverty

b. permanent population

c. physical dilapidation

d. heterogeneity

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. What is the name of a recent program that focuses on children in early grades and has been shown to be effective in producing gains in conflict resolution, development of prosocial values, and reductions in aggression?

a. Peace Builders

b. Start Now

c. Conciliation Corp.

d. Lean In Inc.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Evaluate policies that have come from the Chicago/social-disorganization theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. What city did experts identify as the fastest-growing city in the United States due to it growing from about 5000 people in the early 1800s to more than 2 million people by 1900?

a. Boston

b. New York

c. Chicago

d. Baltimore

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. In the Chicago School, this zone was once residential but is becoming more industrial because of invading factories; it tends to have the highest crime rates and is also known a Zone II.

a. zone of affect

b. zone in transition

c. combat zone

d. crisis zone

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Which theorist devised the theory of concentric circles?

a. McKay

b. Shaw

c. Burgess

d. Miller

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. According to Burgess’s theory of concentric circles, Zone ______ was the “workingmen’s homes,” largely made up of relatively modest homes and apartments; Zone ______ consisted of higher-priced family dwellings and more expensive apartments.

a. V; VI

b. IV; V

c. I; II

d. III; IV

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Within the zone in transition, Shaw and McKay believed that a breakdown in informal social controls existed and that children began to learn offending norms from their interactions with peers on the street through what they called ______.

a. play activities

b. petty crimes

c. misdemeanor experiments

d. anti-norms

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

26. According to Shaw and McKay, cities with the highest rates of crime have at least three factors: physical dilapidation, poverty, and ______.

a. large police forces

b. homogeneity

c. heterogeneity

d. housing shortages

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

27. What is an example of heterogeneity?

a. a city where most people are from the same ethnic background

b. a city where the people are from a variety of ethnic backgrounds

c. a small community where most people are over the age of 64

d. a large community where most people are under the age of 14

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

28. In addition to poverty, heterogeneity, and physical dilapidation, what two additional factors did Shaw and McKay notice in high crime areas?

a. gangs and lots of single-family homes

b. hunger and lots of apartment complexes

c. transient residents and unemployment

d. curfew laws and anti-loitering rules

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

29. Which statement is false?

a. Shaw and McKay conducted research and provided data to support their theories.

b. Social disorganization occurs when the older youth in a community provide a system of organization for juveniles that is often unlawful.

c. Some of the antecedent social ills that are part of the system of social disorganization are infant mortality, high rates of disease, and unemployment.

d. The theory of social disorganization supports and reinforces all of the claims of Social Darwinism.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

30. What is one general criticism of Shaw and McKay mentioned in the chapter?

a. It focuses too much on the macro level of offending and ignores the micro level.

b. It has been virtually ignored by other researchers and criminologists.

c. Research in the field and data collected have refuted their theories.

d. Modern-day, high-crime cities do not have dilapidated structures, poverty, or heterogeneity.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reactions and Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

31. What criticism has been made against Shaw and McKay regarding Zone II?

a. Data shows other zones have higher crime rates and social problems.

b. They did not focus on slowing down the invasion of factories and businesses.

c. Only the wealthy lived in this zone, and it got all of their attention.

d. No other researchers recognized these zones.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reactions and Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

32. Cultural/subcultural theories of crime assume that there are unique groups in society that socialize their children to believe that ______.

a. there are groups in society that socialize their children to believe that certain activities that break the law are good ways to behave.

b. other cultural groups are inferior to them and are the cause of all criminal violations in society.

c. the police are to be feared and that they should obey the law at all costs to avoid interacting with them.

d. laws are to be obeyed despite what personal opinions one might have about them.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural and Subcultural Theories of Crime

Difficulty Level: Easy

33. What did Ferracuti and Wolfgang’s claim was a culturally learned adaptation to deal with negative life circumstances?

a. manipulation

b. violence

c. apathy

d. ambition

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

34. A pocket of individuals who may have a set of norms that deviate from conventional values are a ______.

a. sample

b. culture

c. subculture

d. division

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

35. Walter Miller contended that the lower-class had its own cultural value system based on six ______.

a. theories

b. commandments

c. credos

d. focal concerns

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

36. Walter Miller’s six focal concerns are: fate, autonomy, trouble, toughness, ______ and _______.

a. excitement; smartness

b. sex; independence

c. success; intelligence

d. money; prestige

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

37. Which theorist wrote a significant book on inner-city, African-American subculture titled The Code of the Streets?

a. Burgess

b. Darwin

c. Park

d. Anderson

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

38. Which statement is true?

a. Many large groups in the United States blatantly deny the middle-class norms of society.

b. Studies lend ample support to Miller’s model of lower-class focal concerns.

c. Most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in conventional values.

d. Subcultures now make up a majority of the population.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criticisms

Difficulty Level: Medium

39. Which one of Miller’s focal concerns concerns itself with luck, or whatever life dealt you; it disregards responsibility and accountability for one’s actions?

a. fate

b. toughness

c. autonomy

d. excitement

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

40. Which one of Miller’s focal concerns concerns itself with the ability to con others?

a. toughness

b. autonomy

c. smartness

d. excitement

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False

1. Despite the criticisms and weaknesses of the Chicago School perspective on criminology, this theory resulted in one of the largest programs to date attempting to reduce delinquency rates.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reactions and Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Cultural/subcultural theories of crime assume that there are unique groups in society that socialize their children to believe that certain activities that violate conventional law are good and positive ways to behave.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criticisms

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Ferracuti and Wolfgang’s primary conclusion was that violence is a culturally learned adaptation to deal with negative life circumstances and that learning such norms occurs in an environment that emphasizes violence over other options.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. The Chicago School’s idea that all cities contain identifiable clusters, such as a Chinatown or Little Italy, and neighborhoods that have low or high crime rates is labelled “major areas”.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

5. Zone II was identified as the transition zone or zone in transition.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

6. The theoretical framework of concentric circles no longer has support from theorists.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

7. Shaw and McKay’s formulation of social disorganization focused on the micro level of analysis, which has been criticized in recent years.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

8. Shaw and McKay’s model demonstrated that the prevalence and frequency of various social ills tend to overlap with higher delinquency rates.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

9. The Chicago School of criminology can be generalized to other cities.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: The Ecological School and the Chicago School of Criminology

Difficulty Level: Easy

10. Geographers and urban planners have long acknowledged the detriment caused to traditionally stable residential areas when businesses move in.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

11. Shaw and McKay’s longitudinal data showed that in terms of delinquency rates, it mattered which ethnic group lived in Zone II.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Easy

12. Shaw and McKay’s social disorganization model does not attempt to explain why some youths in the best neighborhoods choose to commit crime.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Reactions and Research

Difficulty Level: Easy

13. The term code of the streets was developed by Anderson.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

14. The code of the streets theory by Anderson focused on African Americans and claims that due to deprived conditions in the inner cities, black Americans feel a sense of hopelessness, isolation, and despair.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

15. By the mid-1800s, most U.S. cities had ample social service agencies designed to handle the problems of urbanization.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s

Difficulty Level: Easy

16. Park claimed that all cities contain identifiable clusters, which he called natural areas, where the group has taken on a life or organic unity by itself.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

17. Radial growth refers to development that begins on the outside and ripples inward.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

18. Zone I in Chicago is known as the Loop.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

19. Concentric circles are models of growth that assume all cities grow in a natural way with the same five zones.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Easy

20. According to Anderson, “the code of the streets” is to maintain one’s reputation and demand respect; to be disrespected is considered grounds for a physical attack.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Easy

21. Asians commit more crime than any other group.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Disparities of Race in Regard to Subcultural Theories of Crime.

Difficulty Level: Easy

22. U.S. studies on cultural theories of crime show that no large groups blatantly deny the middle-class norms of society.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Criticisms

Difficulty Level: Easy

23. Empirical evidence suggests neighborhood watch groups are the most effective method to deter crime in inner-city areas.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Evaluate policies that have come from the Chicago/social-disorganization theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Easy

24. The more general the goals of a neighborhood regarding crime reduction, the more effective implementation will be.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Evaluate policies that have come from the Chicago/social-disorganization theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Easy

25. Statistically speaking, intraracial crime is more common than interracial crime.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Disparities of Race in Regard to Subcultural Theories of Crime.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay

1. To what does the term code of the streets refer?

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

2. Discuss Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Medium

3. Discuss the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Criticisms of Cultural Theories of Crime

Difficulty Level: Medium

4. Give an example of the focal concern of trouble.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Hard

5. Most citizens in Chicago in the late-1800s did not speak a common language or share cultural values. How could this be an issue?

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s

Difficulty Level: Medium

6. What were Ferracuti and Wolfgang’s primary conclusions from their research? What did they base their primary conclusions on? What does their cultural/subcultural theory assume?

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

7. What are the six focal concerns in Miller’s theory?

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

8. Explain the concept of social disorganization. Design an experiment to test the theory of social disorganization. What would you hope to find?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization

Difficulty Level: Hard

9. Why was Chicago chosen as the area for the development of these theories? What was going on in this city in the mid- to late-1800s? Who ran the town, and what did this lead to?

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s

Difficulty Level: Medium

10. Distinguish between a culture and subculture.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

Difficulty Level: Medium

11. Describe the Chicago Area Project and criticisms of the project.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Reactions and Research

Difficulty Level: Hard

12. What policy recommendations would you make based upon theories discussed in this chapter?

Learning Objective: 9.5: Evaluate policies that have come from the Chicago/social-disorganization theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Policy Implications

Difficulty Level: Hard

13. Explain what a natural area is and give two examples of such areas. How is this related to the idea of symbiosis and crime rates?

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Application

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Hard

14. What did the text cite as the reason why Shaw and McKay did not focus on slowing the invasion of factories and businesses into Zone II as a recommendation to decrease criminality in those areas?

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Reactions and Research

Difficulty Level: Medium

15. How did Park relate the ecological principle of symbiosis to society?

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles

Difficulty Level: Medium